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"Mr Eyles" cannot be specifically identified, but he is possibly either Albert Eyles, born in 1740, and an apothecary in Cirencester, Gloucestershire; or John Eyles, an apprentice surgeon in 1769. Both these men are listed in Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth Century Medics (1988).

Dr Joseph Adams, who wrote the original manuscript from which this version was copied, was a pupil of John Hunter. He lived at Hatton Garden, Holborn, and published Life of John Hunter in 1817. Joseph Adams was a corresponding member of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London, and the author of Observations on Morbid Poisons. He died before 1823.

John Whitsed studied at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals in London, and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1805. He sold his practice in Peterborough to Dr Thomas Walker in 1819, and went to Edinburgh to study his doctor of medicine, graduating in 1823. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1830. For a number of years Dr Whitsed was a Senior and Consulting Physician at the General Dispensary, London. He was also President of the Cambridge and Huntingdon Branch of the British Medical Association. He was the author of a work on Diseases resembling Syphilis, published in 1813, and a contributer to Remarkable Case of Foetal Monstrosity.

Charles Wilkinson was a surgeon practicing at Pulteney Street, Bath, in c1846. He was a member of the Company of Surgeons in 1791, and last appeared in the Medical Directory in 1849.

James Finlayson was born in Glasgow in 1840. He studied his MB at Glasgow in 1867 and also became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh that year. He received his doctor of medicine in 1869, also from Glasgow, and became a Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow in 1771. During his career he was a physician and lecturer on clinical medicine at the West Infirmary, Glasgow; Consultant Physician at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow and for the Glasgow Hospital for Diseases of the Ear; Medical Adv[ocate] at the Scotland Amicable Life Assurance Society; President and Honorary librarian of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow; President of the Glasgow Pathological and Clinical Society; member of the Royal Philosophical Society, Glasgow; and House Surgeon to the Clinical Hospital and Dispensary for Children, Manchester. He died in 1906.

No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.

William Hunter was born in Long Calderwood, Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1718. Intended for the church, he attended the University of Glasgow from 1731-1736 where he was exposed to the philosophical teachings of Francis Hutcheson which turned him against the rigid dogmas of Presbyterian theology. An acquaintance with the physician William Cullen (1710-1790) interested him in the medical profession, and he studied with Cullen for three years. Eager to widen his experience, he went to London in 1741 where he worked as an assistant to William Smellie MD (1697-1763) and then from 1741-1742 with James Douglas, both of whom fostered his interest in obstetrics and gynaecology. Between 1741-1749 he was tutor to William George Douglas. In 1750 he was awarded an MD by the University of Glasgow. In 1749 he was appointed as a surgeon at Middlesex Hospital, England, before transferring for a brief time to the British Lying-in Hospital. He was particularly interested in obstetrics and in 1762 was called to attend Queen Charlotte on the birth of her first child. Two years later, he was appointed as Physician Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte and rapidly became the most sought after physician in London. His research, embodied in his Anatomical Description of the Human Gravid Uterus (1774) and his practical example, including the establishment of specialist training for both physicians and midwives, did much to establish obstetrics as a respectable branch of medicine for the first time, though he took a perverse pleasure in continuing to describe himself as a despised 'man-midwife'. He died in 1783.

David Davies married Susannah Saunders, daughter of Erasmus Saunders, and took the name Saunders-Davies. With the marriage came the Pentre estate in Pembrokeshire, which had been in the Saunders family since 1698. The Davies family also owned other land in Llanedi, Carmarthenshire, Wales. David Saunders-Davis died in 1829.

Henry Gore Clough probably attended lectures given by William Hunter, and also John Hunter in 1779, as is evidenced by the lecture notes held in this collection and in the Wellcome Trust's manuscript collection. Clough is listed as a member of the Corporation of Surgeons from 1781 to 1798, residing first at Compton Street, and later at Berner's Street. From 1800 to 1824, Clough is listed as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons residing at Berner's Street. (From 1821 another Henry Gore Clough is listed as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, residing at Norton Street. Presumably this is the son of Henry Gore Clough.) Sir Robert Drew's Commissioned Officers of the Medical Services of the British Army 1660-1960 Volume 1 lists Henry Gore Clough as an Assistant Surgeon to the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards from the 25 Dec 1796, and Surgeon to the Light Infantry Battalion of the Brigade of Foot Guards from 14 May 1801. He is listed as being on half pay from 25 Jun 1802 and as having died on the 20 Apr 1838.

