From 1813 Faraday was Chemistry Assistant at the Laboratory of the Royal Institution, first to Sir Humphrey Davy [1778-1829], and then to William Thomas Brande [1788-1866], for whose lectures these extensive notes were compiled.
Michael Faraday was born in London in 1791. He was apprenticed to a bookbinder. He became deeply interested in chemistry and began to work for the retired Professor Humphrey Davy and for the Royal Institution, becoming its Director in 1925. From the 1820s he conducted many experiments in electromagnetism and made great advances in the understanding of electricity and magnetism; his work laid the foundations that have made practical use of electricity possible. From 1829 until 1952 he was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, and from 1836 to 1863 he was a member of the University of London Senate. He married Sarah Bernard (1800-1879) in 1821 and they were both practising members of the Sandemanian Christian sect.
Born Newington Butts, Surrey, 22 September 1791. Apprenticed to a London bookinder age 14 and educated himself by reading scientific books. In 1812 he attended lectures given by Humphrey Davy at the Royal Institution, London; after unsuccessfully asking Davy for a job at the Royal Institution, he was appointed laboratory assistant 1 March 1813. In 1814 left England to travel with Davy and his wife on an 18 month European tour to France, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium to meet scientists. Back in England Faraday became involved with numerous projects at the Royal Institution including the improvement of optical glass and advising on the cleaning of marbles in the British Museum, London; in 1826 he founded the Royal Institution's Friday Evening Discourses and Christmas Lectures; he gave many public lectures himself and wrote notes offering guidance to lecturers. Throughout his life Faraday kept detailed records of lectures attended, books and articles read and experiements conducted which he bound into notebooks; he also corresponded with like-minded friends which he saw as vital in continuing his education. This correspondence widened as Faraday's career developed, and eventually covered many of the eminent scientists of the day. Faraday was a devout Christian and a member of the small Sandemanian denomination, an offshoot of the Church of Scotland. He later served two terms as an elder in the group's church at Glovers Hall, Barbican, which later moved to Barnsbury, Islington. On 2 June 1821 Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800-1879), they having met through attending the Sandemanian church; they had no children. His greatest work was with electricity; in 1821 Faraday built two devices to produce what he termed electromagnetic rotation after Hans Christian Oersted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism; he conducted a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction using his "induction ring", being the first electric transformer, in 29 August 1831; the following month in a second series of experiments he discovered magneto-electric induction; On 24 November 1831 and 12 January 1832 these experiments were described in two papers presented to the Royal Society. These were the first and second parts of his "Experimental researches into electricity" in which he gave his ,"law which governs the evolution of electricity by magneto-electric induction". Subsequent experiments in 1832 proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same; he also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis laying the basis for electrochemistry. He was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 1830-1851; Scientific advisor to Trinity House 1836-1865. In the 1840s and 1850s he suffered from ill health that prevented further research and in 1865 he resigned from the Royal Institution; he died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867 .
Faraday was born the son of a blacksmith in Newington Butts, Southwark. It is not known where he was educated as a child, but the family moved north near Manchester Square. At 13, he worked as a newspaper boy for George Riebau of Blandford Street. He then became an apprentice for seven years in bookbinding under Riebau. In 1810 and 1811, he attended lectures on science given by silversmith John Tatum (1772-1858) in the city of London and took notes. These were shown to the son of a Member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI) who in turn showed them to the Member who was so impressed he gave Faraday tickets to see Humphry Davy (1778-1829) lecture at the RI in 1812. After writing to Davy to ask for a job, he was appointed as a chemical assistant at the laboratory at the RI in 1813. In 1813 he travelled with Davy to France as an assistant, secretary and valet; subsequently visiting laboratories in Italy, Switzerland and Germany until April 1815. In 1816 he began his `Commonplace Book' and was elected Member of the City Philosophical Society from 1816 to 1819 giving lectures on chemical subjects. From 1816 to 1828, he published his work results in journals such as Quarterly Journal of Science, Philosophical Magazine and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In 1821 he was appointed Superintendent of the RI to maintain the building. In 1825 he was appointed Director of the Laboratory and in 1833 he became Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the RI. In 1821 he discovered electro-magnetic rotations, the principle of the electric motor. In 1831 he discovered electro-magnetic induction; also in the early 1830s, he discovered the laws of electrolysis and coined words such as electrode, cathode, anode and ion. In 1845 he discovered the magneto-optical effect and diamagnetism developing the theory of the electromagnetic field. In 1824 he was elected to the Royal Society. He gave lectures at the RI between 1825 and 1862, establishing the Friday Evening Discourses and the Christmas Lectures for the young. In 1827 he delivered a course of lectures on chemical manipulation to the London Institution and he also gave lectures for medical students from St George's Hospital from the mid 1820s onwards. In 1829 he was appointed Scientific Adviser to the Admiralty. In 1830 he was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich until 1851. In 1836 he was appointed Scientific Adviser to the Corporation of Trinity House, the English and Welsh lighthouse authority, until 1865. During the 1850s and 1860s, he introduced electricity to lighthouses under this position. In 1844 he conducted an enquiry with the geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875), into the Haswell Colliery, County Durham, explosion.
Faraday was a religious man of Sandemanian belief; he married Sarah Barnard, also of Sandemanian faith, in 1821. He was Deacon in the church between 1830 and 1840, an Elder between 1840 and 1844 and again between 1860 and 1864. He was given the Grace and Favour House at Hampton Court by Queen Victoria in 1858 where he retired to in 1861 and later died in 1867; he was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
The origins of the firm are obscure, but trade directories suggest it was in existence by 1805 when Charles Farebrother, auctioneer, was acting from premises at 16, Old Bond Street. In 1827, the style was changed to Farebrother, Wilson and Lye. In 1836 the partnership was renamed Farebrother and Lye. In 1845 it became Farebrother, Clark and Lye. It reformed as Farebrother, Clark and Co in 1867, and as Farebrother, Ellis, Clark and Co in 1877. In 1898 it was renamed Farebrother, Ellis and Co, a style it retained until 1980 when it became known simply as Farebrother, chartered surveyors.The firm has had premises at: 16 Old Bond Street 1805; Beaufort Buildings 1806-24; 6 Wellington Street 1825-6; Lancaster Place 1827-84; 29 Fleet Street 1885-1986; and 7/9 Bream's Buildings 1987- .
From the mid 19th century the firm appears to have specialised in the collection of fee farm rents, small annual sums payable by the owners or occupiers of particular properties scattered throughout England and parts of Wales. These rents had originally been payable to the Crown, but had been sold into private ownership in the 17th century. Farebrothers acted for a great many of the owners of these rents, arranging the collection of payments all over England and not just in the London area. In addition, the firm inherited a number of 17th and 18th century fee farm rentals (Mss 22367-87 and 33848-9). It seems that many of these records were received in the form of slender gatherings relating to the estates of a few rent-owners in one or two counties at a time, and that Farebrothers had them bound together as large volumes, and annotated and indexed, to suit their own requirements (for example, Ms 33848).
Born 1851; student of King's College London (Jelf Prize, 1880, Wordsworth Prize, 1881; Associate of King's College, 1881); ordained deacon, 1881, and priest, 1882; Curate of St Michael and All Angels, Sydenham, 1881-1886; Curate of St Margaret's next Rochester, 1886-1891; Vicar of Hartlip, 1891-1904; licentiate preacher, Archdiocese of Canterbury, 1904; Fellow of King's College, 1921; died 1925.
