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Authority record

Daniel and Smith Harrison and Joseph Crosfield entered into partnership in January 1844 to trade as tea and coffee merchants at 6 Temple Street, Liverpool, under the style Harrisons and Crosfield. The partnership moved in July 1854 to 3 Great Tower Street, London, becoming from the 1860s one of the largest tea traders in Britain. In the 1890s the company admitted a number of new partners (Charles Heath Clark, George Croll, Arthur Lampard and Eric Miller) and changed the direction of its business. The company took on the blending and packing of teas, and imports from Ceylon were stored in a warehouse on Ceylon Wharf, Bankside in Southwark. The company was also increasingly involved in rubber and plantation estates in the mid-20th century, and acquired shareholdings, often acting as agents and secretaries, in a number of plantation companies. By the late 20th century, Harrisons and Crosfield managed nearly half a million acres of tropical crops in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Southern India, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The firm became a limited company under the style Harrisons and Crosfield Limited in May 1908.

Much of the company's interest in tea was disposed of in 1916 on the formation of Twining, Crosfield and Company Limited. As well as diversifying into rubber plantation Harrisons and Crosfield Limited had interests in timber (through its stake in British Borneo Timber Limited, later called Sabah Timber Company), and especially from the 1950s, palm oil, speciality chemicals and other estates agency work, including the related business from insurance and shipping. From the late 1960s the company again changed direction moving to consolidate its interests in a number of divisions, including the "Harcros" group of timber merchants and building suppliers, chemicals, animal feeds and other agricultural products. Most of the interests Harrisons and Crosfield had in individual plantation companies were merged into larger companies (e.g. London Sumatra Plantations) in the 1960s and afterwards, and those companies have subsequently been sold. The firm became a public limited company in 1982. In late 1997 the firm started the disposal of all its timber and building supplies and food and agriculture divisions, to concentrate on speciality chemicals. From January 1998 the firm has been known as Elementis Plc.

Harrisons and Crosfield were appointed as secretaries and/or agents to almost all of the plantation companies in which it had a shareholding. The secretarial function was performed in London and included the provision of full management support to the boards of individual plantation companies and the administration of share registers. The overseas branches of Harrisons and Crosfield (e.g. Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited) acted as agents.

An office in Colombo was opened in 1895 under the style Crosfield, Lampard and Company (see CLC/B/112-039; Mss 37447-55). From 1908/9 this office functioned as a branch of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. In 1913 the Australasian interests of the Colombo and Calcutta branches were amalgamated with the business of Eastern Export Proprietary Ltd to form Harrisons and Eastern Export Ltd (see CLC/B/112-076; Mss 37635-41). See also the records of Harrisons Lister Engineering Ltd, CLC/B/112-077; Mss 37653-76.

Harrisons and Crosfield opened an office in Calcutta in 1900 under the style Lampard, Clark and Company (CLC/B/112-099, Mss 37914-25). From 1908 the office was treated as a branch office of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. An office was opened in Quilon (1911), and also in Calicut (circa 1912) and Cochin (circa 1919). In 1968 the Quilon branch moved to Cochin. See also the records of Davenport and Co, acquired in 1930, which acted as managing agents of a number of Indian tea companies (CLC/B/112-041; Mss 37462-8).

Daniel and Smith Harrison and Joseph Crosfield entered into partnership in January 1844 to trade as tea and coffee merchants at 6 Temple Street, Liverpool, under the style Harrisons and Crosfield. The partnership moved in July 1854 to 3 Great Tower Street, London, becoming from the 1860s one of the largest tea traders in Britain. In the 1890s the company admitted a number of new partners (Charles Heath Clark, George Croll, Arthur Lampard and Eric Miller) and changed the direction of its business. The company took on the blending and packing of teas, and imports from Ceylon were stored in a warehouse on Ceylon Wharf, Bankside in Southwark. The company was also increasingly involved in rubber and plantation estates in the mid-20th century, and acquired shareholdings, often acting as agents and secretaries, in a number of plantation companies. By the late 20th century, Harrisons and Crosfield managed nearly half a million acres of tropical crops in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Southern India, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The firm became a limited company under the style Harrisons and Crosfield Limited in May 1908.

Much of the company's interest in tea was disposed of in 1916 on the formation of Twining, Crosfield and Company Limited. As well as diversifying into rubber plantation Harrisons and Crosfield Limited had interests in timber (through its stake in British Borneo Timber Limited, later called Sabah Timber Company), and especially from the 1950s, palm oil, speciality chemicals and other estates agency work, including the related business from insurance and shipping. From the late 1960s the company again changed direction moving to consolidate its interests in a number of divisions, including the "Harcros" group of timber merchants and building suppliers, chemicals, animal feeds and other agricultural products. Most of the interests Harrisons and Crosfield had in individual plantation companies were merged into larger companies (e.g. London Sumatra Plantations) in the 1960s and afterwards, and those companies have subsequently been sold. The firm became a public limited company in 1982. In late 1997 the firm started the disposal of all its timber and building supplies and food and agriculture divisions, to concentrate on speciality chemicals. From January 1998 the firm has been known as Elementis Plc.

Harrisons and Crosfield were appointed as secretaries and/or agents to almost all of the plantation companies in which it had a shareholding. The secretarial function was performed in London and included the provision of full management support to the boards of individual plantation companies and the administration of share registers. The overseas branches of Harrisons and Crosfield (e.g. Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited) acted as agents.

