Born in 1914; educated at Eastbourne College and Emmanuel College, Cambridge; Lt, Middlesex Regt, 1936; served with 1 Bn, Middlesex Regt, 1937-1945; commanded Army Air Transport Training and Development Centre, 1953-1955; General Staff Officer Grade 1, War Office, 1955-1957; commanded Infantry Junior Leaders' Bn, 1957-1959; commanded 125 Infantry Bde(Territorial Army), 1959-1962; Head of Commonwealth Liaison Mission, UN Command, Korea and British Military Attaché, Seoul, 1962-1964; General Officer Commanding, 49 Infantry Div, Territorial Army and North Midland District, 1964-1967; Col, Middlesex Regt, 1965-1966; President, Regular Army Commission, 1967-1969; Deputy Col, Queen's Regt, 1967-1969, and Honorary Col, 1970-1971; died in 1989.
Born 1865; educated Repton and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; Lt in Sherwood Foresters(Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt), 1886; Capt, 1893; served North West Frontier, India, with Malakand Frontier Force (attached to The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)) and Tirah Expeditionary Force (with Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt)), 1897-1898; Brevet Maj, 1900; served Second Boer War, South Africa, with mounted infantry and in command of amobile column, 1900-1902; Brevet Lt Col, 1902; Brevet Lt Col, 1904; Assistant Commandant, School of Instruction for Mounted Infantry, Longmoor, Hampshire, 1911; Lt Col, 1912; served World War One, 1914-1918; Commander 1 Bn Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt), France, 1914-1915; temporary Brig, 1915; Commander 87 Infantry Bde, 29 Div, Gallipoli, 1915-1916; successively commanded 42, 29 and 53 Divs, Gallipoli, where he was present at original landing and final evacuation, 1915-1916; Maj Gen, 1915; Commander 27 Div in Salonika, Greece, 1916; temporary Lt Gen, 1916-1918; Commander 3 Indian Army Corps, Mesopotamia, 1916-1917;General Officer Commanding in Chief, Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, 1917-1919; Lt Gen, 1919; General Officer Commanding in Chief, Southern Command, India, 1919-1923; retired pay, 1924; Col of Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt), 1930-1935;died 1939.
Born in 1928; educated at St Austell Grammar School, Christ's College, Cambridge and Yale University; Flying Officer, RAF, 1948-1950; Instructor, Yale University, 1955-1956; Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1956-1961; Rockefeller Fellow for Advanced Study, 1958-1959; Associate Professor, School of Advanced International Studies, JohnsHopkins University, 1961-1964; Wilson Professor of International Politics, University of Wales, 1964-1968; headed study group set up by the [Parliamentary] Arms Control and Disarmament Advisory Panel to consider the problems of a comprehensive nuclear test ban, 1966; Professor of War Studies, King's College London, 1968-1977; Vice-Chancellor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1978-1990;appointed Emeritus Professor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1991; appointed Director of Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991.
Served with 5 Sqn, 5 Wing, Royal Naval Air Service and 205 Sqn, RAF, France, 1917-1918; served in UK, 1918-1928; served with 70 (Bomber) Sqn, Iraq, 1928-1930; served in UK, 1930-1943, and India, 1943-1946; Sqn Ldr, 1931; Wg Cdr, 1937; retired in [1946].
Senior Lecturer, Politics Department, and Executive Director of the Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, Leicester University; Foreign Associate of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
Born in 1902; studied medicine at National University of Ireland; joined RAF and served in India, 1926-1929; later transferred to the RN and served on HMS RESOLUTION and HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH; served in Singapore, [1939]-1942; Chief Malariologist with the British Pacific Fleet, [1943-1946]; Naval Medical Officer of Health for Hong Kong, 1951-1952; retired, 1960; died in1983.