Publications: A Comparison of the Authorised and Revised Versions of the first chapter of the Revelation (Privately printed, 1910).
The Company was established in May 1842 by a group of directors of the Farmers and General Fire and Life Insurance and Loan and Annuity Company and was sold to that company in December 1843.
In 1888, the Farmers and General Fire and Life Insurance and Loan and Annuity Company was taken over by the Alliance British and Foreign Fire and Life Assurance Co (renamed Alliance Assurance Company in 1905). Alliance Assurance merged with Sun Insurance in 1959 to form Sun Alliance and London Assurance Group.
This company was established in 1840. By 1852 it had changed its name to Royal Farmers and General Fire and Life Insurance Loan and Annuity Company and had its office in the Strand.
The company's name changed several times. In 1855 it advertised itself in Kelly's Post Office Directory as Royal Farmers and General Fire Life and Hail Insurance Company. By 1859 the company called itself Royal Farmers Agricultural and Commercial Insurance Company and by 1884 this had been changed to Royal Farmers and General Insurance Company. During this period the office remained at 3 Norfolk Street, Strand.
In 1888, the company was taken over by the Alliance British and Foreign Fire and Life Assurance Company (renamed Alliance Assurance Company in 1905). Alliance Assurance merged with Sun Insurance in 1959 to form Sun Alliance and London Assurance Group.
Robert and John Barrett established the Red Lion Brewery in 1839 and bought two Basingstoke breweries in 1886. They merged with George Timmer's Lion Brewery, Farnham, (est 1859) in 1889; and registered as Farnham United Breweries Limited.
The company acquired Robert Tyler and John Barrett's Wote Street Brewery, Basingstoke, Hants, in 1889. They were acquired by Courage and Company Limited in 1927. They went into liquidation in October 1951.
Florence Farr was born in 1860. She was the youngest daughter of Mary Elizabeth Whittal and Dr William Farr, a sanitary reformer and advocator of equal education and professional rights for women. She was educated at Queen's College London (1877-1880), received good reports but had no inclination to prepare for higher education. After an unsuccessful attempt at teaching (1880-1882), Farr gravitated to the theatre, appearing in minor parts and adopting the stage name, Mary Lester. In 1883 her father died, leaving her a sufficient amount to live on modestly. Her first novel The Dancing Fawn was published in 1894. That same year she became theatre producer at the Avenue Theatre, producing modern plays. Farr preached about parity for women in employment, wages etc. amongst her intellectual circle of acquaintances. George Bernard Shaw wrote that she reacted vehemently against Victorian sexual and domestic morality and was dauntless in publicly championing unpopular causes such as campaigning for the welfare of prostitutes.
Farr had a fascination for the occult, Egyptology and theosophy. She conducted hermetic studies and belonged to an order of like-minded folk, The Hermetic Order of Isis-Urania Temple of The Golden Dawn of London. She published her first philosophical tracts, A Short Inquiry concerning the Hermetic Art by a Lover of Philatethes in 1894. In 1901, Florence, with a friend of Yeat's, collaborated in the writing and production of two one act plays, both recounting Egyptian magical tales. Farr later quit The Golden Dawn and joined the Theosophical Society of London. Farr cultivated friendships with 'clever men'. Among her friends and correspondents were William and May Morris, George Bernard Shaw, John Quinn, Henry Paget, Dr John Todhunter and W B Yeats. In 1884 she married an actor, Mr Edward Emery (b 1863). They separated in 1888 when Mr Emery immigrated to America, according to Shaw, on account of 'some trouble (not domestic)'. Shaw wrote that Florence (who used her own surname more often than her husband's) was quite content with this situation and considered it of little importance. In 1895 she finally divorced Edward Emery on Shaw's advice. In the 1890s, Yeats used Farr's 'golden voice' as part of his quest to encourage the rebirth of spoken poetry. In 1898 made her the stage manager for his Irish Literary Theatre and she became a regular contributor to the performance of his metrical plays. She was also involved in the performance and musical composition of a number of plays at the Lyceum and Court Theatre and New Century Theatres in London, 1902-1906. In 1912, Farr sailed from England for a life in Ceylon. She had been invited by Sri Ponnambalam Ramanthan, a fellow theosophist, to teach at his newly founded College for Girls in Ceylon. As Lady Principal she supervised the teachers, care of sick children, servants and general administration. In 1917, Florence Farr died in Colombo General Hospital at the age of 56. Her body was cremated at the home of Ramanathan. In 1912 she left some of her correspondence with Clifford Bax in a locked black box only to be opened after her death. They were later published in Florence Farr, Bernard Shaw and W B Yeats by C Bax (ed.), The Cuala Press (1941). In preface to these letters Bax wrote that they 'show that she had too much personality to become a good actress' and were testament to her good humour. He described her as 'a woman who could inspire remarkable men' and predicted that she would be remembered primarily on account of her private friendships with eminent intellectuals of the time.
Florence Farr was born in 1860. She was the youngest daughter of Mary Elizabeth Whittal and Dr William Farr, a sanitary reformer and advocator of equal education and professional rights for women. She was educated at Queen's College London (1877-1880), received good reports but had no inclination to prepare for higher education. After an unsuccessful attempt at teaching (1880-1882), Farr gravitated to the theatre, appearing in minor parts and adopting the stage name, Mary Lester. In 1883 her father died, leaving her a sufficient amount to live on modestly. Her first novel The Dancing Fawn was published in 1894. That same year she became theatre producer at the Avenue Theatre, producing modern plays. Farr preached about parity for women in employment, wages etc. amongst her intellectual circle of acquaintances. George Bernard Shaw wrote that she reacted vehemently against Victorian sexual and domestic morality and was dauntless in publicly championing unpopular causes such as campaigning for the welfare of prostitutes. Farr had a fascination for the occult, Egyptology and theosophy. She conducted hermetic studies and belonged to an order of like-minded folk, The Hermetic Order of Isis-Urania Temple of The Golden Dawn of London. She published her first philosophical tracts, A Short Inquiry concerning the Hermetic Art by a Lover of Philatethes in 1894. In 1901, Florence, with a friend of Yeats', collaborated in the writing and production of two one act plays, both recounting Egyptian magical tales. Farr later quit The Golden Dawn and joined the Theosophical Society of London. Farr cultivated friendships with 'clever men'. Among her friends and correspondents were William and May Morris, George Bernard Shaw, John Quinn, Henry Paget, Dr John Todhunter and W B Yeats. In 1884 she married an actor, Mr Edward Emery (b 1863). They separated in 1888 when Mr Emery immigrated to America, according to Shaw, on account of 'some trouble (not domestic)'. Shaw wrote that Florence (who used her own surname more often than her husband's) was quite content with this situation and considered it of little importance. In 1895 she finally divorced Edward Emery on Shaw's advice. In the 1890s, Yeats used Farr's 'golden voice' as part of his quest to encourage the rebirth of spoken poetry. In 1898 made her the stage manager for his Irish Literary Theatre and she became a regular contributor to the performance of his metrical plays. She was also involved in the performance and musical composition of a number of plays at the Lyceum and Court Theatre and New Century Theatres in London, 1902-1906. In 1912, Farr sailed from England for a life in Ceylon. She had been invited by Sri Ponnambalam Ramanthan, a fellow theosophist, to teach at his newly founded College for Girls in Ceylon. As Lady Principal she supervised the teachers, care of sick children, servants and general administration. In 1917, Florence Farr died in Colombo General Hospital at the age of 56. Her body was cremated at the home of Ramanathan. In 1912 she left some of her correspondence with Clifford Bax in a locked black box only to be opened after her death. They were later published in Florence Farr, Bernard Shaw and W B Yeats by C Bax (ed.), The Cuala Press (1941). In preface to these letters Bax wrote that they 'show that she had too much personality to become a good actress' and were testament to her good humour. He described her as 'a woman who could inspire remarkable men' and predicted that she would be remembered primarily on account of her private friendships with eminent intellectuals of the time.
