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Pioneer Trading Company Limited was a subsidiary company to Taylor Walker and Company Limited.

George Scott Williamson:
1884 born, Ladybank Scotland; 1904 goes to Edinburgh School of Medicine; 1906 qualifies MB ChB; 1908-1910 working at Research Laboratory, West Riding Asylums Board; 1910-1919 working in Department of Pathology, University of Bristol; 1914-1918 serving in France with RAMC : Lt-Col in charge of field ambulances; mention in despatches, MC; POW in Germany for 9 months; 1919 awarded MD and Gold Medal; 1920-1926 Pathologist and Director of Pathological Studies, Royal Free Hospital; 1921 onwards engaged in thyroid and goitre work at Royal Free; 1925 gives Arris and Gale lectures, Royal College of Surgeons; 1926-1935 pathologist at Ear Nose and Throat Hospital; continues Thyroid research at St Bartholomew's with Royal College of Surgeons grant; 1950 marries Innes Pearse; 1953 Jun dies; 1969 Science Synthesis and Sanity published posthumously.

Innes Hope Pearse:
1889 born; 1916 receives LMSSA; appointment at Bristol Royal Hospital for Women and Children; 1918 House Surgeon Great Northern Hospital London; 1919 House Physician London Hospital; 1920 Demonstrator, Anatomical Department, St Thomas's Hospital; 1921 onwards engaged in thyroid and goitre work at Royal Free with Scott Williamson; 1950 marries Scott Williamson; 1969 Science Synthesis and Sanity published; 1978 28 Dec dies; 1979 The Quality of Life published

Pioneer Health Centre:
1926 Apr Founding of the first Health Centre, Peckham, at Queen's Road SE5; 1926-1929 115 families join the Centre; 1929 First Centre closed; 1931 Publication of The Case for Action, Pioneer Health Centre registered with Charity Commissioners, £10,000 subscribed by Jack Donaldson followed by another £10,000 from other sources, site on St Mary's Road Peckham chosen for purpose-designed building; 1935 May New Pioneer Health Centre opens; 1938 Publication of Biologists in Search of Material; 1939 Visit by HM Queen Mary, Centre closes for the war; 1943 Publication of The Peckham Experiment; 1945 Publication of Physician Heal Thyself; 1946 Mar Re-opening of Centre; 1948 Premiere of film about Centre; 1950 Centre closes, Williamson and Pearse marry; 1953 Jun death of Williamson; 1969 Science, Synthesis and Sanity published; 1978 Dec 28 Pearse dies; 1979 The Quality of Life published.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.This is probably the author's own corrected manuscript of Traite de la circulation et du credit, contenant une Analyse raisonnee des Fonds d'Angleterre (Marc Michel Rey, Amsterdam, 1771).

Rachel Pinney was born 11th July 1909, the daughter of a Major-General. She obtained a medical degree and practiced as a GP until 1961. On leaving the medical profession, Rachel contacted Dr. Margaret Lowenfeld, the distinguished child therapist. Rachel learnt her methods but never trained formally. This period resulted in the pioneering of her 'methods for conflict understanding' which she called Creative Listening, and Children's Hours, the former incorporated as a limited company in 1967. These techniques were widely used by experts working therapeutically with children. In 1977 Rachel went to New York and treated a four year old boy suffering from autism. This resulted in her publication 'Bobby, Breakthrough of an Autistic Child' (1983). Rachel was briefly married to Luigi Coccuzzi with whom she had one daughter and two sons. She was a member of CND from 1961 and openly declared herself a lesbian in 1989. She died 19th October 1995 aged 86.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Pinner for some time depended upon fire hydrants but there was a fire brigade by 1881 and in the 1890s a manual engine was kept at Pinner Hall and later at the George Inn. A fire station was opened in 1903 at the Red Lion Inn to house a steam fire engine. New fire brigade headquarters were opened in 1938 in Pinner Road.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 237-249.

Unknown

The Grosvenor Hospital was established in 1865 as the Pimlico and Westminster Institute, a dispensary for women and children. Its president until 1885 was the Earl of Shaftesbury. In 1873 property at 29 Vincent Square, Westminster, was obtained and the dispensary became the Vincent Square Hospital for Women and Children. In 1875 the house next door was also purchased, increasing the number of beds. Medical students were not admitted but from 1879 lady missionaries were allowed to attend for clinical instruction.