No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.

William Cooke was born in Wem, near Shrewsbury, in c 1785. At age 13 he was apprenticed to Mr Gwynne, a general practitioner in Wem. He came to London in 1802 and studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital under John Abernethy. Cooke passed his MRCS Eng in 1806, settling to practice in Plaistow, and later moving to the City of London. He received his MD from St Andrews in 1822. Cooke was a founding member of the Hunterian Society, in 1818. He translated Morgagni's De Sedibus (1761), in 1822, which was re-titled On the Treatment and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy, Translated, Abridged and Elucidated by Copious Notes. He died in 1873.

John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.

John Bell was born in Edinburgh, in 1763. Aged 17 he was apprenticed to Alexander Wood, the leading surgeon at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and attended the lectures of Joseph Black, William Cullen and Alexander Monro secundus. He was admitted freeman surgeon apothecary by the Royal College and Corporation of Surgeon Apothecaries of Edinburgh, in 1786. He began his own practice and also his own programme of lectures. He opened his own lecture theatre in Surgeon's Square, Edinburgh, in 1790. He published a series of textbooks on surgical anatomy and emphasised the practical experience of surgical techniques in training. He had a talent for drawing and produced his own illustrations for his The Anatomy of the Bones, Muscles and Joints (1793-1794) and Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds (1793-1795). He died in Rome in 1825.

William Cheselden was born in Somerby, Leicestershire, in 1688. He probably attended the free grammar school in Leicester. In 1703 Cheselden became apprenticed for 7 years with James Ferne, surgeon in London. He also studied anatomy under William Cowper. He completed his apprenticeship, and passed the final examination of the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1711. He started a successful course of thirty-five lectures on anatomy, comparative anatomy, and animal economy (physiology), combined with indications for surgical operations, publishing the syllabus in 1711. He was appointed assistant surgeon at St Thomas's Hospital in 1718, and was made a principal surgeon within a year, enabling him to develop his own operative techniques, especially for bladder stone extraction. He was also appointed surgeon for the stone at the Westminster Infirmary and St George's Hospital. His methods had a good record of success. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in 1711. His reports in the Transactions of the Royal Society included an examination of a skeleton in a Roman Urn at St Albans in 1712, and the restoration of sight in a thirteen year old boy in 1728. Cheselsden, as well as being known for successful lithotomies, was also well known as an eye surgeon. He was appointed surgeon to Queen Caroline in 1727. He resigned his hospital appointments in 1737, to take up the post of resident surgeon in the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. Cheselden was involved in the negotiations towards the separation of surgeons from barbers. He was admitted to the court of assistants of the Barber-Surgeon's Company in 1739, he became an examiner in surgery and by 1744 was renter warden. In 1745 the Company of Surgeons was established with John Ranby as master and Cheselden as senior warden. He died in 1752.

William Newland was practising as a surgeon at Guildford in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Medical Registers for 1779, 1780 and 1783 all list him under Surgeons and Apothecaries in Guildford, Surrey. Apprenticeship records used by Wallis and Wallis in Eighteenth Century Medics, reveal that William Newland was Master to the following apprentices at Guildford: Richard Chance, 1767; William Parson, 1777; Caleb Woodyer, 1782; and Harry Baker, 1800. Wallis and Wallis also list Newland's practice in Guildford in 1800 as Newlands and Co Mssrs. An apprencticeship indenture held at the Wellcome Library adds James Rymer, 1810 to this list of apprentices of William Newland, and in this case Rymer was also apprencticed to Caleb Woodyer.

Thomas Appleby was a surgeon at Castleton in the early 19th century. Further biographical information is currently unavailable.

Clarence Dalrymple Bruce was born in 1862; joined the Army, 1882 and served in India, 1883-1889; wounded during service in China, 1898-1904; Commissioner of International Police Shanghai, 1907-1914 and commanded brigade of Scottish Division, 1915. Bruce received a CBE; was Fellow of Royal Geographical Society 1901-1934 and died in 1943.

Department of Surveys, Nyasaland; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1961-1987.

