The Court Baron was the principal type of manorial court, and was the court of the chief tenants of the manor. It was responsible for the internal regulation of local affairs within the manor, and was attended by all those free tenants whose attendance at court was a condition of their tenure, and by customary tenants. Customary tenants held land by an agreement made at the manor court which was entered on its roll, a 'copy' of which was his regarded as proof of title.
Attornment was the legal process of transferring service or homage of tenants from one landlord to another.
The Court Baron was the principal type of manorial court, and was the court of the chief tenants of the manor. It was responsible for the internal regulation of local affairs within the manor, and was attended by all those free tenants whose attendance at court was a condition of their tenure, and by customary tenants. Customary tenants held land by an agreement made at the manor court which was entered on its roll, a 'copy' of which was his regarded as proof of title.
The Manor of Westington was in the area around Hatfield in Hertfordshire.
An annuity is an annual payment of an allowance or income, granted for life or a term of years .
Edward Hyde (1609-1674) was a member of the Short Parliament (April-May 1640), called to finance Charles I's war against Scotland, and the Long Parliament, which opposed Charles during the Civil War. Hyde worked behind the scenes as an adviser of the crown, recommending moderate measures, but was thwarted, however, when Charles I attempted to arrest five members of Parliament in Jan 1642. Joining Charles I at York in May 1642, Hyde became a member of the Royalist council of war, though he never participated in the ensuing conflict. He remained moderate in his views, and, as Chancellor of the Exchequer and a Privy Councillor, tried to reduce the influence of the military leaders and mediate between the two sides. He was appointed guardian to the Prince of Wales (later King Charles II) in 1645 and removed from active political office. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Hyde (appointed Chancellor that year), answered the overtures of the Presbyterians for a restoration of the monarchy in the Declaration of Breda (1660). As Lord Chancellor of the new Parliament, he unsuccessfully pressed for the disbanding of the army, religious tolerance, and a lack of royalist vengeance. Hyde was created Earl of Clarendon in 1661, and became linked more closely to the Royal family upon his daughter Anne's marriage to James, Duke of York. In Aug 1667, Clarendon, used as a scapegoat for the disastrous Anglo-Dutch War of 1665, was dismissed from the House of Commons and impeached. He spent the remainder of his life in exile in France, and died there in 1674.
No information available at present.
A jury is a group chosen from the citizenry of a district to try a question of fact. It is the standard jury used in civil and criminal trials.
A terrier is a land schedule used to record the boundaries, ownership and usage of an area.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
James Blair Leishman was born on 8 May 1902. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford. He was Assistant Lecturer, Lecture and Senior Lecture in English Literature at University College Southampton from 1928 to 1946 and lecturer in English Literature at Oxford University in 1946. He published many works on English literature, including, The Metaphysical Poets, 1934 and volumes of translations from Rainer Maria Rilke, 1934-1963. He died on 14 August 1963.
John Holland was a Non-Conformist Minister of Bolton-in-the-Moors
The British Linen Company was incorporated by Royal Charter on 5 Jul 1746, 'to do everything that may conduce to the promoting and carrying on' the manufacture of linen.
The system of weights and measures in Great Britain had been in use since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Following a reform begun in 1824 the imperial standard yard was adopted in 1855. The imperial standards were made legal by an Act of Parliament in 1855.
Members of the Commission appointed in 1838 'to consider the steps to be taken for the restoration of the standards of weights and measures', included Sir George Biddell Airy (Astronomer Royal), Francis Baily, Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre and Sir John William Lubbock. A report was issued in 1841.
The term 'customs' applied to customary payments or dues of any kind, regal, episcopal or ecclesiastical until it became restricted to duties payable to the King upon export or import of certain articles of commerce. By ordinance of 21 January 1643, the regulation of the collection of customs was entrusted to a parliamentary committee whose members were appointed commissioners and collectors of customs forming a Board of Customs. This and succeeding committees appointed by Parliament until 1660 and thereafter by the Crown, functioned until 1662, when those who had been serving as commissioners became lessees of a new form of customs. This continued until 1671 when negotiations for a new farm broke down and a Board of Customs for England and Wales was created by Letter Patent.