Florence Farr was born in 1860. She was the youngest daughter of Mary Elizabeth Whittal and Dr William Farr, a sanitary reformer and advocator of equal education and professional rights for women. She was educated at Queen's College London (1877-1880), received good reports but had no inclination to prepare for higher education. After an unsuccessful attempt at teaching (1880-1882), Farr gravitated to the theatre, appearing in minor parts and adopting the stage name, Mary Lester. In 1883 her father died, leaving her a sufficient amount to live on modestly. Her first novel The Dancing Fawn was published in 1894. That same year she became theatre producer at the Avenue Theatre, producing modern plays. Farr preached about parity for women in employment, wages etc. amongst her intellectual circle of acquaintances. George Bernard Shaw wrote that she reacted vehemently against Victorian sexual and domestic morality and was dauntless in publicly championing unpopular causes such as campaigning for the welfare of prostitutes. Farr had a fascination for the occult, Egyptology and theosophy. She conducted hermetic studies and belonged to an order of like-minded folk, The Hermetic Order of Isis-Urania Temple of The Golden Dawn of London. She published her first philosophical tracts, A Short Inquiry concerning the Hermetic Art by a Lover of Philatethes in 1894. In 1901, Florence, with a friend of Yeat's, collaborated in the writing and production of two one act plays, both recounting Egyptian magical tales. Farr later quit The Golden Dawn and joined the Theosophical Society of London. Farr cultivated friendships with 'clever men'. Among her friends and correspondents were William and May Morris, George Bernard Shaw, John Quinn, Henry Paget, Dr John Todhunter and W B Yeats. In 1884 she married an actor, Mr Edward Emery (b 1863). They separated in 1888 when Mr Emery immigrated to America, according to Shaw, on account of 'some trouble (not domestic)'. Shaw wrote that Florence (who used her own surname more often than her husband's) was quite content with this situation and considered it of little importance. In 1895 she finally divorced Edward Emery on Shaw's advice. In the 1890s, Yeats used Farr's 'golden voice' as part of his quest to encourage the rebirth of spoken poetry. In 1898 made her the stage manager for his Irish Literary Theatre and she became a regular contributor to the performance of his metrical plays. She was also involved in the performance and musical composition of a number of plays at the Lyceum and Court Theatre and New Century Theatres in London, 1902-1906. In 1912, Farr sailed from England for a life in Ceylon. She had been invited by Sri Ponnambalam Ramanthan, a fellow theosophist, to teach at his newly founded College for Girls in Ceylon. As Lady Principal she supervised the teachers, care of sick children, servants and general administration. In 1917, Florence Farr died in Colombo General Hospital at the age of 56. Her body was cremated at the home of Ramanathan. In 1912 she left some of her correspondence with Clifford Bax in a locked black box only to be opened after her death. They were later published in Florence Farr, Bernard Shaw and W B Yeats by C Bax (ed.), The Cuala Press (1941). In preface to these letters Bax wrote that they 'show that she had too much personality to become a good actress' and were testament to her good humour. He described her as 'a woman who could inspire remarkable men' and predicted that she would be remembered primarily on account of her private friendships with eminent intellectuals of the time.
William Farr, 1807-1883, was born in Kenley, Shropshire. At the age of two, he was effectively adopted by a local squire, Joseph Pryce, who paid for Farr's education. From 1826 to 1828, Farr worked as a dresser in the infirmary at Shrewsbury and studied medicine with a doctor there. On Pryce's death in 1828, Farr received a legacy that enabled him to pursue his studies in Paris and Switzerland. In 1831, Farr returned to Shrewsbury to work as an unqualified locum before studying at University College London, becoming a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. In 1833, he established an apothecary's practice in Bloomsbury, London, and proceeded to publish a number of articles in The Lancet on such topics as hygiene, quack medicine, life assurance and cholera. Farr had first demonstrated an interest in medical statistics during his studies abroad, and in 1832 he published his "Vital Statistics" in Macculloch's Account of the British Empire, thus starting a new interest in statistics. From 1838 to 1879, he worked in the Registrar General's Office compiling abstracts. In 1855, he served on the Committee for Scientific Enquiry into the cholera epidemic of 1854, and produced statistical evidence that cholera was spread by polluted water, though he and his colleagues continued to adhere to the theory that epidemic disease was spread by miasma. Farr also served as commissioner for the 1871 census. He retired from public service in 1879.
Frederic John Farre was born in Charterhouse Square, London, on 16 December 1804, the son of John Richard Farre, physician. He was educated at Charterhouse, where he was gold medalist in 1821, and school captain in 1822. He obtained a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA with first class honours in Mathematics in 1827, and MA in 1830. During this time he undertook his medical studies at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London (St Barts).
In 1831 Farre was appointed lecturer on botany at St Barts. In 1836 he was appointed assistant physician to the hospital. He graduated MD in 1837. In 1838 he was elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and became closely involved with the work of the College. He was censor there in 1841 and 1842, and from 1843-45 he lectured on materia medica. From 1843, until his death, he was physician to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. He was also physician to Charterhouse and to the Rock Assurance Office. Furthermore, Farre conducted a private practice based at his residence in Montague Street, Russell Square, and later in Pimlico.
He was a member of the council of the Royal College of Physicians from 1846-48. In 1854 he became full physician and lecturer on materia medica at St Barts, on which subject he became an authority. In the same year he served again as censor for the College. Farre became an examiner for the College, 1861-62, and an examiner in materia medica for the University of London.
He was one of the editors of the first British Pharmacopoeia (1864), and the following year was involved in editing an abridged version of Jonathan Pereira's Elements of Materia Medica (1865). In 1866 he published a paper on the `Treatment of Acute Pericarditis with Opium' in the St Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, which recommends the disuse of the then popular but injurious mercurial treatment.
He served a second time as councillor and as an examiner of the Royal College of Physicians, from 1866-67, and was treasurer there from 1868-83. In 1870 he retired from his position as physician at St Barts, although he continued to lecture there for another six years.
Upon his resignation as treasurer of the College, in 1883, he presented the College with a manuscript history of its proceedings, compiled by himself. He finally became vice-president there in 1885.
He had married Julia Lewis in 1848 and they had two daughters. He died in his home at Kensington on 9 November 1886, at the age of 81.
