'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.
When the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government which was supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain. This was led by the rebel Nationalists and supported not only by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners but by the fascist Falange. In contrast, the ruling Republican government was supported by workers, a large number of the educated middle class, militant anarchists and communists. Government forces successfully quelled the uprising in most regions except in parts of NW and SW Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named General Franco (1892-1975) head of state. During the Civil War, both sides repressed opposition, executing and assassinating a combined total of over 50,000 suspected enemies . The Republicans, who were also known as Loyalists, were largely provided with military material by the Soviet Union, and were further supported by the volunteer force of the International Brigade. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, with Madrid finally falling to the Nationalists on March 28. The war's end brought with it a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.
The creation of the London Passenger Transport Board (known as London Transport or LT) in 1933 brought all bus, tram, trolleybus and Underground services under a single body. The 1937 strike was protesting about conditions of work for the bus drivers and conductors, notably hours of work, rates of pay and a proposed speed-up of London buses.
Information not available.
Switzerland is divided into 23 cantons, each of which has two delegates in the upper house of the federal parliament. In 1792, the Napoleonic Wars were about to break out, with France ranged against various coalitions of European countries: in 1798, the French armies marched into Switzerland and established a Helvetic Republic, though this was disbanded when Switzerland regained her independence in 1803.Jean Marie Cécile Valentin-Duplantier (1758-1814) was appointed Prefect of the area of Landes, South-West France, in 1802. He was based in Mont-de-Marsan, and established several experimental agricultural schemes in the area.
Born in 1789, John Ramsay McCulloch was a prolific Scottish journalist, and one of the most ardent and doctrinaire expositors of the Classical Ricardian School of economics. He was economics editor for the whiggish Edinburgh Review, and used this platform to popularize Classical theories and promote the repeal of the Corn Laws. McCulloch was also the editor of the 1828 edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the 1846 edition of David Ricardo's Works, and composed some of the earliest accounts of the history of economic thought. His main work was Principles (1825), perhaps the first successful "serious" textbook in economics.McCulloch served as a professor in political economy at University College, London from 1828 to 1832. In the later part of his life, he became the Comptroller of HM Stationary Office. He died in 1864.
The Post Office began to consider the benefits of introducing automatic data processing (ADP) in the 1950s. The first large scale application of a computerised system to Post Office operations was the introduction of the LEAPS system (London Electronic Agency for Pay and Statistics) in 1958. Prior to this, computers had been used in remittance work and postmaster balancing work, as well as in the Post Office Savings Bank.
The LEAPS system was introduced to replace the manual preparation of pay. Two Elliot 405 computers were developed and used for payroll, pensions and statistical work; this meant that the Post Office was now one of the largest users of ADP equipment in the UK.
Gradually, computer applications and ADP systems were proposed and introduced throughout the organisation. In 1961, the Post Office looked at ten areas of Head Post Office work where ADP could be applied. The areas considered were: mail circulation; delivery and collection planning; motor transport scheduling; payroll and staff; postal staff planning and control; cash accounting by counter machine; broadcast receiving licences; postal costing; income and expenditure accounting. A review was undertaken and it was decided to proceed with computer application in all these areas. Eventually, ADP and the use of computer applications and systems were applied to all aspects of postal work.
Several factors had to be considered each time a new proposal for a computer application/system was thought up - the Post Office had to consider whether or not it was profitable to introduce the new system and if there was an urgent need for it, as well as the practicialities of implementation and optimum timing. They also had to think about the effect it would have on the public and on Post Office staff as, inevitably, the introduction of ADP and computer applications meant that fewer staff were needed.
Up until 1969, the Post Office was a government department. Its change of status brought in legislation, namely the Post Office Data Processing Act, 1967 (see related material) which enabled the establishment of the Data Processing Service. The Data Processing Service had two arms - the Post Office Data Processing Service (PODPS) which provided ADP services and support to the Post Office and the National Data Processing Service which worked for external customers.