Born in [1896]; served with 15 London Regt (Civil Service Rifles) in World War One; joined Colonial Police Sevice in Malaya; transferred to Road Transport Department, Malayan Civil Service, [1935]; Pilot Officer, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, Malaya, 1942; escaped to Java after fall of Malaya, but captured and imprisoned by the Japanese; held in Mitsushima camp, a sub-camp of Zentsuzi POW camp, near Tokyo, 1942-1945; liberated in Sep 1945 and returned to UK; returned to work in Malayan Civil Service, [1947]; retired 1949; died in 1968.
Born in 1895; joined Montgomeryshire Yeomanry, 1915; served in Egypt and Palestine, 1916; Lt, 19 Lancers (Indian Army), 1917; Capt, 1920; ADC to Viceroy of India, 1922-1925; Adjutant, Viceroy's Bodyguard, 1926-1927; Commandant, Madras Bodyguard, 1931-1933; Maj, 1934; Commandant, Viceroy's Bodyguard, 1936-1942; raised and commanded 75 Cavalry, 1942-1946; died in1972.
Born 1899; educated at Eton and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into 4 (Royal Irish)Dragoon Guards, 1918; served in France and Germany, 1918-1919; Aide de Camp to Brig commanding 1 Cavalry Bde, British Armies in France, 1918; Lt, 1919; Capt, 1928; Adjutant, 4/7 Dragoon Guards, 1928-1931; service in Palestine, 1936-1939; Maj, 1937; CommandingOfficer, 4/7 Royal Dragoon Guards, Palestine, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with 4/7 Royal Dragoon Guards, Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, 27 Armoured Bde and Czechoslovak Forces in UK and France, 1939-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1940; Lt Col,1942; Military Attaché, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1945-1948; retired as Hon Brig, 1953; died 1981.
Born in 1912; educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge; commissioned into Grenadier Guards, Sep 1933; Lt, 1935; saw first active service with 3 Bn Grenadier Guards in the retreat to Dunkirk, 1940; Capt, 1940; served with 3 Bn and 5 Bn, Grenadier Guards in North Africa and Italy, 1943-1945; stood unsuccessfully as Conservative candidate for Whitechapel, London in General Election of 1945; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, HQ London District, 1946; commanded 1 Guards Parachute Bn, Palestine, 1946-1948; employed in War Office, 1946-1949; commanded 1 Bn Grenadier Guards, North Africa, 1950-1952; specially employed as General Staff Officer Grade 1 in planning of Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation, 1952-1953; member of Planning Staff, NATO Standing Group, British Joint Staff Mission, Washington DC, 1954-1956; studied at Imperial Defence College, 1958; commanded 4 Guards Bde, Germany, 1959-1961; General Officer Commanding, London District and Maj Gen commanding Household Bde, 1962-1965; General Officer Commanding Berlin (British Sector), 1966-1968; retired, 1968; died in 1993.
Born in 1897; served First World War with Royal Engineers (Signals); joined Colonial Postal Service, 1919; transferred to Malaya, 1924; Assistant Controller of Posts, Singapore, and commanded 1 Bn, Straits Settlement Volunteer Force, 1942; POW, Changi camp, Singapore, Feb 1942-May 1943; put in charge of 5 Bn, H Force during their work on the Burma-Thailand railway, May 1943-Oct 1943; returned to Singapore in Nov 1943 and became prisoners' representative in Changi; died in 1983.
Worked on Operation BACKFIRE (the employment of captured military personnel to demonstrate the assembly and firing of V2 rockets), Cuxhaven, Germany, 1945.
Born in 1898; joined Royal Navy, 1916; Lt, 1920; Lt Cdr, 1928; Capt, 1941; commanded HMAS SHROPSHIRE in the Pacific Ocean, 1944-1945; died in 1986.
