Showing 572 results

Archival description
GB 0074 MXS · Collection · 1907-1982

Records of Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace, 1907-1982. Records relating to Justices of the Peace including registers of attendance of justices; Registers of Justices' oaths; Middlesex Victoria funds; Quarter Sessions Society; Chairman's notebooks; Society of Chairmen of Quarter Sessions; Justices' Property Committee; Conferences of Justices' draft minutes; official registrations; Justices' clerks' fees and accounts and lists of Justices of the Peace.

Records of the Court in session, including Sessions rolls; Court minutes; depositions; calendars; registers of cases; registers of appeals; general orders of the Court; probation reports and registers of probation orders; recogizances; Criminal Justice Act papers; County Day papers; records of convictions; register of cases committed for trial; oaths, bibles and swearing aids; case papers and registers under tuberculosis orders and standing orders of court and committees.

Administrative papers of the Quarter Sessions including prison reports; costs papers; maps and plans; accounts of fees and fines; papers of committees including the Parliamentary Committee, Petty Sessional Boundaries Committee, Rota Committee, County Confirming and Compensation Committee, London Area and Advisory Committee and Middlesex Sessions Area Administrative Committee; and Court year books.

Papers deposited with the Clerk of the Peace including highway diversions, register of fines and cost and jurors' books. Papers of the Clerk of the Peace including reference files; papers relating to ceremonial occasions and receipt book. Also financial accounts of the County Treasurer.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 MSJ · Collection · 1774-1915

Records of Middlesex Quarter Sessions relating to Petty Sessions and summary jurisdiction, 1774-1915. Generally, records of summary jurisdiction and petty sessions are not regularly found before the mid Nineteenth Century because there was no obligation to return any to the Clerk of the Peace before then, and their survival rate is low. Some were voluntarily returned (mainly convictions and depositions), and there is record of cases within the main sessions records, particularly on the sessions rolls (see MJ/SR). An Act of 1847 required details of juvenile convictions to be returned to the Clerk; an Act of 1848, required details of fines, depositions and case papers; but it was the Criminal Justice Act of 1855 which laid down that all petty sessional records should be returned for filing in the main sessions records at the next Quarter Sessions following. The quantity of records that have survived for the Middlesex petty sessions is small and date mainly from the Nineteenth Century. MSJ/PR are poor law removal orders; MSJ/F are returns of fines imposed at petty sessions; MSJ/R are returns of offenders and bastardy maintenance orders; and MSJ/C and MSJ/CY are records of convictions.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 MJP · Collection · 1648-1974

Records of the Justices of the Peace for Middlesex, 1648-1974. MJP/C contains the original Commissions of the Peace and of Oyer and Terminer issued to the Justices of the Peace; MJP/L are lists of the justices in those commissions; MJP/D contains names of justices who had paid subscriptions for dinners held at the Sessions House; MJP/EC concerns the election of a Chairman of the sessions in 1872-1873; MJP/O contains a record of oaths taken by justices upon their appointment to the commission. The series in MJP/Q, MJP/QC and MJP/R are concerned with the qualifications needed by justices in order to be eligible for appointment.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 ACC/1055 · Collection · 1802

Records deposited with the Clerk of the Peace for the Middlesex Quarter Sessions, comprising a parochial list of the poll for the County of Middlesex at the General Election 1802; printed in 1803 with minor handwritten additions, including the signature of Edward Knight, former owner.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 ACC/0381 · Collection · 1819-1829

Records of the Middlesex Sessions of the Peace comprising extracts from minutes of the orders of court relating to County business. The extracts were first made in 1819 for the period 1716-1829. Only two entries were made between 1826 and 1829.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 MF · Collection · 1737-1900

Records of the County Treasurer for the Middlesex Quarter Sessions, 1737-1900. No proper county accounts have survived for Middlesex before 1739, although the series MF which includes them up to 1900 does have record of transactions back to 1737; MF/L are accounts of the reclamation of subsistence paid to families of men serving in the Middlesex militia from outside the county (1779 - 1861); MF/T are records of annuities (or tontines) sold to raise a loan to build a new house of correction (1790-1888); MF/V are accounts concerned with the removal and subsistence of vagrants (1740-1864); MF/A covers the maintenance of lunatics and asylums (1828-1889); and MF/X are watch repairs accounts (1838).

