Born, 1865; educated at Mason College, Birmingham; University of Bonn; studied natural science, Trinity College Cambridge; Frank Smart Student of Botany, Gonville and Caius College, 1888-1889; Professor of Botany and Arboriculture, Imperial College, Wampoa, China, 1889-1892; Mandarin of the White Button, 1892; joined Exeter College Oxford, 1892-1898; Lecturer in Plant Physiology, Edinburgh University, 1898; head of the Biological Departments, Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, 1899-1905, and University College Reading; Lecturer in Botany, Northern Polytechnic Institute, Holloway, 1907-1908; Assistant Professor of Botany, Imperial College, 1908-1911; Professor of the Technology of Woods and Fibres, Imperial College, 1911-1931; elected Fellow of the Royal Society; died, 1931.
Publications: include: Elementary Botany (G Bell & Sons, London, 1898); Trees and their Life Histories ... Illustrated from photographs by Henry Irving (Cassell & Co, London, 1907); Bell's Science Series 7 vol editor with George Minchin (George Bell & Sons, London, 1900-1909).
Student, Royal School of Mines, 1885-1889; worked in Mexico, [1895]; mining engineer in Peru, 1896-1903; returned to Britain, 1903.
Born, Ealing, London, 1825; studied medicine; Assistant Surgeon, surveying ship HMS RATTLESNAKE around Australia, 1846-1850; Lecturer in Natural History, School of Mines, 1854; Naturalist to the Geological Survey, 1854; Hunterian professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1863-1869; Fullerian professor, Royal Institution, 1863-1867; Professor of Biology and Dean, Normal School of Science (later Royal College of Chemistry), 1881-1895; Dean, Royal School of Mines, 1881-1895; Honorary Professor of Biology, 1885-1895; foremost advocate in England of Darwin's theory of evolution; died, 1895.
Publications: include: On the educational value of the natural history sciences (London, 1854); The Oceanic Hydrozoa; a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS "Rattlesnake" in the years 1846-50 (London, 1859); Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy vol 1 (London, 1864); A catalogue of the collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, with an explanatory introduction with Robert Etheridge (London, 1865); Lessons in Elementary Physiology (London, 1866); An Introduction to the Classification of Animals (London, 1869); Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (London, 1870); A Manual of the Anatomy of vertebrated animals (London, 1871); More Criticisms on Darwin, and Administrative Nihilism (D Appleton & Co, New York, 1872); A course of practical instruction in elementary biology assisted by H N Martin (London, Cambridge [printed], 1875); A Manual of the anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (London, 1877); Physiography: an introduction to the study of nature (London, 1877); Fish Diseases (London, 1883); Evolution and Ethics (The Romanes Lecture, 1893) (Macmillan and Co, London, 1893); Man's Place in Nature, and other essays [1906]; Collected Essays 9 vol (Macmillan and Co, London, 1894-1908); The Scientific Memoirs of T H Huxley edited by Professor Michael Foster and Professor E Ray Lankester 5 vol (Macmillan & Co, London, 1898-1903).
Born, Kincardineshire, Scotland,1873; educated at Fordoun Public School; Aberdeen Grammar School; Aberdeen University; Göttingen University, Germany, 1896-1897; Assistant to C T Heycock and F H Neville of Cambridge; worked at the Central Technical College research laboratory, 1897-1898; part-time lecturer, 1899, Demonstrator and Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, 1900, Royal College of Science; Assistant Professor of Chemistry, 1909-1913, Professor of Physical Chemistry, 1913-1938, Imperial College; OBE, 1918; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1921; Secretary, 1913-1924, and President, 1941, of the Chemical Society; Chairman, Bureau of Chemical Abstracts, 1923-1932; Member of the Senate, University of London, 1932-1938; President, Section B (Chemistry), British Association, 1936; Professor Emeritus of Physical Chemistry; Deputy Rector, Imperial College, 1939; President, Society of Chemical Industry, 1939-1941; died, 1941.
Publications: include: Physical Chemistry; its bearing on biology and medicine (Edward Arnold, London, 1910); The Romance of Modern Chemistry. A description in non-technical language of the diverse and wonderful ways in which chemical forces are at work, and of their manifold application in modern life (Seeley & Co, London, 1910); Achievements of Chemical Science (1913); The Chemical Society, 1841-1941. A historical review with Tom Sidney Moore (London, 1947).
Born Yeovil, Somerset, 1891; educated Yeovil School; studied civil engineering at Bristol University, graduated, 1911; articled assistant to consultant engineer; assistant engineer with the Pontypridd and Rhondda Valley Joint Water Board, 1913-1914; technical adviser to the Director of the Air Department of the Admiralty on aircraft safety, 1915-1919; partner in a firm of aeronautical engineers, 1919-1922; Professor of Engineering, University College, Cardiff, 1922-1928; Professor of Civil Engineering, Bristol University, 1928-1933, associated with the experimental testing of aircraft structures especially the R 100 and R 101 airships; Professor of Civil Engineering, and head of department, Imperial College, 1933-1956; research interests included the structure of dams; Chairman of the Thames Pollution Committee,1951-1961; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1954; President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1958-1959; died, 1969.
