No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Kent was one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England.
The Select Committee for the Improvement of the Law of Debtor and Creditor was set up in 1849 to gather evidence relating to a 'Bill to amend, methodise and consolidate the laws relating to bankrupts and to arrangements between debtors and their creditors'. The bill was read in the House of Commons during 1849.
Butlerage was a commuted toll paid in specie at a fixed rate upon every cask imported by alien traders, and prisage a tax in kind on denizen subjects of the English crown importing wines.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 proved to be the catalyst for the birth of the public argument for decimalization in Britain. At the close of the exhibition the Society of Arts gave a presentation in support of a decimal system in order to bring into line all the weights and measures currently used by various European countries into harmonisation. The International Association and its British branch were formed in 1855.
James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps (1820-1889) was a scholar and librarian of Jesus College, Cambridge University. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1839, and acted as an editor for the Camden Society, 1839-1844, the Percy Society, 1842-1850, and the Shakespeare Society. A renowned Shakespeare scholar, he arranged and described the Shakespeare archives at Stratford-upon-Avon, wrote extensively on the town, and initiated the movement for the purchase of the site of Shakespeare's house at New Place, [1863]. A list of his publications may be found in the British Library catalogue.
Laon is the capital city of the Aisne département in the Picardie région of France. During the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Laon changed hands a number of times but was finally retaken by the French king.
The royal household originated as the sovereign's retinue, and had a purely domestic function until the 12th century, after which it became a mainspring of government. The government departments of the Treasury, the Exchequer and the common law courts all originated there. In the 13th century, under Henry III and Edward I, the Royal Wardrobe became a major financial institution. Used as a war treasury, it acted as paymaster to the major military expeditions commanded by the king. It subsequently declined in importance, being replaced by the Chamber. Separate from the king's Wardrobe was the Great Wardrobe, for army clothing and military stores, peripatetic until 1361 and then at Baynard castle, and the Privy Wardrobe, for bows, arrows, pikes, and other weapons, in the Tower of London.
Petrus Blomevenna (1466-1536) was born at Leyden, and was Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Cologne for 29 years. He composed several religious treatises. Robert de Croy became Bishop of Cambrai in 1519 when his brother Guillaume, who was Bishop of Cambrai and of Toledo, resigned the former office in favour of Robert. Robert died in 1556.
Robert Devereaux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567-1601) was an English soldier and courtier of Queen Elizabeth I. During the years 1592 to 1596, Essex became an expert on foreign affairs, mainly to challenge the ascendency of the Cecil family in this field. He kept secret agents who obtained detailed political intelligence from France, Scotland and Spain, and extended his friendship and patronage to Antonio Perez, a Spanish renegade.
Chichester is a city in West Sussex, England. It lies on the coastal plain of the English Channel at the foot of the chalk South Downs a mile from the head of Chichester Harbour, with which it is connected by canal.
John Keymer was an economic writer, who published tracts on Dutch fishing.
The English Parliament was the main legislative body of the country. William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, military commander and statesman, dominated the government of Henry VI of England. During the Hundred Years War, he was made commander in chief of the English army in France from 1428 to 1431. He secured a two-year truce in 1444, but after the reopening of hostilities in March 1449 the French recaptured almost all of Normandy. Parliament laid the blame for the disaster on Suffolk, who was banished from the realm for five years. Suffolk left England on May 1, 1450, but was intercepted in the English Channel by some of his enemies and beheaded.
John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham, was impeached in 1397 for acting as a commissioner at the trial of King Richard II's favourites in 1388. He was condemned to be hung, drawn and quartered, but this sentence was commuted to perpetual banishment to Jersey. When Richard was deposed in 1399 Cobham was recalled by King Henry IV, and died in 1408.
The construction of the south pier at St Peter's Port, Guernsey, was begun in 1570. Funds for the work were obtained by means of a duty levied on the goods of strangers.
King James VI of Scotland also became King of England in 1603.
In the latter half of the sixteenth century, the craftsmen of Glasgow possessed few governing privileges, most of which belonged exclusively to citizens of merchant rank. Their assertion of rights, however, grew more violent, until eventually the question was submitted to arbitration, the result of which was the award termed 'The Letter of Guildry', which was approved and sanctioned by the Town Council on 16 Feb 1605, and ratified by Parliament in 1672.
Chapman was the solicitor to the Boot and Shoe Trades Protection Society.
The Court of Wards was established in 1540 (in 1542, as Wards and Liveries) to deal with monies owed to the king by virtue of his position as a feudal lord; it was also empowered to protect certain rights of marriage and wardship. The Court of Wards and Liveries remained separate from the Exchequer until it was abolished in 1660.
The Commission was set up under the Great Seal (Privy Council) on 1 Jul 1626, to try and reduce debts incurred by the Royal Household.