While the 1960s saw the Post Office considering ways of introducing ADP, the following decades saw the increasing use of computers in Post Office work, particularly in the 1980s with various plans to implement and improve computer systems for data capture and streamlining data processing methods. The counter automation project in the 1980s (which looked at the possibility of introducing a computer system to record cash transactions at local offices) is just one example.
The 1980s also saw the Post Office's Information Technology Department informing people of their work and developing IT strategies; the work resulted in the introduction of several computer systems to assist with the day to day running of the Post Office.
Around 1990 the Information Technology Business of the Post Office became known as 'iT'.
In the following passage of writing, a selection of the major Acts of Parliament that have affected the Post Office over the centuries, and that can be found within this class of records, are described in a little more detail.
An Act for the Settling of the Postage of England, Scotland and Ireland 1657 (POST 114/1):
In 1635, Charles I made the Royal Posts officially available for public use for the first time. Unlike Charles, this service survived the Civil War and in 1657, Oliver Cromwell's parliament passed an Act that established a number of important principles that would guide the early Post Office during its subsequent expansion. On the second page of the Act is the following passage: 'Be it enacted by his highness the Lord Protector and the parliament… that from henceforth there be one general office to be called and known by the name of the Post Office of England'. And so the General Post Office (GPO) came into being. The Act established the position of Postmaster General (which remained the head Post Office position until the role was eventually abolished with the Post Office Act of 1969) and rates of postage were also set forth. To send one letter anywhere within 80 miles of London cost two pence; to Scotland, four pence; and to send a letter as far as towns in France, or even to Constantinople, cost one shilling. Finally, the Act claimed for the Crown the sole right to offer a postal service within the British Isles, establishing a state monopoly that would survive until the new millennium. Any person or organisation found to be offering postal services without the proper authority could be fined £1000 for each month the service was active (p.10). There have been numerous subsequent Acts of parliament that have modified the terms of this monopoly, such as the 1837 Post Office Management Act and Post Office Offences Act (POST 114/5).
Conveyance of Mail Acts: Mail Coaches (1790) and Railways (1838) (POST 114/52 and 53):
In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the Post Office introduced a new method of conveying letters and parcels across Britain that greatly contributed to a growth and improvement of postal services and an expansion of the organisation. A system of mail coaches was developed that became the principal method of conveyance of mails until trains came to dominate from the 1840s onwards. The Stage Coach Act of 1790 laid down rules for the new system. Turnpike charges, the number of horses per carriage, the number of passengers per carriage, fines for mail guards who unnecessarily fired their issued guns and other details were set forth. The champion of the new mail coaches was John Palmer who was the first to see that armed mail coaches travelling on improved roads according to a precise timetable could make postal communications more efficient. This it did, and it was the first of a number of significant transportation changes that would facilitate great leaps in the growth of mail volumes that could be effectively handled by the Post Office. The mail coach system eventually passed away as the trains of the industrial revolution became the prime method of transporting the mails over distance. The Conveyance of Mails by railways Act of 1838 gave the Postmaster General the authority to require railway companies to carry mails at the direction of the Post Office in return for suitable payment, with fines imposed upon companies who refused. The Royal Arms were to be painted on these carriages and from the early 1840s, Travelling Post Offices (TPO) - trains that would carry the mails and staff to sort them whilst in transit - began to run, with over 100 in operation by the end of the century. Further Railway Acts with various amendments were passed in 1844 and 1868.