Born in 1894; studied history and law at Downing College, Cambridge; 2nd Lt, Northamptonshire Regt, 1917; Lt, 1918; served in France and Belgium, [1918]; called to Bar, Gray's Inn, 1921; joined London Press Exchange, 1922; Director, 1937; General Staff, War Office, 1939; Allied Force HQ, North Africa, 1943; War Office, 1944; served in missions to Belgium, Holland, Germany, Greece, and Italy, 1944-1945; appointed by War Office to write North West Europe volume in HMSO series of short military histories of Second World War; died in 1973. Publications: Girl or boy (Jarrolds, London, 1925); A comedy of women (Jarrolds, London, 1926); A daughter of twenty (Jarrolds, London, 1927); Patricia lacked a lover (Jarrolds, London, 1928); Unmarried life (Jarrolds, London, 1928); St Peter and the profile (Jarrolds, London, 1930); A shade Byronic (Jarrolds, London, 1933); Gallipoli (Faber and Faber, London, 1936); North-West Europe, 1944-1945 (HMSO, London, 1953); (ed) Men fighting (Faber and Faber, London, 1958); (ed) The Alexander memoirs (Cassell, London, 1962).
Born in 1894; attended Royal Naval Colleges, Osbourne and Dartmouth; Midshipman, 1912; served at sea in World War One, and later commanded HMS APHIS in China and HMS ROCHESTER on the Africa Station; Cdr, 1930; Naval Attaché, Lisbon, 1938-1944; SHAEF, 1944-1945; died in 1980.
Born in 1909; served as engineer on HMS DORSETSHIRE, 1932, HMS RESOLUTION, 1933, HMS VICTORY, 1936, HMS CUMBERLAND, 1936, HMS DRAKE, 1939, HMS PEMBROKE, 1939, HMS UGANDA, 1941, HMS ARIADNE, 1944, HMS TYNE, 1946, HMS BERRYHEAD, 1947, HMS HOWE, 1949, and HMS ORION, 1950; died in 1983.
Born 1896; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commissioned into 3 (Reserve) Bn, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), 1914; Lt, 1915; Capt, 1916; served with Royal Flying Corps, 1916-1918; service with 34 Sqn, Royal Flying Corps, Western Front, 1917; served in Palestine, 1917-1918; awarded MC, 1918; transferred to RAF, 1918; relief of Diwaniyah, Iraq, 1921; RAF Staff College, Andover, Hampshire, 1925; service in Iraq, 1928; Wg Cdr, 1932; Air Staff Officer, Directorate of Operations and Intelligence, Department of the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Ministry, 1934-1937; Gp Capt, 1937; Air Attaché, Washington DC, USA, 1937-1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Air Officer Commanding Northern Ireland, 1941; Air Officer in charge of Administration, Middle East, 1941-1943; awarded CBE, 1942; awarded CB, 1943; Director General, War Organisation, Air Ministry, 1943-1945; Deputy Allied Air Commander-in-Chief, South East Asia, 1945-1946; created KBE, 1946; Allied Air Commander-in-Chief, South East Asia, 1946-1947; Inspector General, RAF, 1948; Member, Air Council for Supply and Organisation, 1948-1950; ACM, 1949; Head of Air Force Staff, British Joint Services Mission to the USA, 1950-1951; retired, 1951; created KCB, 1951; Chairman, Air League of the British Empire, 1955-1958; died 1980.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Estienne Louis Geoffroy was son of Estienne François Geoffroy [1672-1731], and nephew of Claude Joseph Geoffroy [1685-1752], a member of the Faculté de Médecine of Paris.
William Collingwood Smith was a noted watercolourist, whose work was often featured in the London Illustrated News.
A militia force was raised from the civilian population of a county, in order to supplement the regular army in cases of emergency. In Middlesex they were called out at times of unrest. They came to be supplemented by volunteer forces, such as those raised by the 1794 Bill for "encouraging and disciplining such corps and companies of men as shall voluntarily enrol for the defence of their counties, towns and coasts or for the general defence of the Kingdom during the Present War [with France]".