Publications:
Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics: Being an Abridgement of the Elements of Materia Medica, Jonathan Pereira, F.J. Farre, R. Bentley & R. Warington (London, 1865)
Sir Thomas Henry Farrer, 1819-1899, was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He received his BA in 1840 and became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in 1844. He became Assistant-Secretary of the Marine Department of the Board of Trade in 1850, assistant secretary to the Board in 1854, and was Permanent Secretary from 1865 to 1886. In addition he was a member (and for several years Vice-Chairman) of the London County Council, 1889-1898, and published writings on economic subjects. He was created baronet in 1883 for his public service, and raised to the peerage in 1893.
Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).
A bargain and sale was an early form of conveyance often used by executors to convey land. The bargainee or person to whom the land was bargained and sold, became seised of the land.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).
Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate. If a person died intestate (without a valid will) their money, goods and possessions passed to their next of kin through an administration (or letters of administration) which had the same form in law as a will.
Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
A covenant or deed of covenant was an agreement entered into by one of the parties to a deed to another. A covenant for production of title deeds was an agreement to produce deeds not being handed over to a purchaser, while a covenant to surrender was an agreement to surrender copyhold land.
Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).
Common Recovery was a process by which land was transferred from one owner to another. It was a piece of legal fiction involving the party transferring the land, a notional tenant and the party acquiring the land; the tenant was ejected to effect the transfer. An exemplification was a formal copy of a court record issued with the court's seal.
A marriage settlement was a legal agreement drawn up before a marriage by the two parties, setting out terms with respect to rights of property and succession.
A bond was a deed, by which person A binds himself, his heirs, executors, or assigns to pay a certain sum of money to person B, or his heirs.
A bargain and sale was an early form of conveyance often used by executors to convey land. The bargainee, or person to whom the land was bargained and sold, took possession, often referred to as becoming 'seised' of the land.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.
If a person died intestate (without a valid will) their money, goods and possessions passed to their next of kin through an administration (or letters of administration) which had the same form in law as a will.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
In 1394 the Ward of Farringdon was divided into Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without (without [outside] the London wall) because it was too hard to manage as one unit.
Many London wards have social clubs for residents.
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
One of the twenty-six wards of the City of London, bounded on the north by Farringdon Without and Aldersgate Without wards, on the east by Aldersgate Ward Within, Cripplegate Ward and Bread Street Ward, south by Castle Baynard Ward and the Thames, and west by Farringdon Ward Without. The ward contained six City parish churches: St Ewin, St Nicholas Shambles, St Ann Blackfriars, St Martin Ludgate, St Augustine Watling Street and St Matthew Friday Street.
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council. Farringdon Within Ward is bounded on the north by Farringdon Without and Aldersgate Without wards, on the east by Aldersgate Ward Within, Cripplegate Ward and Bread Street Ward, south by Castle Baynard Ward and the Thames, and west by Farringdon Ward Without.
A school was established in 1705 by the inhabitants of the ward at the west end of Bull and Mouth Street, nearly facing Butcher Hall Lane. It amalgamated with Aldersgate Ward School in 1875.
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
One of the twenty-six wards of the City of London, lying outside the City walls to the west, extending north to the parish of Clerkenwell, south to the Thames and west to the City of Westminster. To the east it adjoins the wards of Farringdon Within and Aldersgate. This ward was formerly part of a single ward of Farringdon until 1393/4, when, due to the increasing population in the area outside the City wall, it became a ward in its own right, and had a separate elected alderman.
The records include a number of the records of the Whitefriars Precinct within the ward of Farringdon Without. The precinct or liberty comprised the site of the former Whitefriars monastery, founded in 1241, strteching from Whitefriars Street east to Temple Lane west, and north from the Thames almost to Fleet Street. The precinct was constituted a civil parish in 1858, although it had been included in Holy Trinity Gough Square for ecclesiasical puposes from 1842.
A comic book is a magazine or book containing sequential art. Although the term implies otherwise, the subject matter in comic books is often serious and action-oriented and can cover a range of genres from religion to super heroes. Comic books are so called because some of the earliest comic books were simply collections of comic strips printed in newspapers. The commercial success of these collections led to work being created specifically for the comic book form, which fostered specific conventions such as splash pages.
Long-form comic books, generally with hardcover or trade-paper binding came to be known as graphic novels, but the term's definition is vague.
American comic books have become closely associated with the superhero tradition. In the United Kingdom, the term comic book is used to refer to American comic books by their readers and collectors. The term used in the Britain is a comic, short for comic paper or comic magazine.
Since the introduction of the modern comic book format in the 1934 with Famous Funnies, the United States has been the leading producer, with only the British comic and Japanese manga as close competitors in terms of quantity of titles. The majority of all comic books in the US are marketed to young adult readers, though they also produce titles for young children as well as adult audiences. This readership is reflected in the colours and themes used.
The history of the comic book in the United States is divided into several ages or historical eras: The Platinum Age, The Golden Age, The Silver Age, The Bronze Age, and The Modern Age.
The Golden Age is generally thought as lasting from the introduction of the character Superman in 1938 until the early 1950's. During this time, comic books enjoyed considerable popularity; the archetype of the superhero was invented and defined, and many of the most popular superheroes were created. The Platinum Age refers to any material produced prior to this, these were simply reprints of newspaper strips.
The Silver Age of Comic Books is generally considered to date from the first successful revival of the dormant superhero form in 1956 through to the early 1970's, during which time Marvel Comics revolutionised the medium with naturalistic superheroes as the Fantastic Four and Spider-Man. There is less agreement on the beginnings of the Bronze and Modern ages. Some suggest that the Bronze Age is still taking place but it is generally accepted that it started 1970-1971. The start of the Modern Age (occasionally referred to as the Iron Age) has even more potential starting points, but is generally agreed to be the publication of Alan Moore's Watchmen by DC Comics in 1986.
comics published after World War II in 1945 are sometimes referred to as being from the Atomic Age (referring to the dropping of the atomic bomb), while titles published after November 1961 are sometimes referred to as being from the Marvel Age (referring to the advent of Marvel Comics).
American comic books are generally noted to be mainstream: meaning they have mass appeal and focus on socially acceptable issues and genres, such as good verses evil.
Originally the same size as a usual comic book in the United States, although lacking the glossy cover, the British comic has adopted a magazine size, with The Beano and The Dandy the last to adopt this size in the 1980s. Although generally referred to as a comic, it can also be referred to as a comic magazine, and has also been known historically as a comic paper. Some comics, such as Judge Dredd and other 2000 AD titles, have been published in a tabloid form. It is also not uncommon for gifts to accompany comic magazines such as, badges or cigarette card holders.
Popular titles within the UK have included The Eagle and 2000 AD. Underground comics and titles have also been published within the United Kingdom, these often have a genre specific angle or message such as, women's rights or sexual education.
Marvel Comics established a UK office in 1972. DC Comics and Dark Horse Comics also opened offices in the 1990s. These repackage American titles for a UK audience, they are often less glossy and colourful than their US counterparts.
At Christmas time, publishers repackage and commission material for comic annuals, printed and bound as hardcover A4-size books. A famous example of the British comic annual is Dr Who.
France and Belgium are two countries that have a long tradition in comics and comic books, where they are called Bande Dessine (BD for short) in French and strips in Dutch. Belgian comic books originally written in Dutch are influenced by the Francophone comics, but have their own distinct style.
La bande dessine is derived from the original description of the art form as drawn strips (the phrase is literally translated as the drawn strip).
