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Born, 1948; educated at Whitley Bay Grammar School, Northumberland, Manchester University, York University, and Nuffield College, Oxford; Teaching Assistant, York University, 1971-1972; Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University, 1974-1975; Research Associate, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1975-1976; Research Fellow, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1976-1978; Head of Policy Studies, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1978-1982; Professor of War Studies, King's College London, since 1982; Member of Council, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1984-1992; Honorary Director, Centre for Defence Studies, from 1990; Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1991; Fellow of King's College London, 1992; Chairman, Committee on International Peace and Security, US Social Science Research Council, from 1993; Fellow of the British Academy, 1995; awarded CBE, 1996, KCMG, 2003; Head of the School of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, from 2001.
Publications: US Intelligence and the Soviet strategic threat (Macmillan, London, 1977); Arms production in the United Kingdom: problems and prospects (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1978); The West and the modernisation of China (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1979); Britain and nuclear weapons (Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1980); The evolution of nuclear strategy (Macmillan in association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1981); Nuclear war and nuclear peace (1983); editor of The troubled alliance. Atlantic relations in the 1980s (Heinemann, London, 1983); Atlas of global strategy (Macmillan, London, 1985); The price of peace: living with the nuclear dilemma (Firethorn, London, 1986); Terrorism and international order (Routledge and Kegan Paul for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1986); Why is arms control so boring? (Council for Arms Control, London, 1987); Britain and the Falklands War (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988); edited with Philip Bobbitt and Gregory Treverton, US nuclear strategy: a reader (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1989); editor of Military power in Europe: essays in memory of Jonathan Alford (Macmillan in association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Basingstoke, 1990); with Virginia Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals of war: the Falklands conflict of 1982 (Faber and Faber, London, 1990); editor of Europe transformed: documents on the end of the Cold War (Tri-Service, London, 1990); editor with John Saunders, Population change and European security (Brassey's, London, 1991); editor with Michael Clarke, Britain in the world (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991); editor of War, strategy and international politics. Essays in honour of Sir Michael Howard (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992); with Efraim Karsh, The Gulf conflict, 1990-1991: diplomacy and war in the new world order (Faber and Faber, London, 1993); editor of War (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994); Military intervention in European conflicts (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994); The revolution in strategic affairs (Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford, 1998); editor of Strategic coercion: concepts and cases (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998); The politics of British defence, 1979-98 (Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1999); Kennedy's wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (Oxford University Press, New York, 2000).