Born Dublin, 1844; educated Trinity College Dublin and Royal Military Academy Woolwich; Royal Engineers, 1866; served in Sudan under General Charles Gordon, 1874-1875; War Office, 1875-1878; India Office, 1880-1882; led advance on Cairo after Battle of Tell al-Kebir, 1882; served in Egyptian Army, 1882-1886; assistant Inspector General of Fortifications, 1891; retired 1902; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1875-1916; knighted, 1905; died, London, 1916.

Born, 1786; educated, Merchant Taylors' School, 1793-; briefly articled to a London solicitor; joined the army as a volunteer, 1811 and served in the Peninsula and in Belgium; instructor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1818; led the expedition to trace the course of the Niger, 1822-1825; fellow of the Royal Society; appointment to reorganize the Liberated African department, Sierra Leone, 1827-1828; died, 1828.

Publications: Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa (1826)

Born, 1813; studied medicine at Edinburgh, 1829; licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1833; surgeon of the Hudson's Bay Company's ship Prince of Wales, Jun 1833; surgeon at Moose Factory, the company post on James Bay, 1834-1844; lead an expedition to complete the survey of the northern coastline of North America, 1844-1847; chief trader, 1847; joined Sir John Richardson to search for Sir John Franklin, 1848-1849; chief factor, 1850; resumed the search for Franklin at the Admiralty's request, 1851; founder's gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1852; Fellow of the RGS, 1853-1893; led expedition to complete the survey of the north coast of America along the west coast of the Boothia peninsula, 1853-1854 - on this expedition he was the first to hear news of Franklin's fate; retired, 1856; served on the Council of the RGS on four occasions; died, 1893.

Born, 1813; employed in a mill as a 'piecer', 1823; became involved with the London Missionary Society in 1838 and undertook a probationary year of scriptural studies to a clergyman in Chipping Ongar, Essex; moved to London for lectures on anatomy and medicine, 1840; licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1840; ordained, Nov 1840; missionary in South Africa, 1841-1852; discovered Lake Ngami, 1849; crossing of Africa, 1852-1856; returned to Britain, 1856-1858; Royal Geographical Society gold medal, 1856; fellow of the Royal Society, 1858; Zambezi expedition, 1858-1864; in Britain, 1864-1865; returned to Africa for further expeditions, 1866-1873; died, 1873.

Born, 1852; educated, Charterhouse -1869; appointment in the Indian Telegraph Service, on the Perso-Baluch coast of the Persian Gulf, 1869-1876; explored the interior of Baluchistan, 1876; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1876-1903; Inspector General of Egyptian Telegraphs; surveying expedition in the Egyptian desert, 1887; commander of another expedition in the Egyptian desert, 1891; died, 1903.

Born, 1865; educated Cambridge University; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1886-1949; took cources in surveying, geology and botany; took part in a scheme for settling Santals in Bengal Duars, India; joined staff of RGS, 1894; Librarian of the RGS, 1901-1934; Research Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1933; RGS Victoria Medal, 1934; Librarian Emeritus, 1934-1949; died, 1949.

John Balleny was the English captain of a whaling schooner, the ELIZA SCOTT, who led an commercial voyage of discovery, hoping to find new lands and sealing grounds for the English whaling firm Enderby Brothers to the Antarctic in 1838-1839. Balleny, sailing in company with Thomas Freeman and the SABRINA, sailed into the Southern Ocean along a corridor of longitude centering on the line of 175°E., south of New Zealand. During their voyage they discovered the Balleny Islands, Feb 1839, and caught a brief sight of Antarctica itself at 64°58'S., 121°08'E.

John Balleny was born c 1770; may have been a Londoner, brought up in the Newcastle coal trade; from 1798, he is occasionally recorded in the coasting, home, and foreign trades as master of various vessels; master of the ELIZA SCOTT, 1838; died in or after 1842.

Born 1870, Edward Laidlaw Thomson was a Scot who was employed with the African Lakes Company on a new coffee plantation in [Malawi] c 1893-1897. Died, 1897.