In France, most comics are published at the behest of the author, who works within a self-appointed time frame, and it is common for readers to wait six months or as long as two years between installments. Most books are first published as a hard cover book, typically with 48, 56 or 64 pages. In Italy, comics are known as fumetti and began as humouristic strips and then evolved into adventure stories inspired by those coming from the US in the 1940's.
Mainstream comics are usually published on a monthly basis, in a black and white digest size format, with approximately 100 to 132 pages. Collections of classic material for the most famous characters, usually with more than 200 pages, are also common. Author comics are published in the French BD format.
In the late 1960's and early 1970's, a surge of underground comics occurred and has continued. These comics were published and distributed independently of the established comics industry, and most titles reflected the youth counterculture and drug culture of the time. Many were notable for their uninhibited, often irreverent style; the frankness of their depictions of nudity, sexual content, and politics had not been seen in comics before. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets such as record stores and by mail order.
The term graphic novel was first used in 1964. Graphic novels tend to be bound and longer in length than comics. They often represent known prose stories such as, Treasure Island or plays such as Othello in a comic strip format. Thus, they make these stories accessible to new and often younger audiences.
Nicolas Fatio de Duillier was born, 1664; educated in Geneva; Enrolled a citizen of Geneva (1678); originally intended to enter the Protestant ministry but later left to his own devices; corresponded with Gian Domenico Cassini (FRS 1672); went to Paris (1682); was informed of a plot to kidnap the Prince of Orange, which he revealed to Gilbert Burnet (FRS 1664) and they both went to Holland to tell the Prince; offered a chair of mathematics by the Prince of Orange in The Hague, but instead went to England; Tutor to the eldest son of Sir William Ellis, with whom he went to Utrecht (1690); returned to London (1691) where he taught mathematics; in Switzerland (1699-1701); involved himself in the dispute over the calculus between Isaac Newton (FRS 1672) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (FRS 1673); associated himself with the Camisards and was prosecuted for spreading 'wicked and counterfeit prophecies' (1707); went on an expedition to convert the world, travelling through Germany and into Asia before returning to England; retired to Worcester; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1688; died, 1753.
Born 1923; educated George Watson's, Edinburgh, King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth, Daniel Stewart's, Edinburgh, High School, Stirling, and Glasgow University; spent three seasons with Shakespeare Memorial Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1948-[1951]; spent three years with the BBC Repertory Company; became famous for playing the part of Jet Morgan in the BBC radio drama Journey into Space; appeared in 37 films and many TV and radio performances; Council Member, British Actors' Equity, 1966-1969; Labour MP, Smethwick, 1966-74, and Warley East, 1974-97; Parliamentary Private Secretary to John Thomson Stonehouse as Minister of State for Aviation, 1967, Minister of Technology, 1967-68, and Postmaster General, 1968-69; Opposition spokesman for the Arts, 1970-73, and 1979-82; Founder, and Chairman, British Parliamentary Association for Euro-Arab Cooperation, 1974-97; Co-Chairman, All-Party Parliamentary Heritage Group, 1974-97; Member, House of Commons Works of Art Committee, 1970-97; Member, British Delegation to Council of Europe and Western European Union, 1975-80, and 1987-97; Executive Committee, GB China Centre, 1976-97; Executive Committee, Inter-Parliamentary Union, (British Section), 1983-97; Executive Committee, Franco-British Council, 1978-88; retired 1997; died 2000.
Helen Faulkner was born in Yorkshire in June 1888. She studied art and painting in Paris. She married Major Faulkner in 1921 in Hampshire and moved to Tasmania where her husband owned a small farm. In 1924 they moved to Tanganyika where Major Faulkner was employed by Bird and Co. He then transferred to Wigglesworth and Co in Angola. Helen Faulkner was so impressed by the rich flora of the Alto Catumbela that she started to systematically paint water colour sketches of wild flowers. She became acquainted with the Government Botanist John Gossweiler who encouraged her to make herbarium specimens of the highest quality. In 1942 Major Faulkner was posted to the Namagoa Plantations at Mocuba in the Zambezia Province of Mozambique. Soon Helen Faulkner was collecting actively and corresponding with the National Herbarium, Pretoria, and the Government Herbarium, Salisbury.
In 1947 she visited Kew and began a long partnership with Edgar Milne-Redhead then in charge of the African Section. The collaboration started with three cases of Mozambique plants, bulbs and seeds as well as loan of notes and paintings. She continued to send specimens to RBGK until 1977.
In 1950 Major Faulkner returned to the Tanga area and managed sisal estates for Bird and Co at Bushiri (1950-1951), Kange (1951-1952) and Magunga until he retired in 1954. They then bought a house in Mwambani, where Helen Faulkner remained for the rest of her life apart from five years spent in Zanzibar (1959-1964) where Major Faulkner managed the English Club. Major Faulkner died in 1969. She died at her home on 26 January 1979. She had two sons Denis and Ian.
Unknown
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) was born in Suffolk in 1847, the daughter of Newson and Louisa Garrett and the sister of Samuel Garrett, Agnes Garrett, Louise Smith and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The sisters' early interest in the issue of women's suffrage and commitment to the Liberal party were heightened after attending a speech given in London by John Stuart Mill in July 1865. Though considered too young to sign the petition in favour of votes for women, which was presented to the House of Commons in 1866, Millicent attended the debate on the issue in May 1867. This occurred a month after she married the professor of political economy and radical Liberal MP for Brighton, Henry Fawcett. Throughout their marriage, the future cabinet minister supported his wife's activities while she acted as his secretary due to his blindness. Their only child, Philippa Fawcett, was born the following year and that same month Millicent Garrett Fawcett published her first article, on the education of women. In Jul 1867, Millicent Garrett Fawcett was asked to join the executive committee of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and was one of the speakers at its first public meeting two years later. She continued her work with the London National Society until after the death of John Stuart Mill in 1874, when she left the organisation to work with the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. This was a step which she had avoided taking when the latter was formed in 1871 due to its public identification with the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Fawcett, despite her support for the movement's actions, had initially believed that the suffrage movement might be damaged by identification with such controversial work. However, the two groups later merged in 1877 as the new Central Committee for Women's Suffrage and a new executive committee was formed which included Fawcett herself. Her influence helped guide the group towards support for moderate policies and methods. She did little public speaking during this period but after the death of her husband in 1884 and a subsequent period of depression, she was persuaded to become a touring speaker once more in 1886 and began to devote her time to the work of the women's suffrage movement. In addition to women's suffrage Millicent Garrett Fawcett also became involved in the newly created National Vigilance Association, established in 1885, alongside campaigners such as J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Mrs Mitchell, and Josephine Butler. In 1894 Fawcett's interest in public morality led her to vigorously campaign against the candidature of Henry Cust as Conservative MP for North Manchester. Cust, who had been known to have had several affairs, had seduced a young woman. Despite marrying Cust's marriage in 1893, after pressure from Balfour, Fawcett felt Cust was unfit for public office. Fawcett's campaign persisted until Cust's resignation in 1895, with some suffrage supporters concerned by Fawcett's doggedness in what they felt was a divisive campaign. In the late nineteenth century, the women's suffrage movement was closely identified with the Liberal Party through its traditional support for their work and the affiliation of many workers such as Fawcett herself. However, the party was, at this time, split over the issue of Home Rule for Ireland. Fawcett herself left the party to become a Liberal Unionist and helped lead the Women's Liberal Unionist Association. When it was proposed that the Central Committee's constitution should be changed to allow political organisations, and principally the Women's Liberal Federation, to affiliate, Fawcett opposed this and became the Honorary Treasurer when the majority of members left to form the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. However, in 1893 she became one of the leading members of the Special Appeal Committee that was formed to repair the divisions in the movement. On the 19 Oct 1896 she was asked to preside over the joint meetings