Harrisons and Crosfield Limited was based at 6 Temple Place, Liverpool (1844-55), and 3 Great Tower Street, London (1854-). It purchased 1-4 Great Tower Street in 1909-11; 5-7 Great Tower Street, 1918; 8 Great Tower Street, 1921, 9-10 Great Tower Street, 1927; 2 St Dunstan's Hill, 1919; and 7 St Dunstan's Alley, 1919.

Daniel and Smith Harrison and Joseph Crosfield entered into partnership in January 1844 to trade as tea and coffee merchants at 6 Temple Street, Liverpool, under the style Harrisons and Crosfield. The partnership moved in July 1854 to 3 Great Tower Street, London, becoming from the 1860s one of the largest tea traders in Britain. In the 1890s the company admitted a number of new partners (Charles Heath Clark, George Croll, Arthur Lampard and Eric Miller) and changed the direction of its business. The company took on the blending and packing of teas, and imports from Ceylon were stored in a warehouse on Ceylon Wharf, Bankside in Southwark. The company was also increasingly involved in rubber and plantation estates in the mid-20th century, and acquired shareholdings, often acting as agents and secretaries, in a number of plantation companies. By the late 20th century, Harrisons and Crosfield managed nearly half a million acres of tropical crops in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Southern India, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The firm became a limited company under the style Harrisons and Crosfield Limited in May 1908.

Much of the company's interest in tea was disposed of in 1916 on the formation of Twining, Crosfield and Company Limited. As well as diversifying into rubber plantation Harrisons and Crosfield Limited had interests in timber (through its stake in British Borneo Timber Limited, later called Sabah Timber Company), and especially from the 1950s, palm oil, speciality chemicals and other estates agency work, including the related business from insurance and shipping. From the late 1960s the company again changed direction moving to consolidate its interests in a number of divisions, including the "Harcros" group of timber merchants and building suppliers, chemicals, animal feeds and other agricultural products. Most of the interests Harrisons and Crosfield had in individual plantation companies were merged into larger companies (e.g. London Sumatra Plantations) in the 1960s and afterwards, and those companies have subsequently been sold. The firm became a public limited company in 1982. In late 1997 the firm started the disposal of all its timber and building supplies and food and agriculture divisions, to concentrate on speciality chemicals. From January 1998 the firm has been known as Elementis Plc.

Harrisons and Crosfield were appointed as secretaries and/or agents to almost all of the plantation companies in which it had a shareholding. The secretarial function was performed in London and included the provision of full management support to the boards of individual plantation companies and the administration of share registers. The overseas branches of Harrisons and Crosfield (e.g. Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited) acted as agents.

A branch was opened in Kobe in 1917 as a buying agency for Japanese goods for Harrisons and Crosfield and its subsidiary companies. In 1923 Harrisons and Crosfield acquired Davis and Company. Davis and Company's former partners, W. Lane and W Jarmain ran the branch's "D" department separately. A new company, Harrisons, Davis and Co was formed in 1926. See also the records of Jarmain, Davis and Company, CLC/B/112-090; Ms 37900-1.

In 1917 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) purchased Barker and Company, a trading house in Singapore, and Kimmel and Company of England and Singapore. They were combined to form a private company called Barker and Company Limited, in which was also incorporated Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's interests in Singapore and Penang. In 1922 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited merged its branches in Kuala Lumpur, Klang and Port Swettenham, with Barker and Company to form Harrisons, Barker and Company. The name was changed to Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited in 1946. It had a head office in Kuala Lumpur and branches in Singapore, Penang, Telok Anson, Port Swettenham, Taiping and Kuching.

In 1959 two new companies were formed: Harrisons and Crosfield (Singapore) Limited and Harrisons and Crosfield (Federation of Malaya) Limited. In 1964 Harrisons and Crosfield (Federation of Malaya) Limited changed its name to Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaysia) Limited, which was then changed to Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd in ca.1966. In 1990 Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd and Harrisons and Crosfield (Singapore) Limited were sold as part of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's general trading division.

For historical notes on the Company see CLC/B/112/MS37392. For lists of agencies held see CLC/B/112/MS37054. For staff lists see CLC/B/112/MS37340-1.

Harrisons and Crosfield (Pacific) Incorporated was registered in 1960 in California to take over the Seattle and San Francisco offices of Harrisons and Crosfield (America) Incorporated (CLC/B/112-065). In 1978 it acquired Benson Chemical Company. In 1978/9 it became a subsidiary company of Harrisons and Crosfield (America) Incorporated, and in 1988 it became part of Harcros Chemicals Group. For historical notes concerning Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's shareholdings in the company see CLC/B/112/MS37392.

Harrisons and Crosfield Securities Limited, an investment holding company, was registered in 1958. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112). It held shares in many of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's companies, including Chandler, Hargreaves, Whittall and Company Limited (CLC/B/112-032), Harrisons and Crosfield (Hong Kong) Limited (CLC/B/112-070), Technical Advisory and Services Company Limited (CLC/B/112-154), and Irwin Harrisons and Whitney Incorporated (CLC/B/112-089). In 1967 it acquired control of Durham Chemical Group Limited (CLC/B/112-046). The Company is last mentioned as a subsidiary in the annual report and accounts of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited in 1989.