Superannuation Act 1859 (Post 114/105)
State pensions could be claimed at the age of 70 from 1908 and this marked the beginning of improved welfare provisions in Britain aimed at tackling the poverty and hardships that had been perennially associated with old age. For much of the nineteenth century, those who became too old to work had to rely on the meagre provisions of family, charity and the Poor Law to survive and in this respect, the Superannuation Act of 19 April 1859 meant that working for the Post Office as an established employee became a vocation coveted for the financial securities it offered later in life. From this date, pensions were paid to employees after at least ten years service at one-sixtieth of retirement pay, rising to a maximum of four-sixths. Those who retired earlier than age 60 for health reasons could expect to receive one month's pay for each year of service. Further pensions acts were passed by parliament through the nineteenth century (also reproduced in this volume; see also POST 114/106), which expanded upon the provisions of the landmark 1859 act and added various adjustments to pension and gratuity entitlement. From 1909, standard pension entitlement was slightly reduced, but a lump sum to the value of one-thirtieth of retirement pay was added, in addition to other entitlements such as a gratuity worth one year's wages paid to the family of an employee who died in service.
Savings Bank Act 1861 (POST 114/89)
By the mid-nineteenth century the debate about the role the state should play in the country's personal banking had grown in importance. The old Trustee Savings Banks handed their takings to the government for investment and received a fixed yearly dividend in return. This system did not facilitate small savings and depositors often had to travel a great distance to use such services. Although Rowland Hill, who was still secretary of the Post Office at the end of the 1850s, opposed further state (Post Office) intervention into financial services, others such as Frank Scudamore and John Tilley favoured the introduction of a set of reforms that would see the department take primary responsibility in administrating a personal savings facility. In 1861, having been introduced by Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, the Savings Bank Act was passed by the Palmerston Government and business began on 16 September. What was new about the service was that it was state-run and therefore enjoyed high security; deposits and withdrawals could be made at different post offices for one account by using a 'depositor's book'; small sums under one pound could be deposited; and account holders received a dividend equivalent to the value of interest accrued by state investment of their money, rather than a fixed rate. This meant that poorer people could now more easily use such services and the Post Office Savings Bank grew rapidly. In 1862, 178,000 accounts held £1.7m and by the turn of the century these figures had risen to 8.5m accounts and £136m in deposits (note that many people, as well as clubs and societies, held numerous accounts). Banking services remained an important part of the Post Office. In 1969, the service became known as National Savings.
Post Office Act 1969 (POST 114/14)
The Post Office Act of 1969 is one of the landmark events in the history of the organisation during the twentieth century. By this time, the Post Office, still a department of government, had acquired full responsibility for running an array of national services including postal communications, the ever-growing telephone system, a national savings bank (including National GIRO, introduced in 1968), pensions and much else besides. When the 1969 legislation came into effect on 1 October, it made a number of significant changes. Firstly, the Post Office ceased to be a government department and became a public corporation with all of its shares owned by the government. Organisational changes to this effect had been underway since the beginning of the decade and by 1969 it had been generally accepted that the new corporate status was necessary for the organisation to become a profitable entity in the post-war economy. This meant that the historic position of Postmaster General was abolished and a new Post Office Board reported to the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, a newly established ministerial position. Secondly, this legislation effectively divided the organisation into two distinct businesses: posts and telecommunications. It was felt that this would ensure a more efficient service for both and facilitate the ongoing modernisation that it was hoped would improve the profit margins of the Post Office as a whole. In reality, the Post Office Act of 1969 paved the way for the telecommunications side of the business to be separated from Post Office management entirely and it was eventually privatised in the early 1980s. The Act itself is 264 pages long and addresses other issues such as finance, banking, pensions, stamps and the status of the Post Office's postal and telecommunications monopoly.
Until 1969 the General Post Office was a government department and its expenditure was controlled by the Treasury. The Receiver General was an independent appointment, designed to remove all responsibilities for cash from the hands of the Postmaster General.