of the suffrage societies, which resulted in the geographical division of the country and the formation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was appointed as the honorary secretary of the Central and Eastern Society that year and became a member of the parliamentary committee of the NUWSS itself. It was not until the parent group's reorganisation in 1907 that she was elected president of the National Union, a position that she would retain until 1919. By 1901, she was already eminent enough to be one of the first women appointed to sit on a Commission of Inquiry into the concentration camps created for Boer civilians by the British during the Boer War. Despite this, her work for suffrage never slackened and she was one of the leaders of the Mud March held in Feb 1907 as well as of the NUWSS procession from Embankment to the Albert Hall in Jun 1908. She became one of the Fighting Fund Committee in 1912 and managed the aftermath of the introduction of the policy, in particular during the North West Durham by-election in 1914, when other members opposed a step that effectively meant supporting the Labour Party when an anti-suffrage Liberal candidate was standing in a constituency. When the First World War broke out in Aug 1914, Fawcett called for the suspension of the NUWSS' political work and a change in activities to facilitate war work. This stance led to divisions in the organisation. The majority of its officers and ten of the executive committee resigned when she vetoed their attendance of a Women's Peace Congress in the Hague in 1915. However, she retained her position in the group. During the war, she also found time to become involved in the issue of women's social, political and educational status in India, an area in which she had become interested through her husband and retained after the conflict came to an end. She remained at the head of the NUWSS when the women's suffrage clause was added to the Representation of the People Act in 1918 and attended the Women's Peace Conference in Paris before lobbying the governments assembled there for the Peace Conference in 1919. She retired in Mar 1919 when the NUWSS became the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship but remained on its executive committee. She also continued her activities as the vice-president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to which she had been elected in 1902, for another year. After this she became the Chair of the journal, the 'Women's Leader', and appointed a Dame of the British Empire in 1925. It was in that year that she resigned from both NUSEC and the newspaper's board after opposing the organisation's policy in support of family allowances. She remained active until the end of her life, undertaking a trip to the Far East with her sister Agnes only a short time before her death in 1929.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) was born in Suffolk in 1847, the daughter of Newson and Louisa Garrett and the sister of Samuel Garrett, Agnes Garrett, Louise Smith and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The sisters' early interest in the issue of women's suffrage and commitment to the Liberal party were heightened after attending a speech given in London by John Stuart Mill in Jul 1865. Though considered too young to sign the petition in favour of votes for women, which was presented to the House of Commons in 1866, Millicent attended the debate on the issue in May 1867. This occurred a month after she married the professor of political economy and radical Liberal MP for Brighton, Henry Fawcett. Throughout their marriage, the future cabinet minister supported his wife's activities while she acted as his secretary due to his blindness. Their only child, Philippa Fawcett, was born the following year and that same month Millicent Garrett Fawcett published her first article, on the education of women. In Jul 1867, Millicent Garrett Fawcett was asked to join the executive committee of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and was one of the speakers at its first public meeting two years later. She continued her work with the London National Society until after the death of John Stuart Mill in 1874, when she left the organisation to work with the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. This was a step which she had avoided taking when the latter was formed in 1871 due to its public identification with the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Fawcett, despite her support for the movement's actions, had initially believed that the suffrage movement might be damaged by identification with such controversial work. However, the two groups later merged in 1877 as the new Central Committee for Women's Suffrage and a new executive committee was formed which included Fawcett herself. Her influence helped guide the group towards support for moderate policies and methods. She did little public speaking during this period but after the death of her husband in 1884 and a subsequent period of depression, she was persuaded to become a touring speaker once more in 1886 and began to devote her time to the work of the women's suffrage movement. In addition to women's suffrage Millicent Garrett Fawcett also became involved in the newly created National Vigilance Association, established in 1885, alongside campaigners such as J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Mrs Mitchell, and Josephine Butler. In 1894 Fawcett's interest in public morality led her to vigorously campaign against the candidature of Henry Cust as Conservative MP for North Manchester. Cust, who had been known to have had several affairs, had seduced a young woman. Despite Cust's marriage in 1893, after pressure from Balfour, Fawcett felt Cust was unfit for public office. Fawcett's campaign persisted until Cust's resignation in 1895, with some suffrage supporters concerned by Fawcett's doggedness in what they felt was a divisive campaign. In the late nineteenth century, the women's suffrage movement was closely identified with the Liberal Party through its traditional support for their work and the affiliation of many workers such as Fawcett herself. However, the party was, at this time, split over the issue of Home Rule for Ireland. Fawcett herself left the party to become a Liberal Unionist and helped lead the Women's Liberal Unionist Association. When it was proposed that the Central Committee's constitution should be changed to allow political organisations, and principally the Women's Liberal Federation, to affiliate, Fawcett opposed this and became the Honorary Treasurer when the majority of members left to form the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. However, in 1893 she became one of the leading members of the Special Appeal Committee that was formed to repair the divisions in the movement. On the 19 Oct 1896 she was asked to preside over the joint meetings of the suffrage societies, which resulted in the geographical division of the country and the formation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was appointed as the honorary secretary of the Central and Eastern Society that year and became a member of the parliamentary committee of the NUWSS itself. It was not until the parent group's reorganisation in 1907 that she was elected president of the National Union, a position that she would retain until 1919. By 1901, she was already eminent enough to be one of the first women appointed to sit on a Commission of Inquiry into the concentration camps created for Boer civilians by the British during the Boer War. Despite this, her work for suffrage never slackened and she was one of the leaders of the Mud March held in Feb 1907 as well as of the NUWSS procession from Embankment to the Albert Hall in Jun 1908. She became one of the Fighting Fund Committee in 1912 and managed the aftermath of the introduction of the policy, in particular during the North West Durham by-election in 1914, when other members opposed a step that effectively meant supporting the Labour Party when an anti-suffrage Liberal candidate was standing in a constituency. When the First World War broke out in Aug 1914, Fawcett called for the suspension of the NUWSS' political work and a change in activities to facilitate war work. This stance led to divisions in the organisation. The majority of its officers and ten of the executive committee resigned when she vetoed their attendance of a Women's Peace Congress in the Hague in 1915. However, she retained her position in the group. During the war, she also found time to become involved in the issue of women's social, political and educational status in India, an area in which she had become interested through her husband and retained after the conflict came to an end. She remained at the head of the NUWSS when the women's suffrage clause was added to the Representation of the People Act in 1918 and attended the Women's Peace Conference in Paris before lobbying the governments assembled there for the Peace Conference in 1919. She retired in Mar 1919 when the NUWSS became the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship but remained on its executive committee. She also continued her activities as the vice-president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to which she had been elected in 1902, for another year. After this she became the Chair of the journal, the 'Women's Leader', and appointed a Dame of the British Empire in 1925. It was in that year that she resigned from both NUSEC and the newspaper's board after opposing the organisation's policy in support of family allowances. She remained active until the end of her life, undertaking a trip to the Far East with her sister Agnes only a short time before her death in 1929.