Born, 1895; formally educated at Eton College and, for a year, at Balliol College, Oxford, which he left in Sep 1914 to join the Royal Field Artillery; served in France, 1914-1915; seconded to intelligence duties in Italy, 1916; staff officer in the Middle East and served in Libya, Sinai, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria; staff captain, Arab bureau, Damascus; joined the diplomatic service, 1919-1924; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1921-1978; journey in the southern Sahara, 1922; worked on the Stock Exchange, 1926-1929; journey in the southern Sahara, 1927; RGS's Cuthbert Peek award, 1927; RGS founder's medal, 1929; Bank of England, 1929-1932, (two years of which he was seconded to the Bank for International Settlements at Basel); merchant bank Morgan, Grenfell and Co.,1933-1967; Ministry of Economic Warfare, 1939; civil affairs administration, for the Middle East, east Africa, and Italy, 1942; President of the RGS, 1945-1948; member of the board of the British Overseas Airways Corporation, 1954-1965; RGS Honorary Member, 1971; died, 1978.

Educated Harrow and RMA Woolwich. Commissioned in Royal Engineers, 1890. Survey of India 1897-1925. Served in the Somaliland Field Force (1903-1904) and in Mesopotamia (1916-1918). Retired 1925 and worked with Sudan Air Survey 1929-1930. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1919-1929.

Gertrude Caton-Thompson was born in London on 1 February 1888; educated privately and at the Links School, Eastbourne; employed by the Ministry of Shipping and promoted to a senior secretarial post in which she attended the Paris peace conference, 1917. She declined a permanent appointment in the civil service, and in 1921, aged thirty-three and with none of the usual qualifications, began archaeological studies under the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie at University College, London, joining his excavations at Abydos in Upper Egypt that winter. Caton-Thompson spent the next year at Newnham College; returned to Egypt in 1924 and joined Petrie and Guy Brunton at Qau el Kibir. While they concentrated their excavations on predynastic cemeteries she had concluded, well ahead of her time, that settlement sites would be more informative, embarking on her own excavations on the site of a predynastic village at Hamamiyyah, she made the first discovery of remains of the very early Badarian civilization.

In 1925 Caton-Thompson travelled to north-western Egypt and the desert margins of Lake El Faiyûm, accompanied by the Oxford geologist Elinor Gardner, to assist in an attempt to correlate lake levels with archaeological stratification discovering two unknown neolithic cultures which proved later to be related to the Khartoum neolithic. In 1929 Caton-Thompson received an invitation from the British Association for the Advancement of Science to investigate the great monumental ruins at Zimbabwe in southern Africa; confirmed the conclusion reached by David Randall-MacIver in 1905 that they belonged to an indigenous African culture and were not, as widely believed, of oriental origin and was also able to date the ruins back to the eighth or ninth century AD and to produce evidence of Zimbabwe's links with Indian Ocean trade.

Caton-Thompson's last excavations, in 1937, were at al-Huraydah in the Hadhramaut, southern Arabia, where she excavated the Moon Temple and tombs of the fifth and fourth centuries BC. They were the first scientific excavations in southern Arabia. Caton-Thompson retired from fieldwork after the World War Two and from her home in Cambridge pursued her research activities and visited excavations in east Africa. In 1961, she became a founding member of the British School of History and Archaeology in East Africa (later the British Institute in Eastern Africa), served on its council for ten years, and was later elected an honorary member. She received an honorary fellowship of Newnham College, Cambridge, and an honorary LittD (1954); Fellow of Royal Geographical Society 1934-1939; Fellow of the British Academy in 1944 and a Fellow of University College, London. She died on 18 April 1985.

Born, 1849; educated, King Edwards School, Birmingham; missionary work for the Baptist Missionary Society, Kamerun, 1878; transferred to the Congo; founded the station in Manyanga, 1882; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1882-1906; explored the Congo river; Royal Geographical Society Patrons medal, 1887; died, 1906.

Geoffrey Pratt was a geophysicist on the 1955-1958 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition team.

Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell was born at Washington Hall, County Durham, on 14 July 1868; educated at Queen's College, Harley Street, London, a leading girls' school, and at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, which she entered in April 1886 and after only two years, she gained a first in modern history in 1888. After completing her studies, Bell was sent by her family on a European tour, staying in Bucharest during 1888-1889; visited Constantinople early in 1889, returning to England later that year. The following three years were divided between the family home in Redcar and London. Bell later visited Persia in 1892 and on her return to England she was persuaded to publish, anonymously, a series of her travel sketches adapted from her letters, Safar Nameh, Persian Pictures (1894). During the 1890s Bell undertook travels to France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. In the summers of 1899-1904, with the brothers Ulrich and Heinrich Fuhrer as guides, she undertook a series of expeditions in the Alps, tacking the Meije in August 1899 and Mont Blanc in the following summer. She became attracted to travelling in the East and including visits to Syria and Jerusalem and began publishing her accounts of her journeys. She undertook many expeditions including a number with archaeologist, Sir William Ramsay.

Bell was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in June 1913 soon after membership was opened to women. In Basrah in June 1916 she joined the staff of Sir Percy Cox, chief political officer with the expeditionary force, and was appointed assistant political officer, the only woman to hold formal rank within the force. Early in 1916 Bell was summoned to India and asked by Lord Hardinge to proceed to Basrah on a liaison mission as the viceroy's personal envoy in order to assess the effects of the Arab Bureau's schemes, whose approach differed from the India Office's imperial policy. After the capture of Baghdad from the Turks by Lieutenant-General Sir Stanley Maude in March 1917, Bell continued to act as Cox's right hand in the civil administration of Mesopotamia, as his oriental secretary in charge of daily contacts with the population. Sir Percy Cox became British high commissioner in October 1920 and enhanced the role for Bell as oriental secretary, a position she held under him and his successor until her death. Gertrude Bell's position in Iraq was eroded after Iraq's new constitution (1924) and administrative structures replaced the old, colonial order. She was often at odds with Cox's successor, Sir Henry Dobbs.

In 1917 she was appointed CBE; became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1913-1926 and received the RGS Founders Medal 1918. Bell died in Baghdad, July 1926 and was buried on the evening of the 12th in the British military cemetery there.

Gerald Roe Crone was born in Willesden on 16 September 1899; educated at Kilburn Grammar School, 1910-1917 and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in history. Crone spent one year working at Trinity College Library before beginning work at the Royal Geographical Society from 1923. He was proposed for a Fellowship by the Librarian Edward Heawood in 1934, and during World War Two it was Crone who largely facilitated the continued running of the Society. Crone was appointed Librarian and Map Curator in 1945; received the Murchison Grant in 1954 and was presented with the Victoria Medal in 1966 for 'outstanding contributions ... to the history of cartography and to the history of geographical thought'. He was a member of the International Geographical Union's Commission on Ancient Maps and played a significant role in Imago Mundi. Crowe died 6 October 1982.

Baptised, 1831; Royal Naval School, New Cross; entered the Royal Navy, 1845; midshipman in HMS CANOPUS; joined the HAVANNAH on the Australian station, 1848-1851; mate on HMS RESOLUTE, part of the Franklin search expedition under Sir Edward Belcher, 1852-1854; returned to England, 1854; served for two years in the Mediterranean in the CONQUEROR; joined the staff of the training ship ILLUSTRIOUS, 1858; joined the BRITANNIA, 1859; commander of the training ship BOSCAWEN, 1863; appointment to the paddle steamer SALAMANDER on the east coast of Australia, 1865; commander of the NEWPORT for hydrographical work in the Mediterranean, which included a survey of the Gulf of Suez via the Suez Canal, 1868; further hydrographical work in the SHEARWATER, 1871-1872; captain of HMS CHALLENGER, on a voyage of circumnavigation devoted to oceanographic exploration, 1872-1874; led the British Arctic expedition of 1875-1876, in the vessels ALBERT and DISCOVERY; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society , 1875; RGS Founder's medal, 1877; command of the ALERT during the survey of the Strait of Magellan, 1878; harbour department of the Board of Trade, 1879-1896; retired from active service, 1886; died, 1915.

Publications: The Naval Cadet's Guide (1860)
A Voyage to the Polar Sea (1878).

Born, 1848; entered the Navy, 1862; served on HMS LONDON engaged in suppressing the slave trade on the East Coast of Africa, 1875-1879; qualified as interpreter in Swahili; British Consul at Mozambique, 1879; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1881-1925; explored interior of Mozambique, 1882-1885; returned to England, 1885; RGS Patron's Medal, 1885; Consul at Leghorn; Consul at Rouen; retired, 1899; died, 1925.