Harrisons and Eastern Export Limited was formed in 1913 in England through the amalgamation of the Australasian interests of Harrisons and Crosfield's Colombo and Calcutta branches with the business of Eastern Export Proprietary Limited (a subsidiary of Fraser Ramsay Proprietary) to merge their tea businesses. The Company was re-registered in Colombo after it went into voluntary liquidation. With a head office in Colombo and branch office in Calcutta, the Company exported tea from Ceylon to Australia and New Zealand. In 1953 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited purchased the entire share capital from Harrisons Ramsay Proprietary. For historical notes on the Company see CLC/B/112/MS37392.

Harrisons Lister Engineering Limited was registered in 1946 to take over the existing engineering agency business of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited and its associated companies, and to act as agents for engineering products in association with R.A. Lister and Company Limited. The Company exported engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment and general engineering supplies to Ceylon [Sri Lanka], Malaya [Malaysia], Netherlands East Indies [Indonesia], North Borneo and later also Singapore. It had branches in Colombo, Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Jesselton and Sandakan. In 1948 the Company decided not to open branches in Indonesia, but to effect sales through Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's branches in Medan and Batavia as agents.

In 1982 Harrisons Lister Engineering in Malaysia merged with J. Whyte and Company (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. J. Whyte (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd was sold in 1987. In 1983 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited purchased from R.A. Lister the remaining stock of Harrisons Lister Engineering (Singapore).

For historical notes on the Company see CLC/B/112/MS37392. For staff lists see CLC/B/112/MS37341.

Harrisons Malaysian Estates (Holdings) Limited was registered in 1977 as a holding company for Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. The firm never commenced business and went into voluntary liquidation in 1984/5.

Harrisons Malaysian Estates Limited was registered in June 1976 as Lawnmark Limited (the name was changed in December of that year). Its principal business was in rubber, palm oil, palm kernels, cocoa and copra. In 1976/7 it acquired:
Golden Hope Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-054),
Hoscote Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-087),
London Asiatic Rubber and Produce Company (CLC/B/112-103), and
Pataling Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-124).
Harrisons and Crosfield Latex Limited (CLC/B/112-074) and Sabah Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-136) became fully owned subsidiaries in 1983/4.

In 1978 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited made an offer for all the shares in Harrisons Malaysian Estates Limited not already owned by Harrisons and Crosfield Limited or its subsidiaries. In 1982 Harrisons Malaysian Estates Limited transferred its residence to Malaysia and became a plc (public limited company). In 1982 it was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080).

In 1976 Peddie Plantations Sdn Bhd was registered as a private limited company. In November 1976 the name was changed to Harrisons Plantations Sdn Bhd, and then in July 1982 to Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad. It became a public company in May 1977.

In 1982 the company acquired Harrisons Malaysian Estates PLC (and its subsidiaries) (CLC/B/112-079), Barlow Plantations Sdn Bhd and Jomalina Sdn Bhd. In 1984 it acquired:
Castlefield (Klang) Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-030),
Doranakande Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-035),
Edensor Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-049),
Holyrood Rubber Limited (CLC/B/112-084),
Kinta Kellas Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-096),
Kuala Selangor Rubber Company (CLC/B/112-097),
Malaysia Rubber Company (CLC/B/112-114),
Nalek Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-118) and
Sungei Bahru Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-147).

Harrisons and Crosfield sold most of its holding in the company in 1982, and the remaining stock in 1989.

Henry Hewitt began a nursery and seed business in Brompton in 1775 or earlier and this was carried on by his nephews John and Samuel Harrison. Some growing took place at the nursery but the majority of stock was grown by country farmers on contract. The business was run with some success and had regular clients in all parts of England, including many titled families. It was the practice for one of the partners to travel round the country to collect payment for outstanding accounts and probably orders (for the expenses for these trips include many gratuities to gardeners). In spite of this and an apparent high turnover, however, clients were bad at paying bills and the business was sometimes in difficulties. New partners brought fresh capital from time to time. The last partner was William Bristowe who joined in 1829 with a fourth share, the firm then being described as Harrison and Bristowe. In 1833, Samuel Harrison was described as a bankrupt.

Harrisons Ramsay Proprietary Limited (importer of tea, coffee and other produce) was registered in 1914 in Australia to amalgamate the tea business in Australia and New Zealand of Fraser Ramsay Proprietary Limited, Fraser Ramsay (New Zealand) Limited, Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's Melbourne office (which opened in 1910), and Harrisons and Crosfield's New Zealand business. It was re-registered in 1916 and again in 1920 with an altered capital structure. It had a head office in Melbourne, and offices in Brisbane, Sydney and Wellington.

In the 1920s the imports were extended to jute, lentils and other foodstuffs, in the 1930s a soft-goods department was created and in the 1940s new departments for timber, metal and chemicals were set up. Its name was changed in 1962 to Harrisons and Crosfield (A.N.Z.) Limited (a new company with a nominal capital was formed with the title Harrisons Ramsay Proprietary to preserve the name and goodwill attached to it). In 1975 the name was changed to Harrisons and Crosfield (Australia) Limited and the operations in New Zealand were controlled by a separate company called Harrisons and Crosfield (N.Z.) Limited.

In 1928 Harrisons Ramsay Proprietary Limited was involved in the formation of Coconut Products Limited, and it held half the share capital. It also held a large interest in Robur Tea Company (see CLC/B/112/MS38098-101). In 1953 the company's holdings in Harrisons and Eastern Export were transferred to Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. For historical notes on the company see CLC/B/112/MS37389.