Merchant Shipping: Logs - East India Company
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Microfilms
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Photographs
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Photostats
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Transcripts
Christopher Wood was born in Knowsley, near Liverpool on 7 April 1901, the son of Mrs Clare and Dr Lucius Wood, a GP. At fourteen, Wood began to draw during recuperation from septicaemia, and went on to study architecture briefly at Liverpool University, 1919-20. In London in 1920, the French collector Alphonse Kahn invited him to Paris, where Wood studied painting at the Academie Julian in 1921. He entered effortlessly into artistic circles, meeting Augustus John and the Chilean diplomat Antonio de Gandarillas, with whom he began to live. As well as providing financial support, Gandarillas introduced Wood to Picasso, Georges Auric and Jean Cocteau, and to the use of opium. Wood became a member of the London Group in 1926 and the Seven and Five Society between 1926-30. He exhibited with Ben and Winifred Nicholson at the Beaux Arts Gallery during April-May 1927, and became close to them personally and artistically. Winifred in particular was supportive in the aftermath of his failed elopement with the painter and heiress Meraud Guinness (subsequently Meraud Guevara). He painted with the Nicholsons at their home 'Banks Head' in Cumberland and in Cornwall in 1928. On a trip to St Ives, he and Ben Nicholson encountered the fisherman painter Alfred Wallis, whose work answered a shared interest in 'primitive' expression and helped Wood to establish a personal style. By this time he was in a close personal relationship with the Russian emigre, Frosca Munster, who accompanied him on his subsequent painting trips to Brittany.His solo exhibition at Tooth's Gallery in April 1929, was followed by an exhibition with Nicholson at the Galerie Bernheim in Paris, May 1930, in which Wood showed paintings made in Brittany in 1929. The results of a second stay in Brittany during June-July 1930, were intended to be shown at the Wertheim Gallery, London in October. Travelling with his paintings, Wood met his mother in Salisbury on 21 August 1930. Possibly believing himself pursued (an effect of withdrawal from opium), he threw himself under the London train and was killed.
Dora Carrington, fourth child of a family of five, was born at Hereford in 1893. In 1903, the family moved to Bedford where Dora Carrington attended Bedford School for Girls excelling at art. Encouraged by the headmistress, Carrington was successful in gaining a place at the Slade School of Fine Art in 1910. Her contemporaries included Mark Gertler, C.R.W. Nevinson, Dorothy Brett, Barbara Bagenal, Stanley Spencer, David Bomberg, and the Nash brothers. Dora Carrington won a number of prizes at the Slade for figure composition, figure painting and painting from the cast. 1914 was a year of upheaval as Dora Carrington left the Slade and the family moved to Ibthorpe House, Hurstbourne Tarrant, near Andover. During the following year, Dora Carrington became a frequent visitor to Garsington Manor, the home of Lady Ottoline and Philip Morrell and in December, met Lytton Strachey at Leonard and Virginia Woolf's house in Sussex. Through a legacy of £20 from a family friend, Dr Roberts, Dora Carrington was able to take a studio at 16 Yeoman's Row, London SW3 in the Spring of 1916; moving again in September to the 'Ark', 3 Gower Street, London W1. However, after a holiday with Lytton Strachey, Barbara Hiles and her fiancee Nicholas Bagenal in Wales over the summer, Dora Carrington started looking for a house for herself and Lytton. In October of that year, 'Mendel' a book by Gilbert Cannan was published which gave an account of Carrington and Gertler's relationship; their affair ended after Gertler attacked Lytton in the street in February 1918. Prior to this and after much searching, Dora Carrington and Lytton found a house, in November 1917, at Tidmarsh Mill, near Pangbourne, Berkshire.