Blackmore was a bolting cloth manufacturing business situated in Wandsworth, Surrey. No further information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Senegal, West Africa, was a French colony until its independence in 1960. The French established a trading port at the mouth of the Senegal river in 1638 and founded Saint-Louis in 1659. Gorée Island, which had previously been occupied by the Portuguese and the Dutch, was claimed by the French in 1677, and served as an outpost for slave trading until the abolition of slavery in 1848. Slaves, gum arabic, ivory and gold were exported from Senegal by Europeans throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Albréda was a trading settlement founded by the French on the north bank of the Gambia river in 1681.
A bill of lading is a document which is issued by the transportation carrier to the shipper acknowledging that they have received the shipment of goods and that they have been placed on board a particular vessel which is bound for a particular destination and states the terms in which these goods received are to be carried.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted.
Kingston upon Hull (also known as Hull) is a city in Yorkshire. In 1619, the merchants of Hull erected an Exchange in High Street, on the site now occupied by the Corn Exchange. This building was abandoned by the merchants about 1780, and was solely occupied by Customs authorities until 1855, when their lease expired. It was then pulled down and the present Corn Exchange erected.
Frank Wallis Galton was born in London in 1867. He was educated at the Working Men's College at Great Ormond, London. He was apprentice to a silversmith and engraver in the City of London and Freeman of the City by servitude. He was Private Secretary to Sydney and Beatrice Webb from 1892 to 1898; Secretary of the London Reform Union, 1899-1918 and the City of London Liberal Association, 1903-1905. During the First World War he was Assistant Secretary to the Central Association of Volunteer Regiments and editor of The Volunteer Gazette. After the war he became the editor of the Municipal Journal from 1918-1920. Galton also published works on the social sciences, including, The Tailoring Trade, published by the London School of Economics and Workers on their Industries, as well as various articles and pamphlets. Galton died on 9 April 1952.
In 1846 the council unanimously agreed to petition Parliament for the formation of a public water supply company - the Edinburgh and Leith Water Company - in order to ensure an adequate supply of water to the inhabitants. The situation was so bad that people were talking about water famine. During 1850 the first water pipes were laid not by a new water company as the council had initially wanted, but by the Edinburgh Water Company. The first water began to flow in January of 1847.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
The Nottingham and Lincoln line of the Midland Railway Company was opened on 8 Aug 1846.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Committee of Plundered Ministers was set up by the Puritan party in 1643, during the English Civil War, for the purpose of replacing those clergy who were loyal to the King. THese displaced clergy were described as 'scandalous', though this mainly related to their political and theological views. The Committee heard evidence, often from local parishioners, of the misdeeds of the parish priest. If the allegations were proved, the rector would be removed from his position, and his goods and monies sequestrated.
Dr Henry Watkins was the Rector of Sutton-upon-Brailes, Gloucestershire (transferred to the county of Warwickshire in 1844).
The system of weights and measures in Great Britain had been in use since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Following a reform begun in 1824 the imperial standard yard was adopted in 1855. The imperial standards were made legal by an Act of Parliament in 1855.