Harrisons, King and Irwin Limited was registered in 1918 in Hong Kong to take over the business of Westphal, King and Ramsay (previously known as King, Son and Ramsay, 1904-1908, and as W W King and Son, 1892-1904), and of a firm taken over by W W King from 1878, which had traded as Shaw, Ripley and Company, in Shanghai, Hankow and Foochow. Harrisons, King and Irwin was a subsidiary company of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112). It exported tea, silk and other produce, imported cotton piece goods and acted as shipping and insurance agents.

In 1946 Harrisons, King and Irwin Limited was re-registered in Hong Kong. Its business in Shanghai, Hankow and Foochow was closed in 1951. The tea business was taken over by Harrisons and Crosfield (Hong Kong) Limited (CLC/B/112-070) in 1963. In 1963/4 Harrisons, King and Irwin Limited went into voluntary liquidation.

For historical notes on the Company see CLC/B/112/MS37392. See also the records of Harrisons and Crosfield (Hong Kong) Limited (CLC/B/112/MS37581-6) and Tait and Company (CLC/B/112/MS38195-204).

Harrods Pharmacy Department

Harrods sold patent medicines as far back as the 1870s, and there is evidence of a Drug and Patent Medicine Department from 1884, but the earliest medicine catalogue in the Company Archives dates only from 1891. There is still a Dispensing Pharmacy in the store, which holds more recent records. The Company Archives had found that the usage of the volumes listed here did not justify the amount of room they occupied.

North Thames Gas Board (1949-1973): one of 12 Area Boards formed when the gas industry was nationalised in 1949, following the passing of the 1948 Gas Bill. Supplied area of 1,059 square miles stretching from Bracknell, Marlow and High Wycombe to the south east coast of Essex. When formed it was made up of a merger of 12 statutory gas undertakings: Ascot and District Gas and Electricity Company, Chertsey Gas Consumers Company; Commercial Gas Company; (Chartered) Gas Light and Coke Company; Hornsey Gas Company; Lea Bridge District Gas Company; North Middlesex Gas Company; Romford Gas Company; Slough Gas and Coke Company; Southend Corporation (Shoeburyness); Uxbridge Gas Consumers Company and Windsor Royal Gas Light Company. The North Thames Gas Board was dissolved in 1973 when it became a region of the British Gas Corporation. Note - Consumers Gas Companies were set up in consequence of dissatisfaction with the existing supplier.

Gas Light and Coke Company (1812-1949): founded in 1812, this was the first company to supply gas to London. The Company absorbed 27 smaller companies and several undertakings during its period of operation, including the Aldgate Gas Light and Coke Company (1819), the Brentford Gas Company (1926), the City of London Gas Light and Coke Company (1870), the Equitable Gas Light Company (1871), the Great Central Gas Consumer's Company (1870), Imperial Gas Light and Coke Company (1876), the Independent Gas Light and Coke Company (1876), the London Gas Light Company (1883), Pinner Gas Company (1930), Richmond Gas Company (1925), Southend-on-Sea and District Gas Company (1932), Victoria Docks Gas Company (1871) and Western Gas Light Company (1873). In May 1949, after the passing of the Gas Bill 1948, the Company handed over its assets to the North Thames Gas Board.

Brentford Gas Company (1821-1926): founded in 1821 at the instigation of Sir Felix Booth, the company had works at Brentford and retorts at Southall and covered a wide area including Hammersmith, Kensington, Southall, Twickenham and Richmond. Merged with the Gas Light and Coke Company in 1926.

Harrow and Stanmore Gas Company (1872-1924): Harrow Gas Works founded in 1855 by John Chapman and rebuilt in 1872 as the Harrow Gas Light and Coke Company Limited and became a statutory company as the Harrow District Gas Company in 1873. In 1894 it became the Harrow and Stanmore Gas Company. Merged with the Brentford Gas Company in 1924. Both merged with the Gas Light and Coke Company in 1926.

Hornsey Gas Company (1857-1949): formed in 1857, became statutory in 1866, controlled by the South East Gas Corporation from 1939 and merged with the North Thames Gas Board in 1949.

North Middlesex Gas Company (1862-1949): founded in 1862 with works at Mill Hill.

Pinner Gas Company (1868-1930): founded between 1868 and 1872, merged with Gas Light and Coke Company in 1926.

Staines, Egham and District Gas Company (1833-1915): founded 1833, merged with Brentford Gas Company in 1915.

Sunbury Gas Consumers Company (1861-1915): merged with Brentford Gas Company in 1915.

Uxbridge and Hillingdon Gas Consumers Company (1854-1949): formed in 1854 in competition with the Uxbridge Gas Company; became statutory in 1861; after 1918 expanded rapidly and purchased surrounding companies including the Beaconsfield Gas Company, Great Marlow Gas Company and Maidenhead Gas Company. Known as the Uxbridge, Wycombe and District Gas Company from 1921; the Uxbridge, Maidenhead, Wycombe and District Gas Company from 1925 and the South East Gas Corporation from 1936. It merged with the North Thames Gas Board in 1949.

The Harrow and Uxbridge Railway Company opened a branch line from Roxborough Lane to Uxbridge in 1904; branching off the Metropolitan Railway line which ran to Harrow. The line was electrified in 1905. The Metropolitan Railway Company absorbed the Harrow and Uxbridge Railway Company in 1906 and ran the railway as a branch of the Metropolitan Line.