In the summer of 1918, John Hope Johnstone introduced Dora Carrington to Ralph Partridge who soon became a frequent visitor to Tidmarsh Mill. Carrington was able to retain a certain amount of financial independence through a small legacy that her father, who died in December 1918, left her in his will. Lytton had quickly established his reputation and financial security with the publication, in May, of 'Eminent Victorians'. After a walking tour of Spain with her brother Noel and Ralph, during Easter 1919, Carrington and Ralph became lovers. In May, Carrington met Gerald Brenan, Ralph's best friend and they began to correspond. Carrington visited Gerald Brenan in Yegen, Granada in April 1920 with Ralph and Lytton. Later that month, Ralph and Carrington took on the first floor flat in James Strachey's house at 41 Gordon Square, for a trial period, with weekends at Tidmarsh. On 21 May 1921 Dora Carrington and Ralph married followed by a honeymoon in Venice; joined by Lytton for a second week of touring. In July, Gerald visited Tidmarsh and an intimacy with Dora Carrington began. In November, 'Chrome Yellow' a satire on Garsington by Aldous Huxley was published. In 1922 Ralph met Frances Marshall for the first time at the Birrell & Garnett bookshop. By March 1922, Ralph had begun an affair with Valentine Dobree, whilst Carrington's unconsummated affair with Gerald became public in May. Following Gerald's return to Spain, Carrington was forbidden by Ralph to contact him again until November. Dora Carrington continued to spend time abroad with Lytton and friends, travelling to Tunis, Marseilles, Vermenton and in 1923 Paris, where she visited the Louvre. This year also saw Carrington begin her tinselled paintings on glass. By October, Carrington, Lytton and Ralph had found another house, Ham Spray in Wiltshire, which the latter two purchased in January 1924. In the preceeding month, there was a reconciliation in Spain between Ralph, Gerald and Carrington. On their way back through France, Frances Marshall fell in love with Ralph; Dora Carrington acted as chaperone. Lytton's play 'The Son of Heaven' (1912), with costume designs by Carrington, was performed at the Scala Theatre, London in July 1925. By the following year Frances Marshall had moved into 41 Gordon Square so that Ralph could join her there; Lytton was to rent a ground-floor room in 1927. Dora Carrington started the decoration of George Ryland's room at King's College, Cambridge in January 1928. This year saw the end of her affair with Gerald and the beginning of her friendship with Beakus Penrose. Dora Carrington continued her trips abroad over this period visiting France and the Netherlands with Lytton, Ralph and Sebastian Sprott. In November 1929 Dora Carrington discovered that she was pregnant by Beakus Penrose and had an abortion. Dora Carrington painted her last work, a trompe l'oeil window for Bryan and Diana Guiness in October 1931. By November, Lytton had become gravely ill, dying on 21 January 1932, aged 52. Carrington had attempted suicide a few hours earlier. At the age of 38, Dora Carrington shot herself on 11 March 1932.
Born in Paris, France, 1925; educated at Lycée Henry IV and L'École Boulle, Paris; worked as a jewellery designer, Paris [1943]; called up for compulsory labour, Bergès sought to escape to Spain with the help of the Maquis, Jun 1944; severely wounded in the attempt by the Gestapo, near St Girons, France, 17 Jun 1944; treated for his wounds in local hospice, Jun-Jul 1944; left St Girons with Maquis from Toullouse, 13 Jul 1944; retired to Itxassou, near Biarritz, France [1996].
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Facsimiles
The Union Church, Putney was two churches, which joined in October 1900 - the Upper Richmond Road Union Church, and the Oxford Road Congregational Church. In 1972 the Church joined with the Presbyterian Church and became Putney United Reformed Church.
Later became known as the London Insurance Committee.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) is one of Russia's major writers and poets.
Bonds selected from those submitted by claimants against the Russian Compensation Fund after the final distribution from the Fund.
Joined Royal Naval Air Service, [1914]; served in UK, 1914-1915, Gallipoli, 1915, Bulgaria, 1915, and Egypt, 1916; imprisoned in Turkey; Group Capt, RAF, 1935; Air Attaché, Rome, 1935; Air Cdre, No 24 (Training) Group, RAF Station Halton, 1938.
Born in 1898; 2nd Lt, Lancashire Fusiliers, 1917; Lt, 1918; Capt, 1930; served in France and Belgium, 1917-1918; Maj, 1938; served in France, 1940.