Born, 1858; Studied as an artist and zoologist; explored Central Africa 1882-1884; became British Consul in Cameroon and then Mozambique; British Commissioner for South Central Africa; KCB 1896; retired 1901; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1883-1927; RGS Founder's Medal 1904; Council Member and Vice President; died, 1927.

Born 1862; lived in the Congo Free State (Zaire), 1884-1889; member of Henry M Stanley's Emin Pasha Relief Expedition to the Congo, 1886-1889; returned to Europe, where he lectured and wrote on his experiences in the Congo Free State, 1889; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1919; began formal art training, 1893 including studying sculpting in Paris; became a sculptor, creating bronzes of Africans and African life; died 1919.

Served in the South African War and later qualified as military interpreter in French; taught geography in London and from 1910-1913 at Glenalmond; ADC to Governor of Sierre Leone 1914; killed in action in Cameroon, 1915; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1907-1915.

Born John Rowlands, Wales, 1841; St Asaph Workhouse, 1847-1856; ran away to sea, 1858, and landed in New Orleans, here he changed his name to Henry Morton Stanley; joined the Confererate Army, 1861; enlisted in the Union Army; served as a clerk at the frigate Minnesota, 1864; worked as a free-lance journalist; newspaper correspondent, Turkey and Asia Minor; special correspondent for the New York Herald, 1867-1868; expedition to East Africa to find Livingstone, 1871; Royal Geographical Society (RGS), Patron's Medal, 1872; expedition to central Africa, 1874-1877; Honorary Fellow of the RGS, 1878-1904; lecturing tour in the United States, 1886; led the relief expedition in search of Emin Pasha, 1886-1890; sat in Parliament, 1895-1900; died, 1904.

Born 1885; educated Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, 1904; Indian Civil Service; posted to the Punjab, 1908; civilian administrator, Mesopotamian expeditionary force, 1915; personal assistant to Percy Cox; head of a mission to Ibn Sa'ud, ruler of the Nejd in central Arabia, 1917; long leave in England; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1919-1960; RGS Gold Medallist - Founder's Medal, 1920; recalled to Baghdad to help with the administration of the new state of Iraq; British representative in Transjordan, 1921-1924; left public service, 1925; settled in Jiddah, founded a trading company, Sharqieh Ltd, and became a close friend and an unofficial adviser of Ibn Sa'ud; made a series of explorations, of which the greatest was his crossing of the Empty Quarter,1932; converted to Islam and assumed the name Saudis Sheikh Abdullah, 1930; stood as an anti-war candidate in a by-election in Hythe, 1939; arrested in Bombay, taken to England, and imprisoned briefly under wartime regulations, 1940; involved for a time with the Common Wealth party; returned to Arabia; after the death of Ibn Sa'ud in 1953 his outspoken criticisms of the extravagance and corruption under the new king led in 1955 to his exile in the Lebanese village of Ajaltun; died, 1960.

Born, 1806; educated for the evangelical ministry; joined the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society on its foundation, 1839 and helped to direct the attention of the Society to the hitherto neglected trans-Saharan and Mediterranean slave trade; undertook two missions in North Africa and the Sahara to gather information and statistics on slavery for the Anti-Slavery Society, 1842-1846; died on a third expedition to explore Lake Chad, 1851.

Born, 1829; entered the Royal Navy, 1841; served on the QUEEN, flagship of Sir Edward Owen in the Mediterranean; served on the PENELOPE off the west coast of Africa; Lt, 1851; appointed to the ROYALIST in the East Indies, 1852; moved to the SPHINX, and took part in the action near Donabew in Burma and was wounded, 4 Feb 1853; returned to England, 1853; appointed to the ROYAL GEORGE, 1853; first lieutenant of the paddle-sloop ROSAMOND, in which he served in the Baltic in the Crimean War, 1854; commander of the OTTER, 1855-1857; volunteered for Dr William Balfour Baikie's second ascent of the River Niger, 1857; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1857-1885; returned to England and was appointed to the ARROGANT, going out as flagship off the west coast of Africa, 1861; Commander, 1862; Colonial administration, Lagos: Secretary, 1864-1866 and Administrator, 1866-1872; Special Commissioner to the Eastern District of the Gold Coast, 1873; Governor of Newfoundland, 1876-1881; naval retired list with the rank of Captain, 1877; Governor of the Leeward Islands, 1881-1883; Governor of Newfoundland, 1883-1885; died, 1885.