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 MC · Collection · 1751-1965

Records of the Clerk of the Peace for the Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace, 1751-1965. The records include: accounts of Clerks fees (MC/F); registration of documents (MC/R); records of special sessions (MC/X); taxation of lawyers fees (MC/T); Home Office returns (MC/HO); standing orders (MC/SO); papers of the Rotation Committee (MC/SJ); personal papers of Richard Nicholson, a Nineteenth Century Clerk (MC/Z); and correspondence and papers of the Accounts Committee (MC/C). Some of the material is uncatalogued.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 ACC/0578 · Collection · 1722

Records relating to the Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace, comprising a recognizance to appear at the next session, 1722.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 MA · Collection · 1590-1930

Records of the Middlesex Quarter Sessions relating to local administration, 1590-1930. The number of series in MA reveals the wide scope of county administration dealt with at the sessions. A lot of the records date from the nineteenth century when there was an increase in central attempts at the regulation of many aspects of everyday life. MA/W deals with silk weavers' wage rates; MA/MW covers the work of Inspectors of Weights and Measures; MA/RS are reports from county committees and officers; MA/MS deal with military carriage rates; MA/S is concerned with the building and maintenance of the county's sessions houses; MA/MD covers the work of Inspectors of Animal Diseases; MA/C covers the work of the sessions' committees; MA/G is concerned with the building and maintenance of the county's prisons; MA/GS, likewise for Feltham Industrial School; MA/DCP are plans of county properties; MA/D and MA/DC contain deeds and contracts for county properties; MA/B are Bridge Committee papers; MA/A is concerned with the building and maintenance of the county's lunatic asylums; and MA/MN deals with military and naval recruitment in the county.

Middlesex Quarter Sessions of the Peace
GB 0074 COR/MNE · Collection · 1890-1892

Records of the Middlesex North Eastern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1890-1892.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the North Eastern District of the County of Middlesex
MIDDLESEX MILITIA
GB 0074 ACC/0047 · Collection · 1644

Printed sheet of orders issued by the Committee for the Militia of the County of Middlesex, ordering lists of able-bodied men to be made, and 'watches' to be raised and armed when necessary.

Committee for the Militia of the County of Middlesex
MIDDLESEX MAGISTRATES COURT
GB 0074 MMCC · Collection · 1952-1986

Records of the Middlesex Area Magistrates Court Committee, 1936-1986, including minutes, agendas and papers; papers relating to Petty Sessions and papers relating to court houses.

Middlesex Magistrates' Courts Committee
GB 0074 LMA/4200 · Collection · 1891-1966

Statistics relating to crime, licensing and prisons, generated by various courts in Middlesex, 1891-1966. Also some Chairman's notebooks.

Various
GB 0074 COR/ME · Collection · 1892-1965

Records of the Middlesex Eastern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, registers, daily records and annual returns, 1892-1965.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Eastern District of the County of Middlesex
MIDDLESEX COUNTY SURVEYOR
GB 0074 MS · Collection · 1853-1914

Records of the Middlesex County Surveyor, 1853-1914. The records in this series relate mainly to the period when Frederick Hyde Pownall was County Surveyor for Middlesex. They cover two of his major responsibilities - the upkeep and repair of bridges (MS/B and MS/BC); and the inspection of plans concerned with proposed Acts of Parliament for local undertakings (MS/PU).

County Surveyor for Middlesex
GB 0074 COR/B · Collection · 1862-1874

Records of the Middlesex Central Coroner's District comprising depositions, 1862-1874. A deposition is the testimony or statements given in a court of law by witnesses. It can be taken down in writing to be read out in court if the witness cannot appear.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Central District of the County of Middlesex
MIDDLESEX ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MXAC · Collection · 1911-1982

Papers of the Middlesex Advisory Committee and the Middlesex Area Advisory Committee on Justices of the Peace, 1911-1982, including minute books and papers relating to committee matters; and files on individual justices, 1960-1979.