Community Health Councils were established in England and Wales in 1974 "to represent the interests in the health service of the public in its district" (National Health Service Reorganisation Act, 1973). Often referred to as 'the patient’s voice in the NHS', each Community Health Council (CHC) served the public and patients in its local area by representing their interests to National Health Service (NHS) authorities and by monitoring the provision of health services to their communities.

CHCs were independent statutory bodies with certain legal powers. CHCs were entitled to receive information about local health services, to be consulted about changes to health service provision, and to carry out monitoring visits to NHS facilities. They also had the power to refer decisions about proposed closures of NHS facilities to the Secretary of State for Health. For this reason, CHCs were sometimes known as the ‘watchdogs’ of the NHS. The co-ordinated monitoring of waiting times in Accident and Emergency departments led to ‘Casualty Watch’ which gained national press coverage. Locally, many CHCs represented patients’ views by campaigning for improved quality of care and better access to NHS services, and by responding to local issues such as proposed hospital closures.

Each CHC had around 20 voluntary members from the local area. Half were appointed the local authority, a third were elected from voluntary bodies and the remainder were appointed by the Secretary of State for Health. Members met every month to six weeks and meetings were usually open to the general public. Guest speakers or guest attendees were often invited, particularly when a specific topic or issue was under discussion.

All CHCs employed a small number of paid office staff and some had shop-front offices, often on the high street, where members of the public could go for advice and information about local NHS services. CHCs published leaflets and guidance on a wide variety of topics from ‘how to find a GP’ to ‘how to make a complaint’.

Within the guiding principles and statutory duties of the legislation, CHCs developed organically in response to the needs of the communities they served and for this reason considerable variation can be found in the records of different CHCs.

Harrow Community Health Council was created in September 1974. Half of its members were nominated by the boroughs of Brent and Harrow. The CHC Initially met at Harrow Hospital and then in a conference room of the Brent and Harrow Area Health Authority in Signal House, Lyon Road from February 1975 onwards. The CHC later had offices on Junction Road.

Community Health Councils in England were abolished in 2003 as part of the ‘NHS Plan (2000)’. The last meeting of Harrow CHC was held in October 2003.

Two keepers and guardians of the goods of the parish church of Saint Mary in Harrow are mentioned in 1467. There was a parish clerk by 1521, and two churchwardens signed the parish registers as early as 1559. A vestry was mentioned in 1701. The annual number of vestry meetings gradually rose from five or six in the first decade of the 18th century to twenty in 1829. By the early 20th century the vestry met every three or five years. The last meeting was held in 1924, by which date the vestry had been superseded by the parish church council, formed in 1911. Most of the business concerned out-relief or the workhouse. The vestry authorized rates for the church, the poor, and the highways. It kept a firm control over the parish officers. The surveyors of the highway, first mentioned in 1718, were elected annually by the vestry. A highway-rate, levied by the vestry, is first mentioned in 1722. After finding the highway surveyors' accounts unsatisfactory in 1823, the vestry appointed a salaried man to superintend the highways and act as an assistant overseer.

From 1684 to 1896 three overseers of the poor were appointed by the vestry. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries poor relief took the form of monthly allowances, usually in money but occasionally in clothes or fuel. Poverty was alleviated by remitting or reducing rents and by providing rent-free parish houses for poor widows. These 'poor houses' survived until the vestry's decision to sell them in 1845. After an unusually large meeting in 1724 a workhouse was built in West Street, opposite the Crown Inn.

Apart from charities and exceptional measures the burden of poor relief was normally borne by the poor-rate. From 1684 to 1722 twice yearly rates, usually at 5 pence in the pound, raised £200-£300 each year. From 1723 a 6 pence rate was usual, the number of rates varying from one in 1760, which raised £172, to three in 1740, which raised £521. From 1800 to 1826 there were usually five or six rates, which raised about £1,660-£2,040 a year, and the number increased from seven in 1827 to ten in 1831 and 1832, finally bringing the total raised to £3,331. The 1834 Poor Law Act confined outdoor relief to the sick and old. The able-bodied poor were offered work in the workhouse or in the parish, at wages fixed by the guardians. Harrow therefore spent less in casual relief and labour on the roads in 1835 than in 1834; only widows' pensions cost more. Under the union there was a decline from nine 6 pence rates in 1835 to five in 1837 and 1839. In 1834-35 Harrow raised £2,888, of which £2,272 was spent on the poor; a year later £2,002 was raised and £1,655 was spent. A sharp increase in 1841 was due to the opening of the workhouse at Redhill and to the large numbers applying for outdoor relief. In 1835 Harrow and Pinner became constituent parishes of Hendon Union, created by the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The Harrow workhouse was too small to be used as a union workhouse or as an infirmary, as proposed by the guardians, and after 1840 it was occupied by children only. The main union workhouse was in Hendon.