The Hospital was renamed the Grosvenor Hospital for Women and Children in 1884. The aims of the hospital were established as the treatment of women with diseases peculiar to their sex, and the treatment of children as out patients who had illness that were not contagious. Formal rules for the admission of inpatients were drawn up in 1885 - patients were charged 5 shillings a week if recommended by a subscriber, otherwise the fee was 10 shillings. Patients had to pay for their own laundry. Out-patients paid between twopence and a shilling per visit and had to bring their own medicine bottles.

In 1891 a third house was added so that the total accommodation was 18 beds and 3 private wards. A new outpatients department was built in 1895, while a new in-patients ward was completed in 1897, opened by Princess Louise. The new building provided 36 beds. An additional floor was added in 1905, providing a new operating theatre, anaesthetics room and separate bedrooms for the nurses. Further extensions were added in 1936 - 1938. In 1948 when the National Health Service came into being the Hospital became part of the St Thomas's Group. Administration was carried out centrally but the name of the Hospital was retained, and it became the gynaecological wing of Saint Thomas'. It was closed in 1976.

Kay Pilpel (fl 1930s) grew up in the Jewish community of Stamford Hill, London, in the 1930s as the daughter of a lithographer. She attended Tottenham High School for Girls.

The team was set up by the World Health Organisation to investigate the feasability of the provision of health care by a mobile team in a country without a network of roads. The project established that such a team was not viable, and that health care could be better provided by a system of fixed health centres.

This company was established in 1907 for the business of accident insurance in the United Kingdom. It was acquired by Essex and Suffolk Insurance Company (CLC/B/107-09) in 1910 which became a subsidiary of Atlas Assurance Company (CLC/B/107-04) in 1911 and then part of Royal Exchange Assurance (CLC/B/107-02) in 1959.

Margaret Eleanor Scott (1859-1929) was born in Norwich in 1859. Between 1872 and 1876 Scott was apprenticed as a pupil teacher of St Paul's City Trust School, Norwich and received a Bishop's Certificate of Norwich diocese for five years of scripture examinations. She gained a first class Queen's Scholarship in 1876, and went on to study at Norwich Training College between 1877 and 1878, gaining a first division certificate. Between 1879 and 1884, and again in 1889, Margaret Scott studied at Cambridge University, focusing mainly on sociology, physiology and history. Scott taught at a number of schools during the 1880s including Cringleford Public School, Norwich between 1878 and 1881, St Paul's City Trust School, Norwich between 1881 and 1883, Marylebone Queen's Scholarship Class of the Central Classes for Training Young Teachers and Wordsworth College for Training Teachers, Kilburn, in 1887. Scott was also headmistress of All Souls' Schools, South Hampstead during the 1880s. During the 1890s Scott was Special Lecturer to the National Health Society and lecturer on hygiene, domestic economy, history and literature to the Central Classes for Teachers, Marylebone. She went on to co-write Domestic Economy: Comprising the Laws of Health in their Application to Home Life and Work with Arthur Newsholme in 1893. In 1897 Scott was on the committee of the Norwich Sanitary Aid Commission, she had gained a diploma for proficiency in Sanitary Knowledge granted by the Sanitary Institute (London), and was the only woman in the United Kingdom qualified to act as a Sanitary Inspector under the Public Health Acts during this period. Scott married Edward Pillow, an engineer and later Organising Secretary for Technical Education, Norfolk County Council, in 1891. They had two sons, Edward and Henry Montgomery. Margaret Scott died in 1929.

Edward Stephen Harkness of New York founded the Pilgrim Trust in 1930 by endowing it with a capital sum of just over two million pounds. A group of Trustees were appointed to oversee the granting of funds in Britain. Stanley Baldwin was the first Chairman of the Trust and Dr Thomas Jones the first Secretary. Other trustees were Lord Macmillan, John Buchan and Sir Josiah Stamp. They had authority to expend both the capital and the income of the fund and were given the discretion of absolute owners in the choice of investments.

Until the outbreak of the Second World War grants were split equally between the preservation of the historic heritage of Britain and schemes for the welfare of the unemployed. In the first ten years the Trust made grants totalling over £1 million, of which £460,000 had been given to schemes of Social Welfare and nearly £400,000 for the preservation of national monuments, archives and the countryside and the remainder to education and research.