Middlesex Advisory Committee
GB 0099 KCLMA MFF 3 · 1948

The collection includes copies of the official verdict transcript of American Military Tribunal III, 1947-1948, at which the United States tried twelve German industrialists from the Fried. Krupp AG company for crimes committed during World War Two. Included among the defendants were Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, head of Fried. Krupp AG (or the Krupp Concern); Ewald Oskar Ludwig Loeser, finance and administration officer for Fried. Krupp AG; and ten of the Krupp managers, including Erich Mueller; Friedrich von Bulow; and Hans Albert Gustav Kupke.

American Military Tribunal III
GB 0074 ACC/3190 · Collection · 1902

Auctioneer's recognizance and bond in High Court case Reffell v. The Metropolitan Rifle Range Company, 1902.

Metropolitan Rifle Range Company Ltd
MCS · Collection · 1847-1862

Letters patent appointing the commissioners; orders of court; minutes of various Committees including the General Purposes Committee, By-laws Committee, Committee on Claims, Disposal of Refuse Committee, Finance Committee, Trial Works Committee, Sewage Manure Committee and Ordnance Survey Committee; original contracts for the construction of new sewers, including plans, sections and elevations; registers of in-letters; letter books for out-letters; drainage applications; registers of applications to construct sewers and drains; registers of proposed drainage of buildings; registers of house drainage; register of complaints; applications for private works on sewers and drains; registers of streets showing existence or absence of sewers and drains; surveyor's report books; staff records; financial accounts; rate books; printed items bound into volumes, including reports (several written by Joseph Bazalgette), papers, resolutions, prospectuses, surveys and inspections on various subjects including sewers and drains, cesspools, sewage, manure, waterways, flushing operations, public health, industrial sites, public conveniences, subterranean surveys, tides and water supply; minutes of the Commissioners and plans and maps of sewers, drains and waterways.

Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
MENICONI FAMILY
GB 0074 ACC/0173 · Collection · 1722-1879

Records of the Meniconi family relating to property owned by them at Ashford, Shepperton, Staines and Sunbury. Documents include extracts from court rolls for the Manor of Sunbury; copies of wills; title deeds; plans and abstracts of title.

Various.
GB 0096 MS 730 · c1800

Copy of the memorial of Arthur Lemuel Shuldham [of Dunmanway, Co. Cork] to the commissioners of the Excise, asking them to remit the costs of a suit begun by the Commissioners against Shuldham's pleasure yacht, built at Bristol in May 1789 at a cost of £2000. The yacht was condemned by the jury, and orders were given to dispose of it 'and your memorialist thereby lost many things therein not belonging to the said vessel'. The peculiar hardship of the case, and the largeness of Shuldham's family make him hope that the commissioners will remit the costs. The document is neither signed nor dated.

Unknown
Mediation UK
GB 0097 MEDIATION UK · c1983-2006

Records of Mediation UK (formerly FIRM), [1983-2000], including correspondence. Second deposit of 2005 includes papers from the Restorative Justice Consortium and London Restorative Justice Network

Mediation UK FIRM , Forum for Initiatives in Reparation and Mediation
GB 0101 ICS 55 · 1933-1967

Papers of Zachariah Keodirelang Matthews, 1933-1967; comprising typescript drafts for autobiography, including chapters on the Native Representative Council of South Africa, his role in the African National Congress (ANC) and his detention and trial for High Treason in 1956; microfilm of Z K Matthews personal papers comprising papers on his academic research on anthropology and native law, 1933-1935; correspondence and papers on his political activities, including material on the Native Representative Council of South Africa, 1942-1946, the ANC, 1942-1955; papers on Treason Trials, 1956-1961; general political correspondence, 1936-1967, includes letters from Govan Mbeki, Helen Suzman, Canon L John Collins and others, political articles and statements by Matthews, 1930-1967; correspondence and papers on education, including correspondene on his resignation from Fort Hare University, 1959, lecture notes, articles and statements on education; personal correspondence, 1937-1968; correpondence and papers on his work for the World Council of Churches, 1960-1966; papers on political and educational affairs in Botswana, 1933-1966; miscellanea, including articles by Matthews and others.