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). Since 1831 the Society has published a Journal, initially containing the principal papers read at the Society's evening meetings and abstracts of Geographical works published elsewhere, it is now a refereed academic publication. The journal has appeared under various titles: Journal of the RGS (JRGS) 1831-1880; Proceedings of the RGS (PRGS) 1857-1878; Proceedings of the RGS (New Series) (PRGS (NS)) 1879-1892; Supplementary Papers (1882-1893); and the Geographical Journal (GJ) 1893 onwards. At first edited by the Secretary of the Society, the preparation and editing of these journals is currently carried out by the Geographical Journal Office.

Born, 1817; sheriff of Waterford, 1844; served in the Waterford militia; hunting expedition among the native people of western and north-western America, 1847; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1867; led expedition in Canada to trace the course of the Southern Saskatchewan, evaluate the region for settlement, and exploring the Rockies for a southerly pass to British Columbia, 1857-1860; patron's gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859; died, 1887.

Publications: Adventures of a Hunter in the Prairies (1853)

Born, 1820; educated at private schools in King's Lynn; apprenticed to a painter of heraldic arms on coach panels; began sketching marine subjects; sailed for Cape Town, where he practised his trade, 1842-1845; became a marine and portrait painter, 1845; official war artist to the British forces during the Cape Frontier War, 1851-1852; returned to England and worked for the Royal Geographical Society, 1853; joined Augustus Gregory's expedition to north-west Australia, 1855; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1857-1875; storekeeper and artist to David Livingstone's expedition to open up the Zambezi for trade, 1857; joined James Chapman on an expedition from the south-west coast of Africa to the Victoria Falls, 1861; returned to England to write and lecture before going back to southern Africa to lead an expedition which successfully secured concessions for a gold mining company; testimonial gold watch by the Royal Geographical Society, 1873; continued to travel in southern Africa, surveying, drawing, and painting; died, 1875.

Born, 1858; educated, Edinburgh University, 1875-1878; geologist and naturalist to an expedition under Alexander Keith Johnston the younger, sent by the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) to open up a road from Dar es Salaam to lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, 1878-1880; Fellow of the RGS, 1881-1895; RGS expedition to find a route between the seaboard of eastern Africa and the northern shores of Lake Victoria, 1883-1884; RGS Founder's Medal, 1885; expedition for the National African Company to gain territorial and trading privileges, 1885; expedition in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, 1888; treaty making expedition to Katanga (Shaba) for the British South Africa Company, 1890; died, 1895.

Born, 1826; Addiscombe, 1844; appointed to Bombay Engineers, 1846; military reconnaissance of the Trans-Indus region from Peshawar to Dera Ismail Khan, 1849-1853; assistant in the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, 1853; Mahsud Waziri expedition, 1860; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1859-1896; Superintendent of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, 1861-1883; Surveyor-General of India, 1869-1883; retired, 1883; RGS Council member, 1885; President of the Geographical Section of the British Association at Aberdeen; died, 1896.

Unknown

The North Australian Expedition explored North Australia from the Victoria River to Brisbane, 1855-1857. It was led by Augustus Charles Gregory (1819-1905) and was partly sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society.

Born, 1844; educated in London, Paris, and Dresden; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1865; studied geography and surveying under the RGS's instructors; employed by merchant house, Barnet and Co., Shanghai, 1866; three expeditions to determine the new course of the Huang He or Yellow River, 1867, 1868, and 1869; crossed the Gobi Desert, 1872; founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1873; Member of the Council of the RGS; engaged by the Government of India, 1874; second in command of the overland mission from Burma to China; attached to Robert Shaw's abortive mission to Kashgar, 1877; joint commissioner of Ladakh; expedition over the Karakoram, 1879; visits to Kashgar, 1880 and 1885; special duty in connection with the Sikkim War, 1888-1889; first-class political agent, took command of a mission to report on the political geography and condition of the Shan States on the Burma-Siam frontier, 1889; agent to the Governor-General at Mashhad and Consul-General for Khorasan and Seitan, 1891; retired, 1896; died, 1897.