During the Second World War the Trust focused on the welfare of the forces and of other engaged in the war effort, and the alleviation of hardship caused by the conflict. A scheme known as Recording Britain was also established, the aim of which was to give employment to artists while recording historic buildings and places at risk of destruction. This work was published in four volumes and the original paintings and drawings were presented to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Perhaps the most successful of the Pilgrim Trust's war-time efforts was the institution of the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, known as CEMA, which later developed into the Arts Council of Great Britain.

After the war there was less unemployment and the Welfare State had been established so the Trust devoted its resources to the numerous cathedrals, churches and ancient buildings of all kinds which had been neglected during the course of the war and were in serious states of disrepair. The Trust received so many requests for grants from parish churches that they approached the Archbishop of Canterbury about the national problem and there followed the establishment of the Historic Churches Preservation Trust and later the Council for Places of Worship. The Trust makes annual block grants to these organisations (the former for the preservation of individual churches and the latter for the restoration of works of art within these buildings).

The Pilgrim Trust's current priorities are as follows:

Social welfare:

• Projects that assist people involved in crime or in alcohol or drug misuse to change their lives and find new opportunities.
• Projects concerned with the employment, support or housing of people with mental illness.
• Projects in prisons and projects providing alternatives to custody that will give new opportunities to offenders and so assist rehabilitation.

• Projects for young people who are looked after by local authorities in residential or foster care and for those leaving that care.

  Art and learning:

• The promotion of scholarship, academic research, cataloguing and conservation within museums, galleries, libraries and archives, particularly those outside London.

• Trustees do not exclude acquisitions for collections, but funds for this purpose are strictly limited.

  Preservation:

• Preservation of particular architectural or historical features on historic buildings or the conservation of individual monuments or structures that are of importance to the surrounding environment.
• Projects that seek to give a new use to obsolete buildings that are of outstanding architectural or historic interest.

• The preparation and dissemination of architectural or historical research about buildings and designed landscapes and their importance to the community.

  Records:

• Cataloguing and conservation of records associated with archaeology, marine archaeology, historic buildings and designed landscapes.

  Places of worship:

• The Pilgrim Trust makes annual block grants for the repair of the fabric of historic churches of any denomination to the Historic Churches Preservation Trust for churches in England and Wales and to the Scottish Churches Architectural Heritage Trust.
• The Pilgrim Trust makes an annual block grant to the Council for the Care of Churches for the conservation of historic contents (organs, bells, glass and monuments etc.) and important structures and monuments in church yards for places of worship of all denominations.

Emmeline Pike attended Avery Hill College, a London County Council teacher training college for women in Eltham, from 1907 to 1909.

William J Piggott was Warden of Victoria Docks' Presbyterian Settlement (1917-1921). He later became F.C. Chaplain and Librarian for 28 years at Claybury and Banstead London County Council (LCC) Mental Hospitals.

Reverend Piggott stayed with Will and Doris McNulty during Assembly Week at Egremont Presbyterian Church, Wallasey, Wirral 6-12 May 1957.

In October 1985 Charles Graham-Dixon, then Vice-President of the Corporation of the Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, offered to lend his personal collection of paintings to be exhibited at the Hall. On his death in 1986, Charles Graham-Dixon bequeathed a total of 33 paintings from his collection to the Royal Albert Hall, half of which are on permanent display in the Prince of Wales Room. In 2006 five of the paintings were cleaned and restored by Maria Greenley, and hung in the then newly created Clive Room; from September 2008 to May 2009 she restored the rest of the collection, two of which now hang in the lobby of the Clive Room. The rest have been glazed and hung in the Hall's Prince of Wales Room, this project having been achieved through the generosity of former President of the Corporation Charles Fairweather. The pictures are drawn mainly from the 17th century schools of the Netherlands, Italy and one English work. The finest pictures are the Dutch pieces which were acquired with the help and guidance of one of Londons leading dealers, the late Alfred Brod.

Henry Piers was assistant surgeon on board HMS CLEOPATRA, May 1844-January 1847 and surgeon on board HMS SATELLITE, 1856-1857.