There were around 300 militiamen in Middlesex in 1802. During the Napoleonic Wars this number rose to over 2000 by 1808 and 12,000 by 1812. More volunteer corps were raised in 1859, again in response to threat of French invasion. In 1881 the Army was organised into territorial regiments formed of regular, militia and volunteer battalions. Middlesex militia and volunteer battalions came under the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own).
The Volunteer Corps were predecessors of the modern Territorial Army. They were first formed in 1859 to counter French threats of invasion. In 1881 the Army was organised into territorial regiments formed of regular, militia and volunteer battalions. Middlesex volunteer battalions came under the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own).
The documentary was produced by 3BM for Channel 4, Oregon Public Broadcasting, RTL and ITEL. 3BM is an independent television production company founded in October 1995 by Jeremy Bennett, Simon Berthon, Marion Milne and Malcolm Brinkworth. It has offices in London and Bath and specialises in production of documentaries in the historical, current affairs and popular science and human interest fields.
The Berlin Airlift was produced by Jeremy Bennett and directed by Marion Milne. Other members of the production team included Professor Avi Shlaim, Historical Consultant; Tamzin Fry, Production Manager; Rosalind Bentley, Film Research; Helen Seaman, Research; and David Spiers, Editor.
The 49th (Post Office) Rifle Volunteers were formed in 1867 during the Fenian troubles from Special Constables recruited within the Post Office during that period. They later became the 24th (Post Office) Rifle Volunteers.
The 4th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps were founded in 1860. They were known as the 'West London Rifles'. As their headquarters were in Kensington, this was changed to the 'Kensington Rifles' in 1905. In 1908 they became the 13th (Kensington) Battalion, part of the London Regiment of the Territorial Force Association.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.
If a person died intestate (without a valid will) their money, goods and possessions passed to their next of kin through an administration (or letters of administration) which had the same form in law as a will.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A. Hunt and Company were office fitters and furnishers of 11 Bell Yard, Gracechurch Street.
A J Smith and Company, off-licence and wine merchants, were a subsidiary of William Perry Wine Merchants Limited which was purchased by the Victoria Wine Company Limited (see LMA/4434/P).
Letter, written in Afrikaans, by A J Tapper, during the Siege of Ladysmith, Second Boer War, 1899-1900, and acquired by Sgt Dodderidge, who served with the Rifle Bde during the Second Boer War
A Langley and Company Limited were cooked eel merchants, trading from 28 Monument Street.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Probate is defined as the official proving of a will and the legal process involving this. It also refers to the officially verified copy of the will delivered to the executors, together with a document issued under the seal of the court, certifying that it has been proved and granting them authority.
Shepherd's Hill road runs from Archway Road, near Highgate tube station, to Park Road in Crouch End.
This company was registered in 1913 to acquire Kajang estates in Selangor, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) replaced Bright and Galbraith as secretaries and agents in 1952, and Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited (CLC/B/112-071) acted as local agents from 1953. Abaco (Selangor) Rubber Limited went into voluntary liquidation in 1953-6.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Building Societies receive for investment in Shares or upon Deposit the savings of the people and from this fund make loans to assist individuals in acquiring their own homes. The first building society was founded in the 1770s. Originally most were 'terminating societies' that closed once all the members had been housed. The statutory frame-work relating to building societies dates from the 1836 'Regulation of Benefit and Building Societies Act'. From 1830s 'permanent building societies' started to appear that continued on a rolling basis and a decade later building societies started to accept savings from those not holding a mortgage.
The biggest upheaval to the industry came in 1986 with the 'New Building Societies Act'. As well as granting societies wider powers, the Act gave building societies the option to "demutalise". Abbey National was the first building society to do so in 1989.