Matthews , Zacharaih Keodirelang , 1901-1968 , anthropologist and political activist
Matteotti Documents
GB 0097 SR 1042 · 1924-1925, [1947]

Five bound volumes containing typescript transcripts of the Matteotti trial, 1924-1925, with photocopied pages from an article about the affair by Gaetano Salvernini, [1947].

Unknown.
MARYON-WILSON FAMILY
GB 0074 E/MW · Collection · 1381-1937

Records of the Maryon-Wilson family relating to their estates and property holdings. Papers relating to the Manor of Charlton include rentals, correspondence, agreements, court rolls, deeds, leases, legal papers, papers relating to the Woolwich ferry and the Thames Steam Boat Company, plans of the estate, tithes and papers relating to the Charlton churches of St Luke, St Thomas and St Paul, photographs of Charlton House, and papers relating to the Blackheath regiment.

Papers relating to the Manor of Hampstead include court rolls and minutes, admissions and enfranchisements, licence books, plans and surveys, leases, papers relating to the Hampstead Heath Act, and family papers.

The collection includes a small number of documents relating to the family estates in Sussex and Essex.

Wilson , Maryon- , family , of Charlton, Hampstead and Essex x Maryon-Wilson , family
MARYLEBONE MAGISTRATES COURT
GB 0074 PS/MAR · Collection · 1905-1994

Records of Marylebone Magistrates Court, 1905-1994, including court registers; means registers; legal aid registers and licensing registers. Court registers record the date of the hearing, the name of the informant or complainant (often the police), the name of the defendant, a brief note of the offence and the decision of the magistrate.

Marylebone Magistrates Court
MARSHALLS, ESSEX (MANOR)
GB 0074 CLC/174 · Collection · 1519-1539

Court roll of the manor of Marshalls, in North Weald Bassett, Essex, 1519-36; with (at back) pen and ink drawing of the Great Garner at Leadenhall and the "chapel of St Michael on the East" (Leadenhall chapel?), by William Wright, 1539.

Manor of Marshalls , Essex
GB 0074 PS/MS · Collection · 1896-1991

Records of Marlborough Street Magistrates Court, 1896-1991, including court registers; rates registers; registers of means enquiries; registers of ex-parte cases; registers of applications for time to pay; Married Women's Act orders; Guardianship of Infants Act orders; Affiliation orders and domestic proceedings registers.

Court registers record the date of the hearing, the name of the informant or complainant (often the police), the name of the defendant, a brief note of the offence and the decision of the magistrate.

Domestic proceedings: A married woman under the provisions of the Summary Jurisdiction (Married Women) Act 1895 and subsequent Acts could go to a magistrates' court and apply for orders which in certain circumstances would enable her to separate from her husband, have custody of any children and receive maintenance from him. Under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1844 a mother expecting a bastard child or who had given birth to one could obtain a maintenance order against the putative father.

Marlborough Street Magistrates Court
GB 0096 MS 64 · [1635]-1728

Manuscript volume containing an historical treatise on the office of Admiral and the jurisdiction of the Admiralty entitled 'Mare Clausam', [1700], and an abridgement in English of fifteen chapters of Mare Clausam (1635) by John Selden, [1635]; details of proceedings of the Court of King's Bench in the case of William Shaw versus Catherine Weigh, 1728; a transcript of the judgements of Sir George Treby, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, and Sir John Holt, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, in the case of Joseph Hardy (the 'Bankers Case'), 1696.

Unknown
CLA/004 · Collection · 1624-1990

Papers relating to the Mansion House Justice Room, including records of cases brought before the Mayor, 1624-1990; administrative records; regulations and duties of the clerks and officers of the court, evidence produced at trials, rotas of attendance of justices, orders from the court of aldermen and other miscellaneous historical material.