A Muriel Pierotti (1897-1982) was born in Bristol in 1897 and her family moved to London when she was ten. Her mother joined the Women's Freedom League shortly after moving to London and involved her daughters from an early age. Muriel's father, a committed socialist, worked as a Post Officer sorter before working in the Assistant Controller's office at the PO headquarters at Mount Pleasant. Muriel was educated at elementary schools, leaving her London Secondary School at 18 for a wartime position in the Civil Service. Muriel qualified as a secretary and worked for some years at a hospital school in the country, run by Mrs Kate Hervey, a friend of Mrs Despard. When the hospital school closed, Muriel moved to the National Union of Women Teachers in 1925, becoming Assistant Secretary in 1931. When Miss Froud retired as General Secretary in Sep 1941, Muriel replaced her and remained in post until the NUWT closed down. She wrote its history 'The story of the National Union of Women Teachers' in a pamphlet published in 1963. Muriel Pierotti was closely involved with a number of women's campaigning organisations throughout her life. She was a member of the Women's Freedom League, before 1918, along with her sister Lilian (who died in 1956) and knew both the Pethick-Lawrences and Charlotte Despard. She remained with the organisation throughout the 1920s and was active in the campaign for equality of suffrage until 1928 when it was granted. In 1925, she was the author of a pamphlet entitled 'What We Have and What We Want!' She was also an active trade unionist and involved with the Equal Pay Campaign which took place during the 1940s and 1950s. She continued to engage with the issues affecting the status of women throughout the next few decades, becoming a member of the Joint Standing Committee of Women's Organisations in the 1940s to consider questions relating to the civil and political status of women. Muriel was also involved in organising the production of Jill Craigie's film 'To Be A Woman' which was co-sponsored by the NUWT and the Equal Pay Campaign Committee. She was also a member of the Status of Women Committee from 1945 to 1978.

William Piercy, 1886-1966, left school at the age of 12 and took a job with Pharaoh Gane, timber brokers, of which he later became joint managing director. He studied at the London School of Economics, 1910-1913, and became a lecturer in history and public administration at the LSE in 1914. From 1914 to 1918, he worked as a civil servant, later becoming principal assistant secretary in the Ministry of Supply and Ministry of Aircraft Production, and personal assistant to Clement Attlee when he was the deputy prime minister. Piercy was also very involved in the world of finance and business. He played a leading role in organizing the first unit trusts, was a member of the London Stock Exchange, 1934-1942, and headed the British Petroleum Mission in Washington during World War Two. In 1945, he became the first chairman of the Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation Ltd. He was also chairman of the Estate Duties Investment Trust, 1952-1966, and was appointed to the court of the Bank of England in 1946, 1950 and 1956. Piercy also served as a governor of the LSE and a member of the senate and court of London University, was president of the Royal Statistical Society, 1954-1955, and chairman of the Wellcome Trust, 1960-1965.

Jack Piercy (1899-1986) was a Canadian by birth who had come to Britain after World War One . He was appointed Surgeon-Superintendent at New End Hospital, Hampstead in 1932. He became eminent for his research and pioneering treatment into diseases of the thyroid, establishing New End as a world-renowned centre for endocrinology, especially after the opening of the Endocrinology Department in 1955. He was awarded the CBE on his retirement from New End in 1966.

Paul Peter Piech was born in Brooklyn in 1920. He studied at the Cooper Union School of Art in New York and the Chelsea School of Art in London. After working in advertising, Piech returned to Chelsea to teach graphic design, also teaching at the London College of Printing and Middlesex Polytechnic. In 1959 Piech set up The Taurus Press at his home in Bushey Heath. This private press produced books which defied usual printing conventions of setting, spacing and layout, often reflecting Piech's deeply held pacifist views, and were illustrated with his trademark linocuts and woodcuts. Piech died in 1996. Further information on the Taurus Press may be found in Kenneth Hardacre, 'The private press of Paul Piech', The Penrose annual 1976: the international review of the graphic arts (ed) Stanley greenwood and Clive Goodacre (Northwood Publications, London, 1976).

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

George Pickstock entered Guy's Hospital London as a pupil, May 1849.

William Norman Pickles, born 6 March 1885 in Leeds; educated at Leeds Grammar School and studied medicine at the medical school of the then Yorkshire College. In his third year he proceeded with his clinical studies at the Leeds General Infirmary, where he qualified as a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1909. After serving as resident obstetric officer at the Infirmary, he began a series of temporary jobs and locums in general practice. In 1910 he graduated MB BS London and became MD in 1918. His first visit to Aysgarth, Yorkshire, was as a locum for Dr Hime in 1912. After serving as a ship's doctor on a voyage to Calcutta, he returned to Aysgarth later that year as second assistant to Dr Hime. In 1913 he and the other assistant Dean Dunbar were able to purchase the practice. Pickles served as general practitioner in Aysgarth until he retired in 1964. His only break was when, interrupted by World War One, he served as surgeon-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteers.