Abbey National Building Society:
Formed in 1944 as Abbey National Building Society through the merger of the National Permanent Mutual Benefit Building Society and the Abbey Road Building Society. In 1989 Abbey National took advantage of the provisions of the 1986 New Building Societies Act to demutualise, becoming Abbey National plc. As a Public Limited Company (PLC), the Abbey was the first Building Society to change its status to that of a bank. Santander acquired the company in November 2004 and was rebranded in 2009/10 to become recognisably part of the Santander Group. Head offices: Abbey National House, 219-229 Baker Street (1944-2002); 2 Triton Square, Regent's Place (2002-); with offices in Milton Keynes and elsewhere and branches throughout the United Kingdom.
National Building Society:
The Society was founded in 1849 by a trio of Liberal MPs. The Society was officially registered as the National Permanent Mutual Benefit Building Society and commonly known under the authorised name, The National Freehold Land Society (rather than The Metropolitan Freehold Land Society which was the name which was first proposed). In 1894 the commonly known title changed to The National Freehold Land and Building Society, and again in 1930 to The National Building Society. In 1856 the Society formed a subsidiary, The British Land Company, which parted from the National in 1878, marking the National's transition from land society to a building society. Head offices: 11 Poultry (1849); 2 Moorgate Street (1850; 14 (afterwards 25) Moorgate (1852-circa 1914); 39 Moorgate; Coleman Street; National House, 12-18 Moorgate (1930-1943), all City of London; an emergency wartime office was opened at Pewley Fort, Pewley Hill, Guildford, Surrey.
Abbey Road Building Society:
Founded in 1874 as the Abbey Road and St. John's Wood Permanent Benefit Building Society, based in a Baptist church on Abbey Road, Kilburn. Incorporated 1878. President was Reverend William Stott (from before 1886-1920). Later became Abbey Road Permanent Benefit Building Society, then renamed Abbey Road Building Society. Head offices: Abbey Road (1874-); 45 Fordwych Road, West Hampstead (1886-1890); 16 Finchley Road (before 1894-1927); Abbey House, 219-229 Baker Street (from 1927, with later extension and re-opening in 1932); Limpley Stoke, Wiltshire during Second World War. Gilbert Lane, Secretary (-1921); Harold Bellman, Secretary (1921-1926) General Manager (1927-1929) and Managing Director (from 1929).
Saint Mary Graces was a small Cistercian Abbey founded in 1349 by Edward III near East Smithfield, a liberty next to the Tower of London. It was also known as East Minster and New Abbey.
Born 1906; educated Nottingham High School and Jesus College, Cambridge University; Curate, St John's Church, Smith Square, Westminster, 1930-1932; Chaplain, King's College London, 1932-1936; Chaplain to Lincoln's Inn, London, 1935-1936; Warden of the Scholae Cancellarii, Lincoln (Lincoln Theological College), 1936-1945; Canon and Reverend Prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral, 1940-1960; Dean of King's College London, 1945-1955; Head of Department and Faculty of Theology, King's College London, 1945-1955; Warden of a hostel for King's College theological students, Vincent Square, London, 1945-1955; founded a postgraduate college at Warminster, Wiltshire, for the immediate pre-ordination spiritual and pastoral training of King's ordinands; Warden of Keble College, Oxford University, 1956-1960; Chaplain to King George VI, 1948-1952, and to Queen Elizabeth II, 1952-1959; Dean of Westminster, 1959-1974; KCVO, 1966; Extra Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth II, 1974; Fellow of King's College London, 1946; Chaplain and Sub-Prelate, Order of St John of Jerusalem, 1969; Freeman, City of Westminster, 1973; Honorary Fellow of Keble College, 1960, and Jesus College, 1966; retired, 1974; died 1983.
Publications: Education in the spiritual life (Doncaster, 1961); Catholicity: a study in the conflict of Christian traditions in the West (Dacre Press, Westminster, 1947); Escape or freedom? (Heffer and Sons, Cambridge, 1939); Foothold of faith (Dacre Press, Westminster, 1943); The compassion of God and the Passion of Christ (Geoffrey Bles, London, 1963).