Corporation of London
MANOR OF HANWELL
GB 0074 ACC/0513 · Collection · 1737-1863

Records relating to property ownership, including leases of premises in Ealing and Chiswick; probates of wills; and extracts from court rolls of the Manor of Hanwell.

Manor of Hanwell
Mandela Trials Papers
GB 0101 ICS 52 · 1962-1964

Photocopies of papers collected by Joel Joffe, lawyer acting for Nelson Mandela, relating to Mandela's trial in Pretoria (1962) and the Rivonia Trial (1963-1964); including Mandela's application to have the Pretoria trial postponed, Oct 1962; Mandela's address to the court in mitigation of the sentence of five years imprisonment, detailing his political commitment and activities in the African National Congress (ANC), Nov 1962; copy of the indictment in the Rivonia Trial, initial statement made by Mandela to his lawyers, giving details of his early life; notes by Mandela on his life and ANC accociation; copy of Mandela's statement from the dock, signed by Mandela, manuscript notes by Mandela to use if he were sentenced to death, and manuscript notes by Mandela referring to the tribal council called Imbizo.

Joffe , Joel , b 1932 , Baron Joffe of Liddington , lawyer
LUDGATE PRISON
CLA/033 · Collection · 1637-1815

Records of Ludgate Prison, 1637-1815, including petitions, lists of prisoners, committee papers, writs, orders for payment and bills.

Corporation of London
GB 0096 MS 840 · c1400-1846

A collection of mediaeval and early nineteenth century legal documents, which include letters of administration, bankruptcy and insurance papers.

Lowther , Anthony William George , d 1973 , architect, archaeologist and antiquary
Lonsdale Papers
GB 0103 LONSDALE · c1914-1989

Papers, c1914-1989, of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale.

Biographical material includes correspondence and papers relating to imprisonment in Holloway Prison, with Lonsdale's own accounts of her time there; diaries and personal notebooks, 1946-1969; letters of congratulation on election as Fellow of the Royal Society (1945); various photographs dating from school to her later years.

Papers relating to Lonsdale's teaching and administrative work at University College London include papers on teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses; significant documentation relating to laboratory personnel, research funding and general university administration; papers relating to the 'Round Table on Peace Studies', which proposed the establishment of a centre for research into international conflict at the University.

Research material, 1924-1970, consists of Royal Institution papers comprising notebooks, one dating from Lonsdale's first period there (1923-1927), correspondence with colleagues such as W H Bragg and J M Robertson, and Lonsdale's notes and drafts for various research topics; correspondence and papers from her University College years covering many different areas of research, including diffuse scattering of X-rays, thermal vibrations in crystals, methonium compounds and urinary calculi (the latter topic particularly well documented and including several case studies), and including a large group of photographs, mostly of X-ray diffraction patterns.

Papers on the preparation of volumes of the International Tables for crystal structure determination from Lonsdale's chairmanship of the Commission on Tables (1948) comprise drafts, notes and correspondence with colleagues and publishers.

Extensive papers relating to publications, lectures and broadcasts include drafts of articles, on subjects including peace and religious issues, also including obituaries and biographical articles on various individuals, books, book reviews, obituaries, and letters to newspapers and magazines, the latter principally on the issue of atomic weapons; general correspondence concerning publications; drafts of lectures, 1945-1970, including ethics and the role of science in society; a large series of lecture notes, 1933-1970; scripts for broadcasts, on topics ranging from crystallography to religion, 1945-1967.

Papers on foreign and domestic travel, 1943-1971, relating to conferences and lectures, on crystallography, science ethics, and work for the Society of Friends, including her visit to China (1955) and her world tour (1965).

Papers relating to organisations, notably the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) and the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), including material relating to a number of International Congresses of Crystallography, also papers relating to participation in Pugwash Conferences on World Affairs, 1958-1970, and papers concerning prison reform and the running of Bullwood Hall Borstal, Essex.