In 1926 Pickles read and was inspired by 'The Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment in Heart Affections' by Sir James Mackenzie, who had made many important contributions to medical knowledge from his general practice in Burnley. An epidemic of catarrhal jaundice broke out in Wensleydale in 1929 affecting two hundred and fifty people out of a population of five thousand seven hundred. Pickles was able to trace the whole epidemic to a girl who he had seen in bed on the morning of a village fete and who he never thought would get up that day. In this enclosed community Pickles was able to trace and to establish the long incubation for this disease of 26 to 35 days. He published an account of the epidemic in the British Medical Journal, 24 May 1930. Two years later he published record of an outbreak of Sonne dysentery and in 1933 he recorded in the British Medical Journal the first out break of Bornholm disease (Epidemic Myalgia). His first published medical paper, on Vincent's disease, was published in the Royal Naval Medical Journal in 1918.

In 1935 Pickles described some of his work to the Royal Society of Medicine. After this meeting a leading article in the British Medical Journal stated 'It may mark the beginning of a new era in epidemiology'. Major Greenwood, an outstanding epidemiologist of the time, suggested that he should write a book on his observations, which was published in 1939 as Epidemiology in Country Practice. It became a medical classic [and is still in print today], establishing Pickles's reputation. It showed how a country practice could be a field laboratory with unique opportunities for epidemiologists.

Pickles was Milroy lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians of London (1942) and Cutter lecturer at Harvard University (1948). In 1946 he shared the Stewart prize of the British Medical Association with Major Greenwood, in 1953 the Bisset-Hawkins medal of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1955 he was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and was awarded the first James Mackenzie medal. He was honoured with an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Leeds University in 1950, and in 1957 was appointed CBE. He became the first President of the College of General Practitioners in 1953, a post he held until 1956. He sat on numerous committees including the General Health Services Council and Register General's Advisory Committee and lectured extensively both at home and abroad. Pickles died 2 March 1969.

William Pickles (1885-1969) general practitioner and epidemiologist practised medicine in Aylsgarth in Yorkshire between 1912 and 1964.

Pickles practiced as GP for over fifty years in Aysgarth, Yorkshire, until his retirement in 1964. Throughout this period he conducted extensive research into epidemiology, using the Aysgarth District and its inhabitants he worked tirelessly to investigate epidemiological trends in rural areas. He lectured throughout Britain and worlwide, in America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. He was appointed Cutter Lecturer, 1947-48 at Harvard University, America. Pickles was influential in the founding of the College of General Practitoners (later the Royal Collge of General Practitioners) and held the post of First President, 1953-1956.

Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Engelbert David Ferdinand Pickert was a merchant and shipper of 79 Mark Lane. He died in 1864.

Sir George White Pickering FRCP, FRS (1904-1980), was Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford.

The compiler was lecturer on chemistry at Bedford College from 1881 to 1888, and was elected FRS in 1890: he was later Director of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.

F P Pickering, to whom the manuscript notes are attributed, is probably Francis Pickering Pickering, born in Bradford, 1909; educated at Grange High School, Bradford; Leeds University (BA); Gilchrist Travelling Studentship; Germanic literature and languages at Breslau University (PhD); Lektor in English, 1931-1932; Assistant Lecturer and Lecturer in German, University of Manchester, 1932-1941; Bletchley Park (Hut 3), 1941-1945; Head of German Department, University of Sheffield, 1945-1953; Professor of German, University of Reading, 1953-1974; later Emeritus Professor; Dean of the Faculty of Letters, University of Reading, 1957-1960; Goethe Medal, Goethe Institute, Munich, 1975; died, 1981. His connection with King's College London is not known. Publications: Christi Leiden in einer Vision geschaut (1952); Augustinus oder Boethius? (2 volumes, 1967, 1976); University German (1968); Literatur und darstellende Kunst im Mittelalter (1968), translated as Literature and Art in the Middle Ages (1970); The Anglo-Norman Text of the Holkham Bible Picture Book (1971); Essays on Medieval German Literature and Iconography (1980); articles and reviews in English and German journals.