Born in 1894; attended No 3 Flying Training School, RAF, 1929-1933; served with No 10 (Bomber) Sqn, 1933-1934, at RAF Depot, Middle East, 1934-1937, and with No 25 (Armament) Group, RAF Station, Eastchurch, 1938-1939.
Born in 1916; educated at Felsted School; 2nd Lt, Baluch Regt, Indian Army, 1940; served on North West Frontier, India, in Iraq and Persia and as General Staff Officer Grade 2, HQ Allied Land Forces South East Asia, Burma, 1940-1945; attended Staff College, Quetta, 1943; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, India Office, 1945; transferred to Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1946; Lt, 1946; Capt, 1946; Maj, 1952; Senior Instructor, Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps School, Melbourne, 1952-1954; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, HQ Aldershot District, 1954-1955; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Land Forces, Hong Kong, 1960-1962; Col, 1962; Assistant Adjutant General, Ministry of Defence, 1962-1965; Senior Provision Officer, Central Ordnance Depot, Bicester, 1965-1966; Brig, 1966; Director of Ordnance Services, Far East Land Forces, 1966-1969; Deputy Director of Ordnance Services, Ministry of Defence, 1969-1971; Maj Gen, 1971; Commander Base Organisation, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1971-1973; honorary Col, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve, 1971-1973; Col Commandant, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1975-1979; died in 1987.
Born in 1877; educated at Shrewsbury School; served in South Africa with 1 Bn, Manchester Regt, 1900-1901; Solicitor, Supreme Court, 1904; served in World War One in Egypt, 1914-1915, Gallipoli, 1915, and France; commanded 1/5 Bn, Manchester Regt, 1914-1920, and 127 Infantry Bde, 1920-1924; publication of Letters from Helles (Longmans, London, 1936); died in 1959.
Born 1916; educated at the City of Oxford School and St Catherine's College, Oxford; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; mobilised from Territorial Army, 1940; served in ranks, 1940; commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps, 1940; Adjutant, Royal Army Service Corps, 7 Armoured Div, Middle East Forces, 1940; acting Capt, 1940-1941; War Substantive Lt, 1941; temporary Capt, 1941-1942; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Headquarters 30 Corps, Middle East Forces, Western Desert, 1941-1942; Officer Commanding 66 Company, Royal Army Service Corps, Middle East Forces, 1942; War Substantive Capt, 1942; Chief Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Training School, Egypt, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1942-1943; temporary Maj, 1942-1944; attended Staff Course, Haifa, Palestine, 1943; General Staff Officer 2, Staff College, Haifa, Palestine, 1943-1944; acting Lt Col, 1944; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 1 Army Transport Column, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1944; War Substantive Maj, 1944; served in Italy, 1944-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1944-1947; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 13 Supply Units, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1945; Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Allied Forces Headquarters, 1945-1947; acting Col, 1946; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, War Office, 1947-1950; Officer Commanding 68 Company, Royal Army Service Corps (Air Despatch), British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1951-1952; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport (Organisation and Training), Headquarters, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1952; Assistant Adjutant General (Administration), Headquarters, Northern Army Group (Northag), BAOR (British Army of the Rhine), Germany, 1952-1953; temporary Lt Col, 1952-1954; Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Officers School, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1954-1956; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Headquarters, Cyrenaica District, Libya, Middle East Land Forces, 1956-1958; Brevet Lt Col, 1957; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 2 Infantry Div, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1958-1960; Lt Col, 1959; Col, 1960; Assistant Adjutant General to Maj Gen John Edward Longworth Morris, Director of Recruiting, War Office, 1960-1963; Brig, 1964; Deputy Director of Supply and Transport, Northern Command, 1964; Chief Transport Officer, Northern Command [1965-1966]; Inspector, Royal Corps of Transport and Deputy Transport Officer in Chief (Army), Ministry of Defence, 1966-1967; retired 1967; Home Bursar, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1967; Fellow, Institution of Mechanical and General Technician Engineers; Fellow, Chartered Institute of Transport; died 1998.