Correspondence, 1927-1974, comprises two main sequences, one arranged alphabetically, the other chronologically; 'day files', principally carbons of outgoing correspondence, 1966-1969; a sequence of references and recommendations; also including correspondence relating to Lonsdale's period of imprisonment (1943). Correspondents include scientists such as Max Born, W H Bragg, W L Bragg, E G Cox, Dorothy Hodgkin, Judith Milledge, L C Pauling and A J C Wilson.

Lonsdale , Dame , Kathleen , 1903-1971 , née Yardley , chemist and crystallographer
GB 0074 COR/LW · Collection · 1927-1964

Records of the London Western Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1964.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Western District of the County of London
GB 0074 COR/LS · Collection · 1927-1964

Records of the London Southern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1964.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Southern District of the County of London
GB 0074 COR/LSW · Collection · 1927-1945

Records of the London South Western Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1945.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the South Western District of the County of London
GB 0074 LMA/4198 · Collection · 1892-1894

Records of the London (South) Quarter Sessions, 1892-1894, comprising applications for changes to status of highways in South London, originally filed with Newington Sessions House.

London (South) Quarter Sessions
GB 0074 COR/LSE · Collection · 1927-1934

Records of the London South Eastern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1934.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the South Eastern District of the County of London
GB 0074 COR/LN · Collection · 1933-1964

Records of the London Northern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1933-1964.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Northern District of the County of London
GB 0074 COR/LNE · Collection · 1927-1930

Records of the London North Eastern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1930.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the North Eastern District of the County of London
GB 0074 COR/LE · Collection · 1927-1955

Records of the London Eastern Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1955.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Eastern District of the County of London
LONDON DIOCESAN PENITENTIARY
GB 0074 CLC/419 · Collection · 1854-1952

Records of the London Diocesan Penitentiary, consisting primarily of title deeds (which date from 1732), but also a council minute book, annual reports and a purchase fund ledger. The title deeds are listed chronologically at the end. These records were catalogued by a member of Guildhall Library staff in 1979.

London Diocesan Penitentiary
GB 0074 LSJ · Collection · 1889-1910

Lists of convictions under the Summary Jurisdiction Act, some filed from the police courts, 1889-1910.

London County Petty Sessions
LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL
ACC/1409 · Collection · [1912]-1952

London County Council register of tramway track lengths, recording description and lengths of route, street length, track length and remarks, such as "conversion to trolleybus", "abandoned" and so on, [1912-1952], with enclosures: photocopy of map of tramways in the London County Council area, revised to 1931; and diagrams of track lengths in Leyton and Hammersmith.

LCC , London County Council x London County Council
GB 0074 CLC/B/103-08 · Collection · 1882-1978

The records of the London Corn Trade Association comprise minutes of the executive committee, minutes of annual general meetings, minutes of the American grain committee, the Argentina committee, the African and South American Pulse committee, the South African committee, the North African committee, the Persian Gulf committee, the Black Sea grain committee, the Mediterranean and Adriatic committee, the China and Manchurian feeding stuffs committee, the East India grain committee, registers of members, financial material including cash books and ledgers, and papers relating to arbitrations.

Also papers of the London Grain Futures Association, including minutes of the Council, minutes of the annual general meetings, annual reports and registers of members.

London Corn Trade Association London Grain Futures Association
GB 0074 COR/LC · Collection · 1927-1932

Records of the London Central Coroner's District, comprising case papers, 1927-1932.

Coroner for the Jurisdiction of the Central District of the County of London
GB 0074 ACC/3400 · Collection · 1855-2008

Records of the Court of the Chief Rabbi, London Beth Din, 1904-1988. The bulk of the archive transferred to London Metropolitan Archives are the administrative papers and general correspondence of the Court, and in particular that of the Clerks and Registrar. There are also files concerning consultations the Beth Din undertook with the Government on the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Bill in the 1980s. Some correspondence and rough notes of the individual Dayanim and records relating to work done with refugees in the Second World War have also been deposited.

London Beth Din , Court of the Chief Rabbi