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Father Antonio Piaggi of the order of Scole Pie resided for many years in Resina at the foot of Mount Vesuvious, he kept a diary of the volcanic activity 1779-1794.

The Physiological Society of Guy's Hospital was founded by Professor Pembrey, who was head of the Physiology Department of Guy's Hospital Medical School from 1900 to 1933. The Society was founded to encourage students to learn how to collect and present scientific information and manage the affairs of a society.

The Physiological Society was formed in March 1876 after John Burdon Sanderson invited 19 scientists interested in physiology to his house for informal discussions over how they should react to impending legislation on the use of animals in experiments. For the first four years the meetings were fairly informal and intimate affairs, with membership formally limited to forty, and business taking place over dinner in a hotel. In December 1880 the first afternoon meeting for the demonstration of experiments and presentation of results took place, a precedent which has continued, and now the demonstrations and presentations are at the core of the Society's meetings, although dinner still plays an important part.

The Physiological Society was formed in March 1876 after John Burdon Sanderson invited 19 scientists interested in physiology to his house for informal discussions over how they should react to impending legislation on the use of animals in experiments. For the first four years the meetings were fairly informal and intimate affairs, with membership formally limited to forty, and business taking place over dinner in a hotel. In December 1880 the first afternoon meeting for the demonstration of experiments and presentation of results took place, a precedent which has continued, and now the demonstrations and presentations are at the core of the Society's meetings, although dinner still plays an important part. The archive contains the unpublished manuscripts of History of the Physiological Society 1926 - 1969 by HP Gilding (GB0120 SA/PHY/R.1/2), and The origin of the Physiological Society's dog, by RA Chapman (GB0120 SA/PHY/R.1/4), which was given as a presentation at a Society meeting in 1989.

The Physical Society of the Students of the United Hospitals of St Thomas and Guy met to discuss medical cases of interest and essays on medical subjects. After the establishment of an independent medical school by Guy's Hospital in 1825 both hospitals continued to support physical societies.

The Physical Society of Guy's Hospital was founded in 1771, and London's first medical society. It was not initially associated with Guy's Hospital, but met in the theatre of Dr Lowder in Southwark, a private teacher of midwifery as well as lecturer at St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals. The first meeting was held at Guy's Hospital between 1780 and 1782. The society met weekly from October to May to hear and discuss a dissertation and exchange medical news and cases. At the early meetings the chairman was usually Dr Haighton, Lecturer in Physiology and Midwifery at St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals. The society was open to physicians, surgeons, apothecaries and pupils, and members largely comprised the officers of the Guy's and Thomas's Hospitals and practitioners in the area. On the establishment of other medical societies in London its popularity declined, and the society closed in 1852.

The company was a subsidiary of Phoenix Oil and Transport Company. It was registered in 1924 as City Petroleum Finance Company Limited. It became Phoenix Oil Products Limited in 1926 when it took over from Phoenix Oil and Transport Company Limited the following marketing organisations in Europe:

• Everth A.G. (registered in Austria);
• Astra Dionicarsko Drustvo (registered in Yugoslavia);
• Mineraloelwerke Bayern GmbH (of Regensburg, Germany);
• Runo Oel A.G. (of Munich); and

• Deco S.A. (of Belgium).

  Thus Phoenix Oil Products Limited came to manage all of Phoenix Oil and Transport's marketing organisations outside Roumania.

  During the German occupation, 1941-45, these organisations were all in enemy hands.

  Runo-Everth Treibstoff und Oel A.G. had been formed in 1938 as the result of a merger of Phoenix interests in Germany and Austria, but was forced to divide again after the war for political reasons. In 1949 these German and Austrian interests were sold to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Limited (later British Petroleum). In 1946 Astra was taken into Yugoslav state ownership. In 1950 Phoenix Oil Products Limited went into voluntary liquidation.

Phoenix Oil and Transport Company Limited was registered on 24 June 1920 to acquire various interests in Roumanian oil undertakings. In 1922 it acquired control of Roumanian Consolidated Oilfields Limited and in 1926 Phoenix Oil Products Ltd.