Publications: Aeroplane Structures, etc with John Laurence Pritchard (Longmans & Co, London, 1919); The Stress Analysis of Bow Girders with Frank Leslie Barrow (London, 1926); Primary Stresses in Timber Roofs, with special reference to curved bracing members with William Henry Glanville (London, 1926); Strain Energy Methods of Stress Analysis, etc (Longmans & Co, London, 1928); The Analysis of Engineering Structures with John Fleetwood Baker, Baron Baker (E Arnold & Co, London, 1936); The Experimental Study of Structures (Edward Arnold & Co, London, 1947); A Study of the Voussoir Arch with Letitia Chitty (London, 1951); Studies in Elastic Structures (Edward Arnold & Co, London, 1952); Pollution of the Tidal Thames. Report of the Departmental Committee on the effects of heated and other effluents and discharges on the condition of the tidal reaches of the River Thames[Chairman, A J S Pippard] (London, 1961).
Born, 1846; educated at Eton; admitted solicitor, 1870; Assistant Clerk, 1871-1882, and Clerk, 1882-1918, Goldsmith's Company; Knighted, 1891; Governor, Imperial College, representing the City and Guild's of London Institute, 1908-1919; died, 1928.
Publication: Memorials of the Goldsmiths' Company. Being gleanings from their records between the years 1335 and 1815 2 vol (Printed for private circulation, [London, 1896]).
Born Southport, Lancashire, 1922; educated at King George V School Southport; studied Mechanical Sciences Tripos at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1941 (graduated BA 1944, MA 1948); joined Radar Research and Development Establishment during war, 1943 - 1946; Assistant Lecturer in Physics, Manchester University, 1946 - 1948; Lecturer in Physics, Manchester University, 1948 - 1949; research under Blackett on Earth's magnetic field, awarded Ph.D 1949; Assistant Director of Research, Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Cambridge University, 1950, working on palaeomagnetism; Chair of Physics, Kings College, University of Durham (later University of Newcastle upon Tyne), 1956 - 1988; Sydney Chapman Professor of Physics, university of Alaska, 1989; Senior Research Fellow, Imperial College London, 1989. Runcorn was murdered in a hotel room in San Diego, California, December 1995.
Born Aston, Birmingham, 1876; educated at Smethwick Central School, 1888-1891, Birmingham Technical School (now Aston University), 1894-1895; Royal College of Science (Imperial College), scholarship, 1897-1900; Assistant Demonstrator, 1900-1901; moved to the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, 1901-1920, involved with naval research, [1914-1918]; Superintendent of the Electricity Department, 1917; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1918; first Director of Scientific Research, at the Admiralty, 1920; awarded Hughes Medal, 1925; Physical Secretary of the Royal Society, 1929-1938; knighted (GCB), 1931; Secretary, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1929-1939; Director, Instrument Production, Ministry of Supply, 1939-1942; Director of Telecommunications, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1940-1942; Chairman, Technical Defence Committee; MI5, 1940-1946; Chairman, Scientific Advisory Council, 1941-1947; Chairman of the Road Research Board, 1946-1954; adviser on research and development with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later British Petroleum), 1939-1955; adviser, Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), 1944-1957; died, 1969.
Publications: Reports of the Committee on Electrical Standards ... A record of the history of "Absolute Units" and of Lord Kelvin's work in connexion with These Editor (Cambridge, 1913); Physics in Navigation (1927); Chemistry and the Community (London, 1932); Industrial Research and the Nation's Balance Sheet (London, [1932]); Measurement of the Effectiveness of the Productive Unit with Richard, Baron Beeching (British Institute of Management: London, [1949]); The Critical Importance of Higher Technological Education in relation to Productivity (British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, [1951]).
Born Antwerp, Belgium, 1907; educated at St Paul's School, 1920-1926, Christ Church, Oxford, 1926-1930; Senior Scholar of Christ Church, 1931-1933; Senior Researcher, Department of Thermodynamics, Oxford, 1933-1935; Dewar Fellow of the Royal Institution, London, 1936-1940; Principal Experimental Officer, Ministry of Supply, 1940-1945; Professor of Chemistry at Queen's University, Belfast, 1945-1954; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1951; Professor of Thermodynamics, Imperial College, 1954-1975; awarded CBE, 1961; Head of Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College, 1961-1975; Senior Research Fellow, Imperial College, 1975-1988; research interests included chemical thermodynamics, combustion, explosions and detonations, ionic melts, graphite and intercalation compounds; died, 1988.
Publications: An Introduction to Modern Thermodynamical Principles (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1937); Time and Thermodynamics (Oxford University Press, London, 1947); Man and Energy ... Illustrated (Hutchinson's Scientific & Technical Publications, London, 1954); Thermodynamics in the World of To-day, etc [London, 1955]; Graphite and its Crystal Compounds with Frederick Alastair Lewis (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960); Melting and crystal structure (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1965).
Born Portsmouth, 1840; educated Camberwell, Royal School of Mines; Geological Survey of England and Wales, 1867-1870; Inspector of Schools, 1871; President of the Geological Society, 1887-1888; Professor of Geology, 1876-1905; CB, 1895; Dean of the Royal College of Science, 1895-1905; Emeritus Professor of Geology, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1916.