Harrow Local Board of Health was created in 1850. Outbreaks of cholera in Hog Lane in 1847 and 1848 resulted, at the instigation of Harrow School and its surgeon, Doctor Thomas Hewlett, in an inquiry which revealed the insanitary conditions of the most populous part of the parish and the need for such a board. The board administered about 1,000 acres, comprising the whole of Harrow-on-the-Hill, most of Greenhill and Roxeth, and north Sudbury. A clerk was appointed at £20 a year and a surveyor and inspector of nuisances at £40 a year. By 1870 there were committees for sanitation, sewage irrigation, slaughterhouses, gas, street-watering, street-naming, and the fire engine. A medical officer of health was being paid in 1877, and during the 1880s and 1890s committees were appointed to deal with roads and footpaths, plans and works, finance and rate defaulters, legal questions and by-laws, boundaries, and allotments. A mortuary, public baths, and a steam roller were also provided. The board was financed by general and special district rates, and money was raised by the sale of crops from the sewage farms. The board's sanitary functions passed to Hendon Rural Sanitary Authority, which was set up under the Public Health Act of 1872.

Under the Local Government Act of 1894 Harrow Local Board of Health District became Harrow-on-the-Hill Urban District Council (U.D.C.). Harrow-on-the-Hill U.D.C. at first comprised nine members. At the beginning of the 20th century its nine committees were reduced to three, arranged according to the permanent officers, the clerk, surveyor, and inspector, and in 1903 the number of councillors was increased to 12. In the last years of its existence, 1933-34, the council still worked through committees attached to the clerk and surveyor, but separate committees for housing, public health, and maternity and infant welfare had replaced the inspector's committee; there were also six other committees.

From: 'Harrow, including Pinner : Local government and public services', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 237-249 (available online).

Marian Henrietta Hewlett (1843-1915) decided to begin art and domestic science classes for girls in Harrow in 1887. Under the auspices of the Harrow Band of Mercy, premises were rented at no 102 High Street in 1888, and public funding (for technical education) was received from Middlesex County Council from 1890 (and from 1894 its Technical Education Committee). Boys were also admitted. Students were drawn from Harrow and the surrounding districts. A new building for Harrow Technical School opened at Greenhill, in Station Road, in 1902 (extended in 1907 and 1932). Teaching included art, photography, commercial and domestic subjects, particularly in evening classes. The School of Art was increasingly important. Many of the instructors were part-time. The name was changed to Harrow Technical College and School of Art in 1948. The first building on a 25-acre site at Northwick Park (acquired in 1936) was begun in 1954, completed in 1959 and formally opened in 1961. It housed the technical and commercial departments (Engineering, Science, Photography, Commerce, and Domestic Studies) - the School of Art did not move from Station Road until later. Following the White Paper on Technical Education in 1956 (Cmnd 9703) Harrow was designated an area college. From the 1960s alterations were made in Harrow courses and status under the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA), with more degree-level courses and an increased number of full-time and part-time day students and staff. Links were formed with polytechnics including PCL (the Polytechnic of Central London, formerly Regent Street Polytechnic). Harrow specialisms included photography, fashion and ceramics. Additions were made to the buildings at Northwick Park in the 1970s. In 1978 the college was renamed Harrow College of Higher Education. In 1990 Harrow merged with PCL, which in 1992 became the University of Westminster. The Harrow campus was re-developed to house Harrow Business School, Harrow School of Computer Science, and the Schools of Communication and Design and Media (now the School of Communication and the Creative Industries). It was formally opened in 1995.

Harrowby Manuscript Trust

The Harrowby Manuscript Trust, Sandon Hall, Sandon, Stafford, holds the archives of the earls of Harrowby (the Ryder family). The earldom was created in the late seventeenth century.

Harry Neal Limited is a building and engineering contractor, founded in 1886. Buildings constructed by the company include the Westminster Bank, Watford, 1929; the Gaumont Cinema, Kilburn, 1936; the Berkeley Hotel, Knightsbridge, 1936; the Natural History Museum extension, 1976; the new Chapter House at Saint Albans Cathedral, 1980 and restoration work at Home House, Kenwood House and Somerset House. Their main office is on Georgiana Street, Camden.

In 1801 Harry Hart, then living in Princes Street in the parish of Saint James Westminster and described as a Pastry Cook, took a lease of a house in Arabella Row Pimlico for £335 but in 1803 he had evidently retired from his occupation of pastry cook and was now described in deeds as "gentleman" while his brother Robert who lived or carried on business in the Strand continued work as pastry cook and confectioner. For the next 23 years Harry Hart, sometimes alone and sometimes with his brother, leased a number of small properties in various parts of London to people of various descriptions.

In 1807 however, Robert Salmon, of Woburn, Bedfordshire, invented a truss for the treatment of rupture and requiring capital to market his invention he took into partnership Harry Hart and John Ody, previously a dyer. Salmon died in 1821 and in 1825 Hart sold his interest in the partnership to Ody in return for an annuity of £250 payable for 12 years In 1813 Hart was living in Flask Lane in the Parish of Saint George Hanover Square but in 1816 he had moved to Brixton Hill. Robert Hart married a Miss Norris.

Born 1889; educated at Earlsmead and Queen Mary College, and University College London; Resident Science Master, St George's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex, 1910-1911; Physics Master, Tavistock Grammar School, Devon, 1911-1913; Head of Science Department, Leamington College, Warwickshire, 1913-1920; Lecturer in Physics, Leamington Technical School, 1913-1920; served World War One, 1914-1918, as Lt, Royal Garrison Artillery, in Italy, Mesopotamia and India; RAF Educational Service, 1920-1949; Principal Deputy Director of Educational Services, Air Ministry, 1945-1949; Secretary, Insignia Awards Committee, City and Guilds of London Institute, 1950-1958; died 1962.