Amy Badley (fl 1894-fl.1929) was the daughter of the Reverend JF Garrett. She was sister to Edmund Garrett and Millicent Garrett Fawcett's cousin. She married JH Badley who was headmaster of Bedales in Hampshire. Amy was an ex piano mistress and vice president of the National Council for Equal Citizenship.
Born, 1867; educated at Newton School, Newton Abbott; Westminster School, 1881-1882; commission in the Royal Artillery, 1886; first posting to Trincomalee, in Ceylon, 1886; took a course of gunnery instruction at Shoeburyness, Essex, and was posted to Falmouth, Cornwall, 1890s; undercover officer sent to Morocco; undertook the War Office training on boundary survey and obtained a diploma; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1901-1930 (presumed deceased); Hong Kong, then to Ceylon, 1902; posted to Spike Island, co. Cork, 1903; chief Bolivian commissioner, leading a survey party from the falls of the Rio Madeira to the source of the Rio Acre, then down the Abuna, Bolivian boundary commission, 1906-1907; exploration of the unknown upper reaches of the Rio Heath, Bolivia-Peru boundary, 1908-; third boundary survey, Bolivia-Peru boundary, 1911; resigned from the Army; rejoined the Army in First World War, 158th brigade of the Royal Field Artillery, 1916-1919; expedition to Corumbá, on the border with Bolivia, 1920-1921; several journeys between the Rio São Francisco and the Atlantic coast before he re-equipped and set off alone into the interior; organised a final expedition to Brazil in 1925, the party vanished without trace.
Rowland Morris Fawcett studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, obtaining his MD in 1825. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh in 1924 and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1926. He practised in Cambridge, at Trumpington Street and then Scroope Terrace. He became Justice of the Peace for the borough and Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Cambridge. Fawcett retired from practice in 1884. His last entry in the medical directory is for 1890.
Charles Ryle Fay was born on 13 January 1884. He received his education from King's College, Cambridge and the London School of Economics, where he was a research student from 1906 to 1908. In the First World War he served in The Buffs and Machine Gun Corp from 1915-1918, reaching the rank Lieutenant. His academic posts were Fellow and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge 1908-1922; Senior Proctor of Cambridge University 1920-1921 and Professor of Economic History at the University of Toronto 1921-1930. Fay published widely on economic history. His publications included, The Corn Laws and Social England, 1932, English Economic History Since 1700, 1951 and his last published work, The World of Adam Smith, 1960. Fay died on 19 November 1961.
The Federal Union was founded in 1938 to advance the cause of federal government among democratic states in order to achieve international peace, economic stability and civil rights, by means of research, debate and political activity. The Federal Union flourished throughout the war years and established a series of active local and regional organisations. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Union was involved in political debates on topics such as the United Nations charter, international monetary reform and disarmament. It also concerned itself with post war reconstruction and, through this, the cause of European integration and the British entry into the European Economic Community. Federal Union continues to campaign for federalism for the UK, Europe and the world and argues that democracy and the rule of law should apply between states as well as within them. In 1945, on the initiative of Sir William Beveridge, the Federal Educational & Research Trust, an educational charity, was established. The purpose of the Trust was to encourage the study of international relations and co-operation and further research into federal principles and institutions by conducting enquiries, seminars, conferences and reports. Now known as the Federal Trust for Education and Research it continues to operate as a think tank studying the interaction between regional, national, European and global levels of government. Federal Trust has always had a particular interest in the European Union and Britain's place in it. In more recent years, it has supplemented its European work with studies on devolution and regional government in the United Kingdom and reports on global governance.
The inland section of the Federation of British Wholesale Fish Merchants' Associations was formed in 1936 to represent the concerns of inland wholesalers. It resigned from the federation in 1938 over differences with the coastal section.
The Federation of Clothing Designers and Executives is the oldest technical body for the clothing industry in the UK, and is based at Beckenham, London.
The Federation was founded in 1911 as the British Imperial Council of Commerce, becoming the Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire in 1926; the Federation of Commonwealth and British Empire Chambers of Commerce in 1955; the Federation of Commonwealth and Empire Chambers of Commerce in 1961; and the Federation of Commonwealth Chambers of Commerce in 1963. The Federation operated from the premises of the London Chamber of Commerce. It was dissolved in 1975.
The Federation of London Working Boys' Clubs was founded in 1887 by a number of boys' clubs, to provide an organisation which could formulate a unified policy and philosophy and provide backup services for the Boys' Clubs movement. Many of the clubs involved had been started by universities, public schools and public-spirited individuals to help underprivileged and exploited boys in London, particularly the East End. The clubs provided recreational activities and also acted as education and welfare institutions: the clubs were often the only recourse boys had to medical attention, clothing and food.
The federation was renamed in the early 20th century as the London Federation of Boys' Clubs, and changed its name again in 1994/1995 to the London Federation of Clubs for Young People, to reflect the changing social situation and the increasing inclusion of girls.
The activities provided by the federation for its member clubs include the use of two residential centres, Hindleap Warren in the Ashdown Forest, Surrey, and Woodrow High House in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. Clubs can hire these outdoor education centres on a weekly basis.
The federation maintains close links with other, similar charitable bodies, most notably the National Association of Boys' Clubs. Its patron is the Duke of Edinburgh, who has retained close links with the federation for more than 50 years.
The Federation of Synagogues was established in 1887, consisting then of 16 small synagogues in the East End of London. By 1991 it had 14 constituent and 20 affiliated congregations, all in the the Greater London area.
The objects of the Federation include the provision of services of orthodox rabbis, ministers and dayanim; the provision of a burial society; assistance to synagogues to build, reconstruct and decorate places of worship; the maintenance of kashrut; the support of charitable and philanthropic works; the furtherance of the progress of Eretz Yisrael. There are also associated organisations: the office of Rav Rashi; the London Kashrus Board; the London Talmud Torah Council; and the Federation Burial Society. The cemeteries of the Federation Burial Society are at Montague Road, Angel Road, Edmonton and at Upminster Road North, Rainham.
The Federation is considered by E.N. Adler to be next in importance to the United Synagogue in the history of Anglo-Jewry. It was founded by the first Lord Swaythling (Sir Samuel Montagu) as a counterpoise to the United Synagogue under the presidency of Lord Rothschild. The members tended to be Jews based in the East End, not the West End or City of London where Jews generally attended the United Synagogue. Chaim Bermant has described the Federation as the poor man's United Synagogue. East European refugees were used to smaller synagogues which played a daily part in the social life of its members being an advice centre and a meeting place. Also, the Burial Society fees were lower: members of the Federation had been refused admission to members of the United Synagogue Burial Society, so in 1890 the Federation Burial Society was started.
In 1991 most of the Jewish population had moved to the north, or further east of London. The Federation's offices moved to Hendon.