Publications: The Geology of Rutland, and the parts of Lincoln, Leicester, Northampton, Huntingdon and Cambridge [1875]; Volcanoes, what they are, and what they teach (1881); On the structure and distribution of Coral Reefs ... By C Darwin. With ... a critical introduction to each work by Prof J W J (1890);The Student's Lyell. A manual of elementary geology by Sir Charles Lyell. Edited by J W Judd ( J Murray, London, 1896); The Coming of Evolution. The story of a great revolution in science (1910).
The Department of Mathematics can be traced to the teaching of Mechanical Science at the Government School of Mines and of Science (later the Royal School of Mines), established in 1851. A department of Applied Mechanics was established, and renamed the Division of Mathematics and Mechanics in 1881 on the formation of the Royal College of Science, of which the Royal School of Mines was a constituent college. Mathematics was also taught at the City and Guilds College from its establishment in 1885. In 1912, it was decided that there would be one Professor of Mathematics for Imperial College, and the departments were amalgamated. Research undertaken in the Department of Mathematics led to the establishment of the Centre for Computing and Automation in 1966. In 1970 the centre became the Department of Computing and Control, and then the Department of Computing in 1979.
Born Perth, Scotland, 1888; educated at the High School, Dundee, and Edinburgh University, graduating in Agriculture, 1910, Forestry, 1911; appointed Assistant Professor of Entomology at Imperial College, 1926, instrumental in establishing the Field Station at Hurworth, Slough, and then at Silwood Park, Berkshire; Professor of Entomology, 1930; Professor of Zoology and Applied Entomology, 1934-1953; died, 1968.
Publications: Insects & Industry (London, 1929); Report on Insect Infestation of Stored Cacao with W S Thomson (London, 1929); Cotton Pest Control Work in Southern and Central Africa and the Rhodesias (Report on a tour) (London, 1937); Report on a Survey of the Infestation of Grain by Insects (London, 1940); Pests of stored products (Hutchinson, London, 1966).
The responsibility for building works associated with the Medical School was held by the School Secretary. The post of School Secretary was created in 1889. In 1993 the title was changed with the appointment of a new postholder to Director of Finance and Administration, and remained as such until 1998.
Born, 1936; educated at Monkton Combe School, Emmanuel College Cambridge, St George's Hospital Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School; Consultant Physician, St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, 1970-1973; Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, 1970-1973; Senior Lecturer in Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, 1973-1979; Dean and Professor of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, 1979-1995; Pro-Rector (Medicine), Imperial College, 1988-1995; Chairman, Council of Deans of UK Medical Schools and Faculties, 1994-1995; member, General Medical Council, 1994-[1997]; member, Royal College of Physicians, London, 1994-[1997].
Publications:The Medieval Leper joint editor (Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, 1977); Understanding Water, Electrolyte and Acid/Base Metabolism 1983; Learning Medicine 1983; Living Medicine 1990; scientific papers especially concerning kidney disease and criterial for selection of medical students.
The Huggett Laboratories are research support laboratories at the former St Mary's Hospital Medical School, later Imperial College School of Medicine.
St Mary's Hospital Rugby Club was founded in 1865, and was one of the founders of the Rugby Union. St Mary's Hospital Medical Society was founded in 1866. The St Mary's Hospital Medical School Students' Club became the Students' Union in 1939/1940.
The British Postgraduate Medical School, based at Hammersmith Hospital, was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1931 and opened in 1935. It was the result of recommendations by the Athlone Report of 1921, and was a pioneer institution of postgraduate clinical teaching and research. The school has always been closely linked with the Hammersmith Hospital and the Medical Research Council, where its teaching research and clinical work is carried out. Senior Academic staff of the school provided consultant services and academic leadership for Hammersmith Hospital.
The school became part of the British Postgraduate Medical Foundation in 1947, and was known as the Postgraduate Medical School of London. In 1974 the school became independent, with a new charter and the title Royal Postgraduate Medical School.
In 1988 the school merged with the Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and became part of the Imperial College School of Medicine on its formation in 1997.
Phoenix is the annual Students' Union arts magazine of Imperial College. It started life as the Science Schools Journal in 1887, founded by H G Wells as a literary magazine, although it also contained details of college activities until Felix was established. It was renamed the Royal College of Science Magazine in 1891 and Phoenix in 1904. The City and Guilds Union joined with the Unions of the Royal College of Science and Royal School of Mines in support of Phoenix from 1915, when it became the 'Magazine of the Imperial College of Science and Technology'. Felix is Imperial College's student newspaper, which started in 1949.Weekly newssheets detailing events have also been published by the College and known successively as Coming Events, (1966-1969), IC News, (1969-1974), IC Diary (1974-1982) and IC Gazette (from 1982). IC Gazette was established to publish information previously covered by both IC Diary and Topic magazine, a twice monthly College newsletter established in 1974.
ICON, the Imperial College Review magazine was published between 1973 and 1982, and CRITICON, a continuation of the reviews section of ICON, between 1982-1987. Network, a monthly newspaper, was published between 1987 and 1994. IC Reporter, the College staff newpaper published twice monthly was established in 1995.