Put forward to King Charles I in the English Parliament of 1628, the Petition of Right asserted four liberties: freedom from arbitrary arrest; freedom from non-parliamentary taxation; freedom from the billeting of troops; and freedom from martial law.
A number of petitions on the subject of the farthing tokens were presented to the House of Commons in 1643 and 1644.
The Council of State was set up by Parliamentary ordinance on 13 February 1649 as a successor to the Derby House Committee which had taken over much of the Privy Council's executive role in the State. It was annually renewed by Parliament and insisted on choosing its own President. From May 1649 it was housed at Whitehall. Membership was reduced from 41 to 15 in 1653 when it became the Protector's Council. By 1656 it was being styled the Privy Council. After Richard Cromwell's abdication in 1659 the Council of State was revived and remodelled twice before it relapsed into a Privy Council. It spawned committees, both standing and ad hoc; the former included the Admiralty Committee, set up in 1649.
Prize goods were ships and goods captured at sea.
The Privy Council is descended from the curia regis, which was made up of the king's tenants in chief, household officials, and anyone else the king chose. This group performed all the functions of government. About the time of Edward I (reigned 1272-1307), the executive and advising duties of the Curia Regis came to be handled by a select group, the king's secret council, which later came to be called the Privy Council. This manuscript shows the attempts of King Henry V to secure the support or at least the neutrality of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, who controlled Flanders, before undertaking an invasion of France in 1415.
The Privy Council is descended from the Curia Regis, which was made up of the king's tenants in chief, household officials, and anyone else the king chose. This group performed all the functions of government. About the time of Edward I (reigned 1272-1307), the executive and advising duties of the Curia Regis came to be handled by a select group, the king's secret council, which later came to be called the Privy Council.
The Council of State was set up by Parliamentary ordinance on 13 February 1649 as a successor to the Derby House Committee which had taken over much of the Privy Council's executive role in the State. It was annually renewed by Parliament and insisted on choosing its own President. From May 1649 it was housed at Whitehall. Membership was reduced from 41 to 15 in 1653 when it became the Protector's Council. By 1656 it was being styled the Privy Council. After Richard Cromwell's abdication in 1659 the Council of State was revived and remodelled twice before it relapsed into a Privy Council. It spawned committees, both standing and ad hoc; the former included the Admiralty Committee, set up in 1649.
Samuel Lambe's publications include: Seasonable observations humbly offered to His Highness the Lord Protector, (London, 1657); The humble Representation of S. L. [respecting the Commerce of England] [London? 1658?].
The term 'customs' applied to customary payments or dues of any kind, regal, episcopal or ecclesiastical until it became restricted to duties payable to the King upon export or import of certain articles of commerce. By ordinance of 21 January 1643, the regulation of the collection of customs was entrusted to a parliamentary committee whose members were appointed commissioners and collectors of customs forming a Board of Customs. This and succeeding committees appointed by Parliament until 1660 and thereafter by the Crown, functioned until 1662, when those who had been serving as commissioners became lessees of a new form of customs. This continued until 1671 when negotiations for a new farm broke down and a Board of Customs for England and Wales was created by Letter Patent.
Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass. In 1643 a Board of Excise was established by the Long Parliament, to organize the collection of duties in London and the provinces. Excise duty was settled by statute in 1660. A permanent board of Excise for England and Wales was established in 1683 with separate boards for Ireland in 1682 and Scotland in 1707.
Early in his adult life Campbell was appointed by Parliament to be Captain of His Majesty's Foot Guards. In 1658 he was imprisoned for not swearing to a renunciation of the Stuarts. After a further sentence was rescinded in 1662 he was restored his grandfather's title of Earl of Argyll and to his estate. In 1664 he gained a place on the Scottish Privy Council, although he was not too concerned with public affairs, turning his attention instead to raising the fallen estate of the family. He faced more controversy and sentencing after disagreements concerning civil servants and clergy having to declare firm adherence to the Protestant religion. Escaping prison Campbell went on to spend some considerable time in Holland. On hearing of the death of Charles he returned to Scotland to attempt an uprising. He was captured and executed on old sentences of false oaths and treason, being beheaded on 30th June 1685.
Sir Thomas Culpeper the Younger (fl 1655-1673). Publications: The Advantages which will manifestly accrue to this kingdom by Abatement of interest from six to four per cent (Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1668); Morall Discourses and Essayes upon severall select subjects (Charles Adams, London, 1655); A Discourse, shewing the many Advantages which will accrue to this Kingdom by the Abatement of Usury (Tho. Leach for Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1668); The Necessity of abating Usury re-asserted...Together with a familiar and inoffensive way propounded for the future discovery of summes at interest, that so they may be charged with their equal share of publick taxes and burthens (Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1670).
The Militia was a military organization of citizens with limited military training, which was available for emergency service, usually local defence.