The Federation of Women Civil Servants (1916-1932) was founded in 1916 as women became employed in this sector. At the end of the nineteenth century, there was great opposition to women's employment amongst male employees, in contrast to employers' acceptance of a new workforce who worked for lower wages and was less inclined to industrial agitation. This hostility also affected the male-dominated trade unions of the period, especially those concerned with the Civil Service. This meant that women civil servants of the time continued to occupy separate and lower grades than those of men, and a marriage bar prevented them continuing to work after they became wives. It was not until the turn of the century that female trade unions agitation for equal pay and conditions with the male workforce began. The Federation of Women Civil Servants was established in 1916 as an amalgamation of the Federation of Women Clerks and the Civil Service Typists Association. The Federation of Women Civil Servants represented all permanent and established female public servants other then writing assistants. Along with most of the civil service trades unions, was involved in efforts to introduce arbitration and militated for what would become Whitley Councils. After the end of the First World War such action helped bring about a major restructuring of the service. Grades that had been unique to each of the departments were now merged across the entire service to form four basic bands. However, the Federation was vocal in its opposition to the report presented by the official Joint Reorganisation Committee. Despite the statement of the Sex Disqualification Act of 1920 that 'women should have equal opportunity with men in all branches of the Civil Service and Local Authorities', it maintained there should be a separate selection process for women that did not involve the traditional examination and supported lower wages for women working in the same grades as men. When the mixed unions failed to support their position, the Federation withdrew from the staff side of the Council as well as from the Civil Service Alliance, losing its seat on the National Whitley Council in the process. The changes to the organisation of the Civil Service grades resulted in the merger of trade unions that had previously been structured around specific departments. When women were finally assimilated into the general grading system in 1920 as part of the restructuring, the Federation found itself weakened as members left for larger mixed unions that were better represented on the Whitley Councils. In 1928, the rules of membership were changes to allow them to affiliate temporary workers previously covered by the Association of Women Clerks & Secretaries. The resulting situation led to the eventual amalgamation of the two in 1932 and the creation of the National Association of Women Civil Servants.
Everild Mary Feeny (1911-fl 2000) was born on 15 Mar 1911 into a large Catholic family in Merseyside. She trained at the Liverpool College of Art from 1926 to 1932, winning painting scholarships in 1928 and 1929. She taught in many parts of England, retiring in 1973. She exhibited her art in London and Paris and held six solo exhibitions in Liverpool. She painted a mural (9.25 (w) x 3.65 (h) metres) of the Resurrection in the Church of Our Redeemer at Selfors in central Norway in 1971. With a strong interest in theatre, she was a scenic designer and a director of amateur plays in Liverpool including 'Tartuffe' with Leonard Rossiter, and won the Theatre Clwyd, Mold, three-day amateur festival in 1986 with her own play 'Keep lookin' up!'. In 1977 she began writing letters to the Roman Catholic press, and later joined several campaigning organisations with the same aims in both the United Kingdom and in the United States of America. A number of articles by her were published and she was interviewed on BBC Radio 4 programme 'Women's Hour' in 1995. She inaugurated the Catholic Women's Ordination Day in the UK in 1993 which became an annual event on every second Saturday in September c 1990s. Everild was an Associate of Notre Dame de Namur and she wrote two books: Peeps Round the World Diary published in Mar 1995 which describes a trip around the world; Deist Catechism of Christian Doctrine was published in Mar 1996.
This notebook had been the property of Kitty Fehr, sister of the depositor, who collected it and smuggled it to Great Britain as a 15 year old girl in 1939. She added a few more during the war in England.
Born, 1838; joined the Black Watch at Stirling, 1838; fought as a subaltern in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny; attached to the 8 Punjabis, 1860; volunteer in the American Civil War, 1862-1865; returned to the British Army; Captain, Royal Artillery, 1874; naturalist to Sir George Nares' North Polar Expedition, 1875; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1875-1921; expeditions in Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya and the Kara Sea, 1895 and 1897; RGS Council, 1908-1911; died, 1921.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).
Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Felix Calvert (1735-1802) was the fourth son of Felix Calvert (1693-1755) of Furneux Pelham by his wife Christian, nee Nicolson (d 1759). His uncle, Sir William Calvert (d 1761) was Lord Mayor in 1749 and established a successful brewery business in Campion Lane, Thames Street.
On his death in 1761, Felix took over the business. By 1773 it had become known as Felix Calvert and Company. He married Elizabeth Ladbroke, daughter of Sir Robert Ladbroke, in 1763. His elder brother Nicolson (1724-93) inherited the family property at Hunsdon House, but died childless. Felix lived at Portland Place. He shot himself in Don Saltero's coffee house in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea on the evening of 23 March 1802. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Nicolson Calvert (1764-1841).
The City of London Brewery traded as Felix Calvert and Company at Campion Lane until 1860.
Born, 1900; Educated at Wychwood School Oxford; Madras College, St Andrews, 1916; Edinburgh University to read Zoology, 1918; B.Sc: works with Dr F A E Crew; goes to Cambridge as Scientific Assistant to Dr T S P Strangeways with MRC funding, 1923; Junior Beit Fellowship, Ph.D, 1924; Senior Beit Fellow; Director of the Strangeways Research Laboratory, 1929-1970; Messel Research Fellow of the Royal Society, 1931-1943; D.Sc Edinburgh, 1932; Foulerton Research Fellow of the Royal Society, 1943-1967; FRS, 1952; DBE, Royal Society Research Professor, 1963; retires as Director of the Strangeways Laboratory, 1970; Research Worker in Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, 1970-1979; Research worker at Strangeways Laboratory, 1979-1986; died, 1986.
Born in 1771, Fellowes was educated at St Mary Hall, Oxford, where he received a BA in 1796 and an MA in 1801. He published A Picture of Christian Philosophy of Illustration of the Character of Jesus in 1798. From 1804-1811, he edited Critical Review. Fellowes wrote and lectured on politics and religion. In 1826 he gave benefactions to encourage the study of philosophy at Edinburgh University and at London University (now University College London). He died in London on 6th February 1847.
The Fellowship of Reconciliation was founded in Cambridge 1914 by a group of pacifist Christians. During the summer of 1914 an ecumenical conference of Christians who wanted to avert the approaching war was held in Switzerland. However, war broke out before the end of the conference and, at Cologne station, Henry Hodgkin, an English Quaker, and Friedrich Siegmund-Schulze, a German Lutheran, pledged themselves to a continued search for peace with the words, "We are at one in Christ and can never be at war". Inspired by that pledge, about 130 Christians of all denominations gathered in Cambridge at the end of 1914 and set up the FoR, recording their general agreement in a statement which became 'The Basis' of the FoR, namely:
1) That love as revealed and interpreted in the life and death of Jesus Christ involves more than we have yet seen, that is the only power by which evil can be overcome and the only sufficient basis of human society.
2) That, in order to establish a world-order based on Love, it is incumbent upon those who believe in this principle to accept it fully, both for themselves and in relation to others and to take the risks involved in doing so in a world which does not yet accept it.
3) That therefore, as Christians, we are forbidden to wage war, and that our loyalty to our country, to humanity, to the Church Universal, and to Jesus Christ our Lord and Master, calls us instead to a life-service for the enthronement of Love in personal, commercial and national life.
4) That the Power, Wisdom and Love of God stretch far beyond the limits of our present experience, and that He is ever waiting to break forth into human life in new and larger ways.
5) That since God manifests Himself in the world through men and women, we offer ourselves to His redemptive purpose to be used by Him in whatever way He may reveal to us.
The FoR supported conscientious objectors during World War I and was a supporter of passive resistance during World War II. In 1919, representatives from a dozen countries met in Holland and established the International Fellowship of Reconciliation, which now has many branches in all five continents.