Chemistry has been taught at King's College since 1831, when John Frederic Daniell was appointed the first Professor of Chemistry. A chair of Practical Chemistry was also endowed in 1851 but lapsed when it was combined with the chair of Chemistry in 1870 under Charles Loudon Bloxam. It formed part of the Medical Department but instruction was also provided in the Department of Applied Sciences and in Evening Classes. Chemistry became part of the Faculty of Science in 1893, the Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences in 1986, and the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering in 1991. Classes in chemical engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences commenced in 1930, while biochemistry classes formed part of instruction in physiology in the Faculty of Medicine before becoming a discreet department in 1958.
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. Government of the College was devolved to the so-called Governing Body, supplemented from its inception in 1961 by an Academic Board reflecting the interests of staff and students. These were renamed the Council and Senate when the College was granted its Royal Charter in 1971. Chelsea College merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985 whereupon the functions of the Council and Senate were transferred to the King's Council and Academic Board.
The earliest resident appointment for students of Guy's Hospital Medical School was the Lying-in Charity, which was established in 1833, when 'resident accoucheurs' were appointed. In 1849 three senior pupils were appointed 'resident obstetric clerks' and were provided with board and accommodation in one of the houses in Maze Pond. They were required to be ready at all times to assist the pupils who attended the deliveries in the district.
The first house surgeon at Guy's Hospital was appointed in 1856 and was required to be a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. He held office for six months, was resident in the hospital and in the absence of the Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons was responsible for the whole surgical side of the hospital. From 1857 the House Surgeon was required to keep a journal 'entering therein everything which occurs by day or by night within the Hospital' and present it to the Treasurer every morning. In 1865 a non-resident Assistant House Surgeon was appointed, and from 1878 he too was given board and residence at the hospital and assigned duties in the wards. Another Assistant House was appointed to share the work in Outpatients, but was not resident at the hospital.
The first resident House Physician was appointed in 1865 to assist the Resident Apothecary in the care of patients in the wards, and assist in the Outpatient Department for three days a week. In 1866 the outpatient work was assigned to an Assistant House Physician who was not resident. In 1873 a second resident House Physician was appointed. On the opening of the Residential College for students in 1890 the number of resident appointments increased and a resident assistant was appointed for each member of staff.
In 1846 it was made obligatory for all students of Guy's Hospital Medical School to report cases. In 1836 Guy's Society for Clinical Reports was established by pupils. The influence of Thomas Addison was instrumental in the development of regular case reporting and the establishment of the Clincal Report Society at Guy's Hospital. He insisted on a higher standard of work from his clinical clerks and by 1828 had established a regular method of case taking.
Unknown
Born 1908; educated, King's College School, Wimbledon, Queens' College Cambridge; BA 1930, 1st Class Hons Natural Science Tripos Pt II, 1931; Assistant in Zoology, University of Glasgow, 1932-1937; MA 1934; Assistant Lecturer and Lecturer in Zoology, University College, Cardiff, 1937-1948; MSc (Wales) 1943; Professor of Biology and Head of Biology Department, Guy's Hospital Medical School, 1948-1972; Reader in Biology, University of London, 1948-1955; Professor of Biology, University of London, 1955-1972; Chairman, British Universal Film Council, 1959-1963, 1967-1969; Emeritus Professor, University of London, 1972-1979; Fellow Cambridge Philosophical Society; Fellow Linnean Society; Fellow, Institute of Biology; Fellow, Zoological Society; died, 1979.
Publications: Report on Stomatopod Larvae, Cumacea and Cladocera [1930]; Stomatopod Larvæ, etc (London, 1939); various scientific papers, mainly dealing with the comparative study of the heart and blood system of vertebrate animals.
Educated at Cambridge University and Guy's Hospital, obtained BA Natural Science Tripos, 1891; MRCS, LRCP London 1896, and MB BCh Cambridge 1896.
John Gunning was Assistant surgeon to St George's Hospital, London, from 21 Jan. 1760 to 4 Jan. 1765, and full surgeon from that date till his death.
In 1773 he was elected steward of anatomy by the Surgeons' Company, but paid the fine rather than serve. In 1789 he was elected examiner, and in the same year he was chosen master of the company. In 1790 Gunning was appointed the first professor of surgery; but he soon resigned on the plea that it occupied too much of his time, and no new appointment was made.
Gunning was in general opposed to his colleague at St. George's, John Hunter. The quarrel rose to a great pitch when a surgeon was elected in succession to Charles Hawkins. Keate was supported by Gunning, and Home by Hunter, and after a sharp contest Keate was elected. A dispute ensued about fees for surgical lectures, which led to a controversy between Gunning, senior surgeon, supported by two of his colleagues, and Hunter. It ended in John Hunter's dramatically sudden death on 16 Oct. 1793, immediately after being flatly contradicted by one of his colleagues, apparently Gunning.
Gunning had been appointed surgeon-general of the army in 1793, on the death of John Hunter; he was also senior surgeon extraordinary to the king. He died at Bath on 14 February 1798.