Thomas Campbell was born in 1777, the son of a Glasgow merchant who lost his fortune whilst Thomas was a youth. He was educated at Glasgow Grammar School, and became a classics scholar at Glasgow University, 1791-1796, where he participated in debates and undertook poetical translations from Greek. Following a short period as a tutor in Mull, 1795, and Argyllshire, 1796, he settled in Edinburgh as a law clerk and tutor. His first publication was Pleasures of Hope (Mundell and Son, Edinburgh, 1799). Between Jun 1800 and March 1801, Campbell travelled in Germany and Denmark, and stayed in London on his return, where he was well received by literary society. After a brief return to Scotland, he returned to London, 1804, where he lived for the remainder of his life, making a living as a man of letters. Pensioned by the Crown in 1805, he continued to write, issuing Poems in 1805, and Specimens of the British Poets (John Murray, London, 1819). Other works included Gertrude of Wyoming; a Pennsylvanian tale; and other poems (Longman & Co, London, 1809), Life of Mrs Siddons (Effingham Wilson, London, 1834), Letters from the South (Henry Colburn, London, 1837), and The Pilgrim of Glencoe, and other poems (Edward Moxon, London, 1842). He edited several periodicals, including The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, 1820-1830, The Scenic Annual, 1838, and The Metropolitan, a monthly journal of literature, science, and the fine arts. He was also Lord Rector of Glasgow University, 1826-1829. Campbell died at Bologne in 1844 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Frederick Cornwallis was born in 1610, the younger son of Sir William Cornwallis of Brome, Suffolk. He succeeded his half-brother to the family estates in 1626, was created a baronet in 1627 and knighted in 1630. Cornwallis acted as M.P. for Eye from March-May 1640, and from October 1640 to September 1642. He distinguished himself on the royalist side during the English Civil War, especially at Cropredy on 30 June 1644, and followed Charles II into exile. Upon Charles's restoration in 1660, Cornwallis was made Treasurer of the Household and a Privy Councillor. He also acted as M.P. for Ipswich from October-December 1660. He died in January 1662, shortly after his creation as Baron Cornwallis of Eye (20 April 1661).
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Friendly societies comprised a group of people contributing to a mutual fund so that they could receive benefits in times of need. The concept had been around for hundreds of years, but in the 1800s, their role was acknowledged by the government and membership was encouraged. The early meetings were often held as a social gathering when the subscriptions would be paid. Prior to the Welfare State they were often the only way a working person had to receive help in times of ill health, or old age.
The Journeymen Bookbinders of London were founded in 1786, becoming known as the London Consolidated Lodge of Journeymen Bookbinders in 1840.
Hamburg is Germany's largest port and commercial centre and one of the largest and busiest ports in Europe, with this growth beginning in the medieval period.
The report relates to the enquiry into the financial administration of James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in Catalonia in 1708, in particular to the recoining of silver sent to Spain from Italy during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714).
This diplomatic paper may have had something to do with Dutch support for the United States during the American War of Independence (1775-1783).
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
No information available at present.
Adriano (Tomaso) Banchieri was an Italian composer, organist, and writer on music. In 1587 he joined the order of the Olivetans, and he subsequently lived and worked at its monasteries in Lucca, Siena, Bosco, Imola, Gubbo, Venice, and Verona. In 1609 he settled at San Michele in Bosco, where he lived for the rest of his life. He was named professor in 1613 and abbot in 1618. In 1615 in Bologna he founded the Accademia dei Floridi. He was an associate of Monteverdi, and his writings are important works in early Baroque music theory. He composed Masses, Psalm settings, motets, music for Offices, madrigals, and theatre works. These last were actually books of madrigals on related texts, using stock comic characters. They were often performed together as madrigal comedies, written to his own texts for the entertainment of Bologna's brilliant social circles. His writings in these fields were often issued under the pseudonym of Camillo Scaliggeri dalla Fratta, or, in the case of his popular La nobilità dell'asino (`The Nobility of the Ass') the improbable Attabalippa dal Peru. John Payne Collier (1789-1883) was an English critic, editor, and forger. The marginal notes and signatures supposedly discovered by him on original documents, especially those concerned with Shakespeare, were later exposed as having been forged by him while in the service of the Duke of Devonshire. His authentic work included A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language (1865) and the reprinting of early English tracts.
The River Medway is Kent's premier river, rising in the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex and flowing roughly in a north easterly direction for some 70 miles through Kent to its mouth in the Thames estuary at Sheerness. It is tidal up to the lock at Allington, near Maidstone, and is navigable as far as Tonbridge. The first Act Of Parliament enabling a navigation on the Medway was in 1664 and the last was in 1884, the purpose of the Navigation being to facilitate trade.
The Act of Parliament which brought into being the navigation scheme for the rivers Aire and Calder was the first of its kind, and was granted in 1699. By 1704, the Aire was navigable throughout from Airmyn, just above the mouth of the Aire, to Leeds and Wakefield. The Aire and Calder became a great success, making huge profits and its owners very wealthy, although little of those profits were to be reinvested in the scheme and the navigation began to fall into disrepair. However, the success of the scheme soon had merchants all over the country promoting their own river navigations and it was to combat the threat posed by the proposed Leeds and Liverpool canal that improvements were begun in the 1760s. This included the building of a new canal to Selby from the River Aire at Haddlesey, which was opened in 1778.