Publications: A student's heat (J.M. Dent and Sons, London and Toronto, 1916); An introduction to advanced heat (London, 1928); An introduction to mechanics (W.D. Willis, Bombay and English Universities Press, London, 1963): An introduction to physical science (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1925); Elementary experimental statics (J.M. Dent and Sons, London and Toronto, 1915); An elementary textbook (London, 1925); James Watt, pioneer of mechanical power (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, [1962]); James Watt and the history of steam power (Henry Schuman, New York, [1949]); Leonardo da Vinci, supreme artist and scientist (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1964); Makers of science, mathematics, physics, astronomy etc (Humphrey Milford, London, 1923); The great engineers (Methuen and Co, London, 1928); The great physicists (Methuen and Co, London, 1927); The mechanical investigations of Leonardo da Vinci (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963); The world of Leonard da Vinci, man of science, engineer and dreamer of flight (Macdonald, London, 1961); Elementary aeronautical science (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1923).

Born Jamaica, 1917; member of the National Reform Association, 1937; member of Norman Manly's Commitee assisting W A Bustamente in the formation of trade unions, 1938; member of the People's National Party (PNP), 1938-1952, and a member of the Party's executive, 1941-1952; editor of the working class militant H C Buchanan's Jamaica Labour Weekly when Buchanan was in prison, Dec 1938-Apr 1939; co-founder and Chairman of the Jamaican Youth Movement, 1941; qualified as a solicitor, 1941; President of the Jamaica Government Railway Employees' Union (JGREU), 1942-1948; Assistant Secretary , Caribbean Labour Conference, 1945-1946, and General Secretary from 1947-1953; expelled from the People's National Party for 'communist' activity, 1952; Chairman of the People's Educational Association (PEO), and a member of the People's Freedom Movement, 1952-1962; member of the Committee for the formation of a Jamaican Federation of Trade Unions, 1953-1963; Legal Adviser to the [Jamaican] Sugar and
Agricultural Workers' Union, (SAWU) 1953-1957; Treasuer of the Socialist Party of Jamaica, 1962-1963; editor of the progressive newspaper The Mirror, Guyana, 1963-1965; resident in England from 1965.

Born in Paris in 1895; educated at St Paul's London and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 1914; served in World War One, in Ypres and the Somme, 1914-1918; selected for the Royal Tank Corps, but invalided and retired on half pay, 1924; retired from the army as Capt, 1927; military correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, 1925-1935 and The Times, 1935-1939; author 1918-1970; personal adviser to Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, 1937-1938; died in 1970. Publications: Author of the following unless otherwise stated: New methods in infantry training (University Press, Cambridge, 1918); The framework of a science of infantry tactics (Hugh Rees, London, 1921) reprinted as A science of infantry tactics simplified (W Clowes and Sons, London, 1923, 1926); Paris, or the future of war (Kegan Paul and Co, London, 1925); The lawn tennis masters unveiled (Arrowsmith, London, 1926); A greater than Napoleon - Scipio Africanus (W Blackwood and Sons, London, 1926); The remaking of modern armies (John Murray, London, 1927); Great captains unveiled (W Blackwood and Sons, London, 1927 and Cedric Chivers, Bath, 1971); Reputations (John Murray, London, 1928); Reputations - ten years after (Little, Brown and Co, Boston, 1928); The decisive wars of history (G Bell and Sons, London, 1929) reprinted as The strategy of indirect approach (Faber and Faber, London, 1941, 1946), The way to win wars (Faber and Faber, London, 1943) and Strategy - the indirect approach (Faber and Faber, London, 1954, 1967); Sherman (Dodd, Mead and Co, New York, 1929, Ernest Benn, London, 1930, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1933 and Stevens and Sons, London, 1959); The real war 1914-1918 (Faber and Faber, London, 1930) reprinted as A history of the World War 1914-1918 (Faber and Faber, London, 1934, Cassell, London, 1970 and Pan, London, 1972); Foch (Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1931 and Penguin, London, 1937); The British way in warfare (Faber and Faber, London, 1932) reprinted as When Britain goes to war (Faber and Faber, London, 1935) and The British way in warfare (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942); The future of infantry (Faber and Faber, London, 1933); The ghost of Napoleon (Faber and Faber, London, 1933); T E Lawrence - in Arabia and after (Jonathan Cape, London, 1934, enlarged edition 1935); The war in outline 1914-1918 (Faber and Faber, London, 1936); co-author of Lawrence of Arabia(Corvinus Press, London, 1936); Europe in arms (Faber and Faber, London, 1937)Through the fog of war (Faber and Faber, London, 1938); We learn from history that we do not learn from history (University College, London, 1938); editor of The next war (Geoffrey Bles, London, 1938); editor of T E Lawrence to his biographer, Liddell Hart (Doubleday, Doran and Co, New York, 1938); The defence of Britain (Faber and Faber, London, 1939); Dynamic defence (Faber and Faber, London, 1940); The current of war (Hutchinson and Co, London ,1941); This expanding war (Faber and Faber, London, 1942); Why don't we learn from history? (G Allen and Unwin, London, 1944 and Allen and Unwin, London, 1972); Thoughts on war (Faber and Faber, London, 1944); Free man or state slave (No Conscription Council, London, 1946); Revolution in warfare (Faber and Faber, London, 1946); The other side of the hill (Cassell and Co, London, 1948, 1951 and 1973 and Hamilton and Co, 1956); Defence of the west (Cassell and Co, London, 1950); editor of the Letters of Private Wheeler (Michael Joseph, London, 1951); editor of The Rommel papers (Collins, London, 1953); T E Lawrence of Arabia and Clouds Hill (1955); editor of The Soviet Army (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1956); The tanks - the history of the Royal Tank Regiment (Cassell, London, 1959); Deterrent or defence (Stevens and Sons, London, 1960); editor of From Atlanta to the sea (Folio Society, London, 1961); Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart (Cassell, London, 1965); co-author of Churchill (Allen Lane the Penguin Press, London, 1969); History of the Second World War (Cassell, London, 1970 and Pan Books, London, 1973); military editor of the 14th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).