Born Coggeshall, Essex, 1838; educated at City of London School; lay student at New College, St John's Wood, London; employed by Sir William Fairbairn, [1856-1861]; Manager of Engineering works, 1861-1868; Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1867; instructor at the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at Kensington, 1868-72; Professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, 1872-1884; Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1878; Professor of Engineering, Central Technical College of the Guilds of London (later City and Guilds College), 1884-1904, Dean, 1884-1896, 1902-1904; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1886; Honorary Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1886; Honorary Member of the Franklin Institute and of the American Philosophical Society, 1890; President of section G of the British Association, 1891; member of the Council of the Royal Society, 1894-1896; Honorary Membership of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1898; member of the General Board of the National Physical Laboratory, 1900; member of the Senate of the University of London, 1900-1905, 1911-1923; member of the Governing Body of Imperial College of Science and Technology, 1910-1926; President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1911; member of the Delegacy of the City and Guilds College, 1911-1926; President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1915-1916; awarded the first Kelvin Medal, 1921; Honorary Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1922; died, 1933.
Publications: include: Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs .. With examples of the calculation of stress in girders, etc (London, 1869); On the Movement of the water in a tidal river, with reference to the position of sewer outfalls E & F N Spon, London, 1883); Exercises in Wood-Working for handicraft classes in elementary and technical schools (Longmans & Co, London, 1887); The Testing of Materials of Construction: a text-book for the engineering laboratory and a collection of the results of experiment (Longmans & Co, London, 1888); On the Development and Transmission of Power from central stations, being the Howard Lectures 1893 (Longmans & Co, London, 1894); A Treatise on Hydraulics (Adam & Charles Black, London, 1907).
The Royal College of Science was formed in 1881 in South Kensington by merging some courses of the Royal School of Mines with courses in Mathematics, Astronomy, Botany and Agriculture. It was originally named the Normal School of Science (the title was based on the Ecole Normale in Paris), with one of the aims of the School being to provide systematic training to school science teachers. Students of the Royal College of Science were able to qualify in the subjects of Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics, Biology and Agriculture. In 1890 was the School was renamed the Royal College of Science. In 1907 the Royal College of Science and Royal School of Mines were incorporated in the Royal Charter of the Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The City and Guilds College was originally known as the Central Institution of the City and Guilds Institute. A meeting of the livery companies in 1876 led to the foundation of the City and Guilds Institute (C&GLI) for the Advancement of Technical Education, which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen. One of the objectives of the C&GLI was to create a Central Institution in London. As they were initially unable to find a site for the Institution, Finsbury Technical College was established in 1878 in Cowper Street. The other main objective of the C&GLI was to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. This was done in 1879, when the system established by the Society of Arts in 1873 was taken over by the C&GLI. The Central Institution opened in 1884, in a purpose designed building in South Kensington. It became known as the City and Guilds College after its full incorporation into Imperial College in 1910.
The Governing Body was established on the creation of the Imperial College in 1907 by the incorporation of the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines in 1907, and the City and Guilds College in 1910. The Governing Body of 40 members, excluding the Rector, was to exercise the powers of the College as provided in the Charter and later Statutes. After the College received its new Charter in 1998, the Governing Body was replaced by a Court and Council, with the latter becoming the governing and executive body of the College.
The Beit Fellowship was established in 1913 by Otto Beit, a Governor of Imperial College. The Fellowship was established in memory of his brother Alfred, a South African businessman and partner in the firm of Wernher, Beit and Company.
The Council, and previously the Governing Body, is reponsible for ensuring that financial accounts are kept and that an annual statement of the College's finances is prepared and published. External Auditors are appointed by the Council to undertake an audit of the College financial accounts. The College Secretary, as Clerk, is responsible for Internal Audit.
IMPEL was established in 1987 as a joint venture to market technological ideas and products from the college's research programmes. It also acted as a staff consultancy service for external agencies. This aspect was taken over in 1991 by Imperial College Consultants Ltd, along with the management of the commercial use of college facilities. Imperial Biotechnology was established in 1982 to develop products for the speciality enzyme market.
One of the main functions of the Personnel Division is to support Departments in all aspects of their staff management function including recruitment and retention, performance and health and safety. Some central processing services such as pensions, staff appraisal, and administration are carried out by the division.
The Holland Club opened in 1949 as a social club for non-teaching staff, named after Sir Thomas Holland, Rector of the College from 1922-1929. A dining club had been established in 1947, and the two clubs merged in 1962. The Consort Club was established as a joint Imperial College and Royal College of Art dining club.
Scholarships, bursaries and prizes have been established since the creation of Imperial College and its constituent colleges, and are administered by the Registry.
The Department of Aeronautics was established in 1920. Sir Richard Glazebrook was appointed the first Director and Zaharoff Professor of Aviation.
The Department of Meteorology was established in 1920, as part of the Department of Aeronautics. In 1934, it became part of the Department of Physics, and in 1955 was transferred to the Department of Geology.
The Physiological Flow Studies Unit was established in 1966 to foster basic research in physiological mechanics for the advancement of the understanding of certain human diseases. The Centre for Biological and Medical Systems developed from the Physiological Flow Studies Unit.