In 1926 Phoenix Oil and Transport also acquired Orion S.A.R. de Petrol, which owned oilfields in Romania. Orion, although a Roumanian registered company, was a Dutch undertaking, formed in 1910. Unirea S.A.R. de Petrol, a wholly owned subsidiary of Phoenix Oil and Transport, was registered in Bucharest in 1920. Into it went the assets of several small English companies partially destroyed during the First World War.

Arbanash (Roumania) Oil Company Limited, incorporated in the United Kingdom in 1912, was the nominee through which Phoenix Oil and Transport held the whole of the issued capital of Unirea. In 1935 Unirea amalgamated with Orion and in 1938 with Roumanian Consolidated Oilfields Limited, so that by this date all of Phoenix Oil and Transport's Roumanian interests were consolidated in Unirea and its subsidiaries.

The company's assets were in enemy hands from 1941 until early in 1945, although the Roumanian subsidiaries continued operating, despite aerial bombardment which caused serious damage to refineries, tankage and loading stations. Production in Roumania declined sharply from about a million tons in 1936 to 396,000 tons in 1945. Unirea was taken into Romanian state ownership in 1948.

Until 1946, a substantial interest in Phoenix Oil and Transport was held by General Mining and Finance Corporation Limited, which was represented on the board. Its interests were purchased in 1946 by Alpha Petrol Company of South Africa, and in 1948 the head office of Phoenix Oil and Transport moved to South Africa. On 27 February 1950 the company went into compulsory liquidation.

Phoenix Oil and Transport Company Limited had registered offices at 308 Winchester House, Old Broad Street, until 1923, then 6 Princes Street (1923-6), 9-13 Fenchurch Buildings, Fenchurch Street (1926-49) and 33 King William Street from 1949.

The Phoenix Gas Light and Coke Company was incorporated by Act of Parliament (5 Geo.IV, c. lxxviii) in 1824. The Company served Southwark, Brixton, Deptford and Greenwich. It was amalgamated with the South Metropolitan Gas Light and Coke Company in 1876.

Phoenix Assurance Company was founded in 1782. It was taken over by Sun Alliance in 1984.

This Company was established in 1781 as New Fire Office, changed its name to Phoenix Fire Office in 1785 and to Phoenix Assurance Company in 1901. Initially its business was fire insurance in the United Kingdom; it added accident business in 1906 and marine insurance in 1910. It merged with Sun Alliance in the 1980s.

Born, 1744; 1760, he entered the navy. Served at the reduction of Martinique and St Lucia; on 17 March 1762 promoted to Lieutenant and took part in the reduction of Havana. In 1768 he was elected Member of Parliament for Lincoln, and from 1777 to 1784 Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, as well as one of the lords of the Admiralty. In 1773 he commanded the 'Racehorse', which with the 'Carcass' was fitted out to attempt to discover a northern route to India, although the expedition only sailed to the north of Spitzbergen because the sea was absolutely blocked with ice. In 1784 he became Member of Parliament for Newark on Trent. In the same year he was appointed joint paymaster general of the forces, a Commissioner for the Affairs of India, and one of the lords of 'Trades and Plantations'. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and instrumental in founding the 'Society for the Improvement of Naval Architecture'; Baron 1790; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1771; Vice President of the Royal Society, 1778-1792; died, 1792.

Born 1914; volunteered for the Royal Air Force Medical Service after qualifying as a doctor in 1940; wrote this personal account of his experience (as a doctor) of life in several working POW camps in Indonesia during the Second World War. It is based on notes he made as soon as possible afterwards and written sometime later when he had 'settled sufficiently to be reasonably dispassionate and could be level-headed about it'. He also states that he was careful to avoid hearsay, trusting only his observations and those of fellow prisoner Leslie J Audus, then a RAF 'Radiolocation' or Radar Officer, later Professor Emeritus of Botany, London University, whose help is acknowledged. Philps died in 1995.

The Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain was founded in 1964 under the presidency of Professor Louis Arnaud Reid. Its aim was 'to promote the development and teaching of the rigorous philosophical study of educational questions'. The Society is still active at the time of writing. It holds an annual three-day conference at New College, Oxford, as well as a variety of local branch meetings and conferences. The Society publishes the Journal of Philosophy of Education and IMPACT, a series of policy-related pamphlets.

The Philosophical Club was formed as part of the general movement to reform the Royal Society and was founded in 1847. It merged with the Royal Society (Dining) Club in 1901.