In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.

James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.

Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).

In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.

Sir Francis Arthur Aglen joined the Chinese Maritime Customs in 1888. He was Acting Inspector-General in 1910 before succeeding Sir Robert Hart. He retired as Inspector-General in 1928.

Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).

In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.

James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.

The extracts were made by Hart principally from the London Gazette and the Daily Advertiser but also from many other 17th and 18th century newspapers and magazines held at Guildhall Library and the British Museum.

Many of the signs are also to be found in Bryant Lillywhite's London Signs (London, 1972) but a few signs noticed by Hart do not appear in Lillywhite and other entries pre- or post-date the corresponding entries in London Signs. Vols.11, 15, 18-20, 25 & 26 contain indexes to goldsmiths' and pawnbrokers' names only.

The papers in this collection relate to a four year project funded by the DHSS to set up an Occupational Medicine Department in Bedford Hospital, for the staff: the first such department in this country, initiated in 1967. They include reports to the DHSS and minutes of the committee administering the department. There are also the minutes of a committee set up under the auspices of the Westminster Group to set up an Occupational Health Department, and the tapes and slides used in a tape-slide presentation on occupational health in hospitals.

These materials were collected by Dr Harte for his book, The University of London, 1836-1986 - an illustrated history (1986, Athlone Press).

Professor Hartridge was a physiologist who made important contributions to knowledge of the mechanisms of hearing and sight as well as inventing apparatus, especially optical apparatus. He worked in the Physiology Department at Cambridge until 1927, then as Professor of Physiology at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School 1927-1947 and as Director of an MRC Unit at the Institute of Opthalmology 1947-1951. For further details see Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society vol 23, 1977, pp 193-211.

Alfred Abraham Bernard Rubenstein was born 3 Apr 1911, and registered as an undergraduate of East London College in Sep 1930 to study Chemistry. He graduated with 2nd Class Hons in 1933, and then began studying towards an MSc in Chemistry. Between Jun 1935 and Jun 1936, the time of submitting his Thesis, he had changed his name to Alfred Arthur Bernard Harvey. Whilst attending East London College, Alfred Rubenstein was president of the Students' Union and was present when Queen Mary College received its Charter in 1935. Following his graduation from Queen Mary College, Alfred Harvey continued to be involved with the College. At one point, when Mile End Hospital was expected to close he argued that it should be retained and that the College should become involved in the training of doctors.

Joyce Elizabeth Harvey, nee Gale, was born 24 Aug 1914 in Dorset, and entered as a student of East London College in Oct 1933 to study English. She shared a room at Forest Lodge, the Women's Hall of Residence, with Josephine Tooke, nee Hampson, and Beatrice Worthing. Joyce Gale graduated with 2nd Class Hons in English in 1936. Whilst at East London College and Queen Mary College she was a member of the swimming club, hockey club, lawn tennis club, women's badminton club, table tennis club, and the Union Committee.

Born 1912; educated at Oxford University; spent World War two in occupations consistent with her pacifist convictions, including voluntary work in one of the newly created Citizens Advice Bureaux; permanent worker at the Poplar Citizens Advice Bureaux, East London, 1955-1969; wrote a series of influential articles and pamphlets about housing, social security and homelessness; advised Jeremy Sandford on the TV drama-documentary Cathy come home, 1965; Founder Member, Child Poverty Action Group, [1965], with particular interest in the defects of the benefits system; First Director, Citizens' Rights Office, Child Poverty Action Group, 1970-1972; independent Lay Advocate for local authority tenants in county court eviction proceedings, [1972-]; died 1997. Publications: Tenants in Danger (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1964); Remedies for rent arrears: a study in the London Borough of Camden (Shelter, London, 1979).

Harvey , family

Daniel Harvey (1587-1647) and Sir Eliab Harvey (d 1699) are represented in this collection. The deeds mainly refer to property in the City of London (including South Sea House, home of the South Sea Company), Essex and Hackney. The Harvey family also had interests in Surrey, Kent, Suffolk, Oxfordshire and Worcestershire.

Harvey entered the Navy in 1787. He was present at the battle of the First of June 1794 and became a lieutenant four months later. In 1796 he was promoted to commander and to post rank in the next year. He was appointed to the Standard in 1805 under Vice-Admiral Collingwood, in the Mediterranean and in 1807 took part in the action of Sir John Duckworth in the Dardanelles. Returning to England in 1808, he was appointed to the Majestic in the Baltic until 1810 and then served until 1815 in the North Sea. Between 1815 and 1839 he had no employment. He was made rear-admiral in 1821, vice-admiral in 1837 and in 1839 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station; he died during this command.