The teaching of Chemistry at Imperial College has its origins in the Royal College of Chemistry, which was established in 1845 in Hanover Square, London. In 1853 the College was incorporated with the Government School of Mines and of Science Applied to the Arts (later the Royal School of Mines). Chemistry was one of the departments to be transferred to South Kensington in 1872.
In 1881 the Royal College of Chemistry and the Royal School of Mines joined to form the Royal College of Science. In 1907 both became constituent colleges of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. A postgraduate Department of Chemical Technology was formed in 1912 as part of the Royal College of Science. In 1927 Chemical Engineering became a sub-department of Chemical Technology, along with Fuel Technology and Electrothermics. By 1940 Chemical Engineering had transferred to the City and Guilds College, to form a new department along with Applied Physical Chemistry.
The Computer Unit (later Computer Centre) was established in 1964, and became part of the Department of Computing and Control. In 1974 the Centre separated from the Department, and later became known as the Centre for Computing Services.
The Centre for Computing and Automation was formed in 1966, based on research undertaken in the Department of Mathematics. In 1970 the centre became the Department of Computing and Control, and then the Department of Computing in 1979, when the Control Group rejoined the Department of Electrical Engineering.
The Kobler Unit for the Management of Information Technology and a new chair to head it was established in 1984 by a trust set up by Fred Kobler.
Born, 1926; educated, Worthing High School, 1935-1943; St John's College, Cambridge, 1943-1945, 1948-1949; Assistant Experimental Officer, National Physics Laboratory, 1946-1948; Research student, University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, 1949-1953; Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, 1952-1955; Visiting Assistant Professor, Univeristy of Illinois, USA; Computer Department of Ferranti Ltd, 1955-1964; part-time Professor of Automatic Data Processing, University of Manchester and ICT Ltd, 1963-1964; Professor of Computing Science and Director, Centre for Computing and Automation, Imperial College, 1964-1970; Consultant to International Computers Limited, 1964-1965, 1968-1970; Consultant to the Ministry of Technology, 1966-1969; President, British Computer Society, 1967-1968; Director of various companies in the Miles Roman Group, 1970-1971; Senior Consultant, PA International Management Consultants Limited, 1972-1975; died, 1975.
The teaching of Civil Engineering in South Kensington originated with the establishment of the City and Guilds Central Institution in 1884, which taught Engineering. By 1913 two separate departments of Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering had emerged, as part of the renamed City and Guilds College. As courses developed separate sections emerged. A Chair in Highway Engineering was established in 1929, with the section being replaced by Transport in 1963. A Concrete Technology section was established in 1945, and Public Health and Water Resource Engineering in 1977.
The Department of Electrical Engineering originated with the teaching of evening classes in pratical electricity at Finsbury Technical College in 1878. With the opening of the City and Guilds Central Institution in 1884 classes moved to South Kensington as the Department of Physics, but was renamed Electrical Engineering in 1898.
Allen was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, on the 28 June 1900. He was educated at King Henry VIII School in Coventry and at the University of Birmingham. In 1922 he went to Japan as a Lecturer in Economics at the Higher Commercial College there. He stayed till 1925. From 1929 to 1933 he was a Research Fellow and Lecturer in the Faculty of Commerce at University College Hull. He was then appointed Brunner Professor of Economic Science at the University of Liverpool, 1933-1947. From 1947 to 1967 he was Professor of Political Economy at University College London. Allen was temporary Assistant Secretary of the Board of Trade from 1941 to 1944, and a member of the Central Price Regulation Committee 1944-1953. He was a member of the Monopolies (and Restrictive Practices) Commission from 1950 to 1962. His many publications were mainly concerned with Japanese and British industry and economic policy. Allen died on 31 July 1982.
The first surveys of the Bahia and San Francisco railway in Brazil were made by Charles Vignoles in 1854. Works were not commenced until the year 1857, and were completed in 1861. Vignoles was the Engineer-in-Chief.
John Joseph Bithell was Chief Engineer for the Ferro Carril de Chumbicha a Tinogasta y Andalgala Catamarca, Argentina.
The Chadwick Trust was set up in 1895 under the provisions of the will of Sir Edwin Chadwick (d 1890), who bequeathed money to promote research into public health engineering. Sir Edwin Chadwick, born in 1800, was a pioneering sanitary reformer; secretary to Jeremy Bentham; appointed Assistant Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, 1832; appointed Royal Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, and to enquire into the employment of children in factories, 1833; Secretary of the Poor Law Commission, 1834-1847; Royal Commissioner to enquire into a rural constabulary, 1836; published his report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population, 1842; appointed Royal Commissioner on London sanitation, 1847; Metropolitan Commissioner of Sewers, 1847-1849; Commissioner of the General Board of Health, 1848-1854. At his death he also bequeathed money to University College London to create the Chadwick Professorship of Municipal Engineering, first occupied by his son Sir Osbert Chadwick from 1898. The Chadwick Trust gives prizes and medals to students researching into both the medical and engineering aspects of sanitary science. It also funds lectures on related subjects. The Trust was set up under a Board of Trustees and was later associated with the Royal Society of Health, on whose premises its office was situated. In 1980 negotiations began with University College London to house the Trust in the Civil Engineering Department, and the Trust was subsequently administered by a committee of University College London.
CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, was inaugurated on 1 April 2002, following the unification of two predecessor bodies - the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS). CILIP is primarily a personal membership organisation, with a Royal Charter and charitable status. CILIP speaks out on behalf of the profession to the media, government and decision makers and provides practical support for members on academic education, professional qualifications, job hunting and continuing professional development.
The LA was formed in 1877 and received its Royal Charter, which permitted it to award professional (Chartered) status to members, in 1898. It became a registered charity in 1963 and was awarded a supplemental Royal Charter in 1986. The Scottish Library Association was founded in 1908, and formally affiliated with the LA (of the UK) in 1931. The Welsh Library Association (WLA) was a branch of the UK LA, and a further branch existed in Northern Ireland.
In the late 1950s, a group of professionals working predominantly in scientific and technological research took the view that a separate body was required to meet their more specialist form of practice and split off to form the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) in 1958. The IIS was founded to promote and maintain high standards in scientific and technical information work and to establish qualifications for those engaged in the profession. Thereafter increasingly the IIS also attracted those working in the rapidly expanding field of financial and business information, and subsequent technological developments meant that its members were in a better position to pay close attention to developments in digital technology. Like the LA, it also had charitable status.
Born at Shrewsbury, 1862; moved with his family to Guildford, 1866; educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford; interested in natural science, but formed a desire to enter the Unitarian ministry and went to Owens College, Manchester, 1883; graduated in philosophy with first class honours, 1888; continued to study philosophy, at Manchester College Oxford and then at Leipzig; Hibbert Scholar, 1891-1896; graduated from Leipzig with a PhD, 1896; minister at Unity Church, Islington, 1897-1903; Lecturer for the London School of Ethics and Sociology, 1897-1898; Vice-President of the Aristotelian Society, 1901; Assistant Editor of the Hibbert Journal, 1902; LittD, Manchester, 1904; appointed to the Chair of Moral Philosophy at University College London, 1904; lived in Cambridge, travelling to London several times weekly, and also delivered some lectures in Cambridge; BA by research, Cambridge, 1909; MA, 1912; President of the Aristotelian Society, 1913; elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1927; retired his Professorship, 1928; Emeritus Professor from 1928; Hibbert Lecturer, 1931; Upton Lecturer in Philosophy, 1933; Essex Hall Lecturer, 1934; Hobhouse Memorial Lecturer, 1936; examiner in philosophy at various universities; a leading authority on the philosophers Immanuel Kant and George Berkeley, and on the history of philosophy, and worked on the theory of knowledge, eventually tending towards the realistic theory; died at Cambridge, 1941. Publications: Die Begriffe Phänomenon und Noumenon in ihrem Verhältnis zu einander bei Kant (1897); 'English Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century' in Friedrich Ueberweg and Franz Friedrich Maximilian Heinze's Geschichte der Philosophie (1897); memoir of James Drummond in Drummond's Pauline Meditations (1919); Ways towards the Spiritual Life (1928); article on theory of knowledge in Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th edition, 1929); Berkeley, in Leaders of Philosophy series (1932); Human Personality and Future Life (1934); Thought and Real Existence (1936); The Philosophical Bases of Theism (1937); Critical Realism: Studies in the Philosophy of Mind and Nature (1938); various articles and reviews in Mind, the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Hibbert Journal, Journal of Psychology, and other periodicals.
Drummond was born on 12 January 1891. He was educated at the Strand School of King's College, and Queen Mary's College and King's College of the University of London. He started work as a Research Assistant in 1913 at King's College London. In 1914 he was a Research Assistant at the Biochemical Department of the Cancer Hospital Research Institute in London, where in 1918 he became a Director. In 1919 he joined University College London as a Reader in Physiological Chemistry, and in 1922 he was made Professor of Biochemistry there. He stayed at UCL till 1945. During the Second World War he was also a scientific adviser to the Ministry of Food, and an adviser on nutrition. He was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1942-1944. In 1946 he became Director of Research and Director of Boots Pure Drug Co Ltd. Drummond was knighted in 1944. He published numerous articles in scientific periodicals. He died on 4 August 1952.