The Aire and Calder navigation Company had been in dispute with Knottingley for several years, due to the use of water by the mill which led to low water levels in the navigation. Many plans were put forward in an attempt to solve these ongoing disputes between the navigation and Knottingley Mills, none of which were put into practice with any degree of success. Eventually in 1772, the navigation purchased outright Knottingley Mills and a new weir was constructed.
The Bank of Credit was founded by Dr. Hugh Chamberlen c. 1683, undertaking various changes of form until being recognised in 1695 alongside other Land Banks as 'The Bank of Credit and Land Rents'.
The diarist lived in Berkeley Street, London.
According to Boyle's fashionable court and country guide and the Post Office London Directory, 10 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, was occupied by Charles and Mrs Otter in April 1838, and by Mrs Smith and Miss Prest in 1844, 1845 and 1847.
Malachy Postlethwayt was born c 1707. He spent twenty years compiling The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, 1751-1774. Between 1745 and 1758 Postlethwayt published other works on trade and commerce, including The African Trade the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in America, 1745 and Considerations on the Revival of Royal-British Assiento, 1749. Postlethwayt died in London on 13 September 1767.
An apprenticeship indenture bound a young person to a master, to learn from him his art, trade or business, and to serve him during the time of his apprenticeship, which could only last until he reached his majority.
Quarter Sessions were sessions of a court held in each county four times a year by a local Justice of the Peace to hear criminal charges as well as civil and criminal appeals. The history of quarter sessions traces to 1327, when King Edward III appointed men in every county to keep the peace.
The building of Cobham College was completed in 1598 on the site of a chantry of five chaplains in the church of Cobham, founded by John de Cobham, 1362. The college survives today in the form of almshouses.
Admiral John Forbes (1714-1796) was the second son of George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard. He entered the Royal Navy at a young age, and had risen to the rank of Rear Admiral by 1747. in 1749 he was created Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean. As a Lord of the Admiralty, Forbes refused to sign the death warrant of Admiral John Byng in protest at the harshness of the sentence, and as a consequence of this disagreement with his colleagues retired from the Board of Admiralty on 6 April. He was reappointed on 29 June 1757. Created a Vice Admiral in 1755, Forbes became an Admiral of the Blue, 1758, General of Marines, 1763, Admiral of the White, 1770, and Admiral of the Fleet, 1781. He also published a Memoir of the Earls of Granard (1868). He died in 1796. Admiral John Byng (1704-1757) was court-martialed, convicted and sentenced to death in 1757, following an abortive attempt in 1756 to to relieve the British garrison in Port Mahon, Menorca, from French forces. He was executed by firing squad on the deck of HMS Monarch on 14 March 1757.
With a main line of 127.25 miles, the Leeds and Liverpool is the longest canal in Britain. It links the seaport of Liverpool with the Aire and Calder Navigation at Leeds, forming a through route between the Irish Sea and the North Sea. It was proposed in the 1760s as a joint enterprise between the merchants of Yorkshire and Lancashire, though there were some heated discussions as to the route the canal should take. The route finally chosen was up the Aire valley to Gargrave, then through Padiham, Whalley and Leyland to Liverpool, with a link to Wigan, and work started at each end simultaneously. By 1777, when the canal was open from Liverpool to Wigan and from Leeds to Gargrave, the company ran out of money. Construction ceased until 1790 when the economy improved and more finance was available, but the development of East Lancashire as an industrial area meant the proposed line of canal was altered. When it opened throughout, in 1816, it had been constructed along the route first suggested by the Liverpool merchants, through Wigan, Chorley, Blackburn and Burnley, joining the Yorkshiremen's line at Foulridge.
Charles Morton was born in Pendavy, Cornwall in 1626/7. Educated at Wadham College Oxford University, he became Rector of Blisland in 1655. In 1686 he emigrated to New England, USA, where he became Minister of Charlestown. In 1697 he was appointed first Vice President of Harvard College. He died there in 1698.