Abdullah Abdurahman was born December 18, 1872? in Cape Town, South Africa. He married Helen Potter James and they had two children, of whom the younger, Zainunnissa Abdurahman, like her father, was a prominent figure in Cape Town municipal affairs. After the dissolution of his first marriage, Dr. Abdurahman in 1925 married Margaret May Stansfield. They had a son and two daughters. Dr. Abdurahman was educated at Marist Brothers School and the South African College School. In 1888 he went to Glasgow University, where he obtained the M.B., Ch.M. medical degree in 1893.
In 1895 he returned to South Africa and acquired an extensive practice in Cape Town, among both Coloured and White people. In 1904 he was elected to the Cape Town City Council, and was the first Coloured person to become a Councillor. Except for two years (1913-1915) he remained a member up to the time of his death. Dr. Abdurahman was also a member of the Cape Provincial Council from 1914 until his death, and was largely responsible in establishing a system of school medical instruction for the Cape Province. In 1905 Dr. Abdurahman founded and was president of the South African Native and Coloured People's Organization, later known as the African People's Organization.
In 1909 he was a member of a delegation led by W. P. Schreiner to London. He was also a member of the Indian National Congress and in 1925 went to India to discuss the Indian's position in South Africa with the National Congress and Viceroy.
In 1934 he was appointed a member of the coloured People's Fact-finding Commission and served on the Cape Coloured Commission of 1937. He died in Cape Town in 1940
Abdy began his career by serving in the East India Company's ships TRUE BRITON, 1750 to 1752, on a voyage to China and Stafford, 1753, to India. He then entered the Navy and was commissioned as lieutenant in 1758. He was promoted to commander in 1761 and served in the BEAVER, 1761 to 1766, in home waters and then in the West Indies. In 1766 he was promoted to Captain of the ACTEON in the West Indies, but he returned home before the end of the year and did not serve again because of ill-health.
Abdy began his career by serving in the East India Company's ships TRUE BRITON, 1750 to 1752, on a voyage to China and Stafford,1753, to India. He then entered the Navy and was commissioned as lieutenant in 1758. He was promoted to commander in 1761 and served in the BEAVER, 1761 to 1766, in home waters and then in the West Indies. In 1766 he was promoted to Captain of the ACTAEON in the West Indies, but he returned home before the end of the year and did not serve again because of ill-health.
Henry Caldwell, grandson of Sir Benjamin Caldwell (q.v.), entered the Navy in 1828 as a volunteer on board the DARTMOUTH and became a midshipman in the PRINCE REGENT in 1830. He served for the next five years on the coast of South America in the CLIO, SPARTIATE and HORNET and then in the PEMBROKE and VANGUARD on the Mediterranean Station. After this he spent three years in the brigs PANTALOON and RAPID, tenders to the Royal George yacht. Caldwell was promoted to lieutenant in 1841 and for two years attended courses in the EXCELLENT on gunnery and at the Royal Naval College on steam. He then served in the INCONSTANT on the Mediterranean Station from 1843 until 1846, when he joined the EXCELLENT and PRINCE REGENT, home waters. From the latter ship he was promoted to commander in 1847. In 1848 he joined the POWERFUL on the Mediterranean Station and returned to the PRINCE REGENT in 1851. He was promoted to captain in 1853 and after studying steam at Woolwich dockyard, became Flag Captain to Rear-Admiral Hon. R.S. Dundas (1802-1861), Commander-in-Chief Baltic, in the DUKE OF WELLINGTON, and remained in her until 1857. Caldwell joined the MERSEY in 1859 for three years, serving in the Channel and on the North American and West Indies Station. After a short period in the ROYAL ADELAIDE at Devonport, he joined, in 1864, the ASIA, guardship of the steam reserve at Portsmouth. Finally Caldwell was aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria from 1866 until his death.