Born, 9 April 1906; educated, Winchester and New College Oxford, First Class Hons Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1927; Workers' Educational Association lecturer, 1927; Assistant, Department of Political Economy, University College London, 1928; joined 1917 Club, 1929; founded Tots & Quots, a left-wing discussion group, 1930; Assistant Honorary Secretary and Chairman of the Economics Section of the New Fabian Research Bureau, 1931; awarded Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship and spent next academic year studying in Vienna, Austria, 1933; Secretary, XYZ Club, 1934; stood as a Labour Party candidate in Chatham, Kent, in General Election, defeated by Conservative, 1935; adopted as prospective candidate for Leeds South, 1937; promoted to Readership at University College London, 1937; co-opted onto National Executive Committee, Finance and Trade Sub-committee, 1937; joined war-time Civil Service at newly founded Ministry of Economic Warfare, 1939; Principal Private Secretary to Hugh Dalton, Minister of Economic Warfare, 1940-1942; Principal Assistant Secretary to Dalton at Board of Trade, 1942-1945; elected as member for Leeds South, General Election, 1945-1963; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Fuel and Power, 1946-1947; Minister of Fuel and Power, 1947-1950; Minister of State for Economic Affairs, 1950; Chancellor of Exchequer, 1950-1951; Treasurer of Labour Party, 1954-1956; Leader of Labour Party, 1955-1963; Vice-Chairman, Labour Party Executive Committee, 1962; died, 18 January 1963. Publications: Chartism (Longmans & Co, London, 1929); Money and everyday life (Labour Book Service, London, 1939); In defence of politics (London, 1954); The high cost of Toryism (Labour Party, London, 1955); Recent developments in British Socialist thinking (Co-operative Union, London, 1956); The challenge of co-existence (Methuen & Co, London, 1957); Britain and the common market (Labour Party, London, 1962); various articles written for publications such as New York Times Magazine, Reynolds News, The Birmingham Post, Leeds Weekly Citizen, The Observer, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Social Commentary and New Statesman and Nation.
Orphaned at an early age, George Bellas was brought up by his maternal grandfather Thomas Greenough, a successful apothecary. The boy was sent to Mr Cotton's school at Salthill at the age of six, and to Eton at the age of ten. He stayed there only a year, and in September 1789 entered Dr Thompson's school at Kensington. While he was at school he took the name Greenough at the request of his grandfather who had adopted him. In 1795 his grandfather died leaving him a fortune which enabled him, for the rest of his life, to devote himself wholeheartedly to his many interests without the necessity of earning a living. In that year too, he went up to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, but he did not take a degree, and in September 1798 he went to the University of Göttingen where he became interested in geology. In 1799 Greenough made at least two tours of the Harz: one in the Easter vacation with Clement Carlyon and Charles and Frederic Parry; and the other in the late summer with Carlyon. During these tours he collected many minerals, and also studied geological collections in the towns he visited. His interest in geology deepened when in 1801 he travelled over England with Carlyon and met Humphry Davy in Penzance. Later he attended Davy's lectures, and in 1802 went to France and Italy and 'noted what I saw of geology on my way'. He went on a geological tour of Scotland with James Skene in 1805, and of Ireland with Davy in 1806: in Ireland he also made a study of social conditions. In 1807 he became associated with a group of mineralogists to which Davy referred in a letter to William Pepys, dated 13th November 1807, when he said 'We are forming a little talking Geological Club'. This club rapidly developed into a learned society devoted to geology. Greenough was to be the first president of the Geological Society from its inception in 1807 until 1813. When the future Royal Geographical Society was founded in 1830 Greenough was once again an early interested member and he was its president in 1839 and 1840. Greenough's interests were very varied, and he travelled extensively. His many journals and notebooks bear witness to the close attention which he paid not only to geological and geographical detail, but also to architecture, sculpture, painting, history and politics. He gave practical effect to this last by sitting as the MP for the pocket borough of Gatton in Surrey, from 1807 to 1812. A list in which he briefly noted some of the societies to which he belonged mentions 37, and against many of these he wrote the words 'original life member'. Greenough wrote a good deal, but he published very little, and his main achievement was the publication in 1820 of his geological map of England and Wales. This map was the culmination of many years of work during which he had noted and plotted the location of the various strata of areas visited by him and other travellers, and had gleaned information from books or from a questionnaire sent to anyone who might have local knowledge. A second edition of the map was published in 1839 together with an introduction in which he set out his theory on the manner in which geological structures should be represented on a map. In 1854 his large scale geological map of the whole of British India appeared - once again he had relied on information from questionnaires, books and travellers: in this instance they were his only sources, for he did not visit India himself. His only book, A critical examination of the first principles of geology, in a series of essays was published in 1819. He derived much pleasure from the building and design of his home, Grove Lodge, in Regent's Park, London, where he entertained members of his family from Dripsey in Ireland, and also his wide circle of friends.The diaries of his last years show his health beginning to fail in the early 1850s, and Greenough died in 1855 while travelling in Italy.
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane was born on 5 November 1892. He was educated at Eton and at New College Oxford where he attained his MA. During the First World War he served in the Black Watch in France and Iraq, 1914-1919. From 1919 to 1922 he was a Fellow of New College Oxford; then moving to Cambridge University to be a Reader in Biochemistry until 1932. He was also the Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution from 1930 to 1932. Then he went to University College London to become Professor of Genetics (1933-1937) and later Professor of Biometry (1937-1957). After this, Haldane became Research Professor at the Indian Statistical Institute until 1961. In 1962 he was Head of the Genetics and Biometry Laboratory for the Government of Orissa. He received medals for scientific excellence during his career, and also published many scientific articles and writings. Haldane died on 1 December 1964.
Charlotte Haldane (née Franken), formerly Charlotte Burghes, married John Burdon Sanderson Haldane in 1926; they were divorced in 1945. A journalist and author, her publications included two volumes of autobiography. She died in 1969.