Acts of Sederunt were the ordinances of the Scottish Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. The Court of Session was the supreme Scottish court, instituted in 1532.
The English Royal Mint was responsible for the making of coins according to exact compositions, weights, dimensions and tolerances, usually determined by law. During this period English minting was run from the Royal Mint in London by the Master and Warden of the Mint.
Richard Martin (1534-1617) was the official goldsmith to Queen Elizabeth I. He was Warden, 1560-1595, and Master of the Royal Mint, [1581-1617]. Martin was also Lord Mayor of London in 1581, 1589 and 1594.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or Exchequer of Receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted. In time the upper Exchequer developed into the judicial system, while the lower Exchequer became the Treasury.
A sinking fund is a fund accumulated and set aside by a corporation or government agency for the purpose of periodically redeeming bonds, debentures, and preferred stocks. The fund is accumulated from earnings, and payments into the fund may be based on either a fixed percentage of the outstanding debt or a fixed percentage of profits. Sinking funds are administered separately from the corporation's working funds by a trust company or a sinking-fund trustee.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
The Royal African Company was founded in 1672 and held the English monopoly in slave trading until 1698, when all Englishmen received the right to trade in slaves. The Royal African Company continued slaving until 1731, when it abandoned slaving in favour of traffic in ivory and gold dust.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Sir Edwin Sandys (1561-1629) was Prebendary of York from 1582-1602, and MP for Andover, 1586, and Plympton, 1589 and 1593. He travelled abroad with Archbishop Cramner, where he wrote 'Europae Speculum' (1599), which was piratically published as A Relation of the state of religion; and with what hopes and policies it hath beene framed and is maintained in the severall states of these westerne parts of the world, (S Waterson, London, 1605). On his return to England in 1603, Sandys was knighted, became MP for Stockbridge, and assumed a leading position in the House of Commons. He was later MP for Sandwich, 1621, Kent, 1624, and Penryn, 1625 and 1626. In addition, Sandys was deeply involved in the colonisation and government of Virginia, acting as joint Manager, 1617, and Treasurer, 1619-1620, of the Virginia Company. Sandys died in 1629.
Quarter Sessions were sessions of a court held in each county four times a year by a local Justice of the Peace to hear criminal charges as well as civil and criminal appeals. The history of quarter sessions traces to 1327, when King Edward III appointed men in every county to keep the peace.
Jedburgh is a royal burgh in the Roxburgh district of Scotland.
The Hohenzollern dynasty was prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia (1415-1918) and of imperial Germany (1871-1918). Frederick II (1712-1768), also known as Frederick the Great, was King of Prussia from 1740. He was the eldest son of Frederick William I (1688-1740), the second King of Prussia.
Friendly societies comprised a group of people contributing to a mutual fund so that they could receive benefits in times of need. The concept had been popular for hundreds of years, but in the 1800s, their role was acknowledged by the government and membership was encouraged. The early meetings were often held as a social gathering when the subscriptions would be paid. Prior to the Welfare State they were often the only way a working person had to receive help in times of ill health, or old age.
The East India Company acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century.
Calcutta was the former capital (1772-1912) of British India.
Richard Payne Knight (1750-1824) was a numismatist. Having travelled in Sicily, in 1777, he began to form a magnificent collection of bronzes, which he bequeathed upon his death to the British Museum. He was MP for Leominster, 1780, and Ludlow, 1784-1806. He was Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, and wrote extensively on ancient art.
Charles Jenkinson (1727-1808) became private secretary to the 3rd Earl of Bute, favourite of George III, in 1760. In 1763, having been elected to Parliament, Jenkinson was appointed Joint Secretary of the Treasury. Chosen as Vice-Treasurer for Ireland in 1773, he became a member of the Privy Council. Later he was Master of the Royal Mint (1775-78) and, during the American Revolution, Secretary at War (1778-82). During the first ministry (from 1783) of the William Pitt the younger, Jenkinson proved an invaluable adviser. In 1786 he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster and president of the Board of Trade. A member of the Cabinet from 1791, he became an invalid about 1801, ceased to attend Cabinet meetings, and by the middle of 1804 had resigned all his offices. He was created Baron Hawkesbury in 1786 and Earl of Liverpool in 1796. Publications: A Discourse on the conduct of the Government of Great Britain in respect to neutral nations during the present war (R. Griffiths: London, 1758); A Collection of all the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce between Great-Britain and other Powers; from the Treaty signed at Munster in 1648, to the Treaties signed at Paris in 1783. To which is prefixed a Discourse on the conduct of the Government of Great-Britain in respect to neutral nations (London, 1785); A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm [Oxford, 1798?]; Constitutional Maxims, extracted from a discourse on the establishment of a National and Constitutional Force (London, 1757).
Peru was a Spanish colony from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and was governed by a series of Spanish viceroys from the capital at Lima.