Sir Benjamin Caldwell entered the Navy in 1754 and was made a lieutenant in 1760. After service in the Channel during the Seven Years War, he became a commander in 1762 and a post captain in 1765. He then commanded the ROSE in North America, 1768 to 1771, and the EMERALD, 1775 to 1779, on that station and on convoy duties. He was appointed in 1780 to the HANNIBAL and convoyed the East India Company ships home. In April 1781 he was transferred to the AGAMEMNON in the Channel; she then sailed with Admiral Rodney (1719-1792) to the West Indies and was present at the battle of the Saints, 1782. The Agamemnon remained on the West Indies and North American Stations until 1783. Caldwell commanded the ALCIDE in 1787 and the BERWICK during the mobilization of 1790. In 1793 he was promoted to rear-admiral and served in the CUMBERLAND under Admiral Howe (q.v.). He transferred his flag in 1794 to the IMPREGNABLE and took part in the battle of First of June. In July of the same year he became a vice-admiral and was sent to the Leeward Islands in the Majestic under Admiral Jervis (q.v.); shortly after this Jervis returned home and Caldwell acted as Commander-in-Chief. His active career ended in 1795 and he was promoted to admiral in 1799.
Henry Osborn served in the Mediterranean before becoming a lieutenant in 1717. In 1718 He took part in the action off Cape Passaro in the Mediterranean and the following year served in a squadron on the north coast of Africa. His first command was the Squirrel in 1728. In 1734 he commanded the Portland in the Channel and in 1738 the Salisbury in the Mediterranean. He was appointed to the Prince of Orange in 1740, returning to England in the Chichester in 1741, when he moved to the Princess Caroline, Channel, until 1743. Osborn was promoted to rear-admiral in 1747 and in 1748 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands; in the same year he became a vice-admiral. He was promoted admiral and appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, in 1757 but after blockading the French fleet in 1758, he suffered a stroke and saw no more active service. Osborn was Member of Parliament for Bedfordshire, 1758 to 1761.
Sir Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902) was an English chemist and became the 15th President of the Chemical Society (1875-1877) and the 2nd President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (1880-1883). His area of expertise was in explosives and in 1889 invented Cordite with Sir James Dewar.
Niels Henrik Abel was born in Norway in 1802. His father was Soren Georg Abel, a political activist for Norwegian independence. In 1815 Niels Abel was sent to the Cathedral School at Christiania, where he studied mathematics under Bernt Holmboe, who encouraged him to go to Christiania University. He graduated in 1822, having undertaken work on the solution of quintic equations by radicals. In 1823 he published papers on functional equations and integrals, and a work proving the impossibility of solving the general equation of the fifth degree in radicals. For the next four years Abel travelled in Europe, visiting France, Italy and Germany to meet other mathematicians. He returned to Norway in 1827, where he earned a living through teaching until his death in May 1829. In 1830 he was awarded the Grand Prix of the Paris Academy.
A large number of Grahams companies, registered in Glasgow, were trading individually in Glasgow and elsewhere, including Portugal and India, as early as the late 18th century. Grahams Trading Company Limited, however, was incorporated on 29 July 1924, as general merchants and manufacturers all over the world, with a registered office at 7 St Helen's Place, EC3. It was an amalgamation of several of the older Grahams companies and the newly acquired "Portuguese companies". The latter, Abelheira Paper Mills Limited, Boa Vista Spinning and Weaving Company Limited and Braco de Prata Printing Company Limited, had all begun in the late 19th century and were registered in Glasgow but traded in Portugal through William Graham and Company, William and John Graham and Company, and William Graham Junior and Company, who acted as their agents and held title to the real estate in Portugal.
The Portuguese business of Grahams Trading Company Limited was held through West European Industries Limited. In 1947, the "Portuguese companies" went into voluntary liquidation, and the various mills and factories were gradually closed down and sold off in the 1950s. Grahams Trading Company Limited was taken over by Camp Bird Limited in 1957 and went into voluntary liquidation in 1960.