The Royal Society is the UK adhering body for the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).
The International Federation of Workers' Education Associations (IFWEA) officially started in October 1947 when its first official conference was held in London and its constitution was adopted. It developed from an initiative of Ernest Green, General Secretary of the UK WEA who had organised a conference for representatives of workers educational associations worldwide. It was at this conference that the decision was taken to develop a formal international body to promote cooperation. The functions of IFWEA were to coordinate experience in adult education and to stimulate the expansion of voluntary workers' education in other countries. It now holds triennial conferences, international seminars and participates in research and special projects.
The International Geographical Congress is currently the congress of the International Geographical Union which was established in Brussels in 1922. However, the history of international meetings of geographers is much longer. The first of a series of congresses met in 1871 in Antwerp.
The International Marxist Group is a British Trotskyite revolutionary group affiliated to the Fourth International. Its broad aims are the overthrow of imperialist capitalism followed be the setting up of a government based on direct democratic control by the people.
The International Medical Congress was held in London on 2nd to 9th August 1881; the seventh annual meeting of the Congress. According to the Transactions of the Congress the discussions included anatomy, physiology, pathology, materia medica, general medicine and surgery, military medicine and surgery, ophthalmology, diseases of the skin, throat, ear and teeth, mental disease and diseases of children.
The International Missionary Council (IMC) was established in 1921, the result of currents in Christianity apparent as far back as the World Missionary Conference held in Edinburgh in 1910. The IMC divided its work between its London office and a New York office, opened in 1924. There was later a Far Eastern office. The IMC linked 14 interdenominational associations of missionary societies, such as the Division of Foreign Missions of the National Council of Churches of Christ, USA, with 16 interdenominational field bodies, such as the National Christian Council of India. The Council served its member bodies through study, consultation and programmes of mutual assistance, addressing issues such as missionary freedom, general and theological education, opium addiction, labour, slavery, racial discrimination, the church in rural and industrial society, home and family life, and literature, and advised local and regional church bodies. Several major international conferences were held, the subjects of which included the message, especially in relation to modern secularism (Jerusalem, 1928); the study of the Christian message in a non-Christian world (Madras, 1938); the relevance of the gospel in a world recovering from war (Whitby, Ontario, 1947); church unity as a condition of effective witness and advance (Willingen, Germany, 1952); and the establishment of a theological education fund (Ghana, 1958). J H Oldham, John R Mott, William Paton and A L Warnhuis were among those instrumental in the Council's work. The IMC became a focus of the emerging ecumenical movement soon after its formation and had a close relationship with the World Council of Churches from 1939, becoming in 1961 the Division of (later Commission on) World Mission and Evangelism of the WCC. The periodical International Review of Missions was produced from 1912. See the biography of the Secretary of the World Missionary Conference of 1910: Keith Clements, Faith on the Frontier: a Life of J H Oldham (1999).
The archive dates from the period after the World Missionary Conference held in Edinburgh in 1910. The Conference of British Missionary Societies was founded in 1912 with over 40 member missionary societies of various denominations. The International Missionary Council was founded in 1921 and its members comprised interdenominational associations of missionary societies in various countries and interdenominational field bodies. The two bodies shared premises at Edinburgh House, near Sloane Square, London, until the IMC became part of the World Council of Churches in 1961.
The International Refugee Organisation (IRO) was a non-permanent specialised agency of the United Nations. It came into being on 20 Aug 1948. Its functions were previously carried out by a Preparatory Commission (PCIRO), which assumed on 1 Jul 1947 functions formerly exercised by its predecessor organisations: The League of Nations; the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees; the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the allied armies.
The IRO was concerned principally with the repatriation and resettlement of refugees. It also provided for the care and maintenance of refugees in Displaced Persons camps. The objective was to offer sufficient maintenance and care to prevent serious physical and psychological deterioration. In addition it gave legal and political protection, a function normally performed by consulates on behalf of their governments.
The International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers was founded by Francis Howard on 23rd December 1897, and inaugurated in May 1898. Known as the 'International Society', it acted as a forum for independent artists from Europe and the USA who were invited to send work to, and support, international exhibitions in London and abroad. In the early years work from Royal Academicians was discouraged. In 1904, the Society was registered as a company under the Companies Act. The first President of the Society was Whistler, followed by Rodin. The first council included among others, John Lavery (Chairman), E.A. Walton, Sauter, Joseph Pennell and Gilbert. The Society organised its own exhibitions at various London galleries, including eventually the Royal Academy. In all, it held twenty-nine London exhibitions, between 1898 and 1925. The Council of the Society voted to wind up its Public Regulated Company in 1937, however the Society itself was to continue, and support exhibitions and purchase works of art until its existing funding ran out.
This appears to have been a fund set up to provide memorials to submarine telegraphy and its pioneers. John Denison-Pender, son of John Pender, founder of the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, was a member. For further details of telegraph companies founded by Pender, see the history of the Globe Telegraph and Trust Company, reference CLC/B/101.
The International Tin Council was established in 1956, following on from the work of the International Tin Study Group, which was established in 1947 to survey the world supply and demand of tin. The ITCs aims were to promote the achievement of a long-term balance between world production and consumption of tin, and to prevent excessive fluctuation in price. This was achieved by the creation and operation of a buffer stock system involving mandatory contributions by producer and consumer countries, the fixing of floor and ceiling prices, and the regulation of exports. The activities of the Council were governed by a series of six 5-year International Tin Agreements, commencing in 1956. The sixth agreement was extended for a further two years in 1987. The Council was dissolved in 1990.
The origins of the International Tracing Service date back to a 1943 initiative at the Headquarters of the Allied Forces, which enabled the section for International Affairs at the British Red Cross in London to provide this function. Spurred by the need to acquire more precise information about the fate of forced labourers and refugees in Europe, the task was taken over by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces on 15 February 1944. From the end of the war until 30 June 1947 the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration assumed the task of supporting and repatriating millions of non-German refugees. It moved to Bad Arolsen, Germany in January 1946, which was the geographical centre of the 4 occupation zones. On 1 July 1947 the International Refugee Organisation took over the Central Tracing Bureau, which, as of 1 January 1948, under the name International Tracing Service, is still valid today.
Lebensborn (Fount of life), registered association, established in December 1935 within the SS Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt (Race and Resettlement Main Office- RuSHA). In an extension of the marriage order of 1932, the Lebensborn Statute of September 1936 charged every SS man to produce at least 4 children, whether in or out of wedlock. The children were to come into the world in well-equipped Lebensborn homes, which protected the mothers from the surrounding world. Lebensborn provided birth documents and the child's basic support, and recruited adoptive parents. Financed by compulsory contributions from the RuSHA leadership, by 1944 a total of 13 homes were maintained, in which some 11,000 children were born. Estimates for the number of kidnappings of racially suitable non-aryans vary from several thousand to 200,000.
The International Transport Workers' Federation was founded in London in 1886 by European seafarers and dockers' union leaders who realised the need to organize internationally against strike breakers. In 2001 it is a Federation of 570 trade unions in 132 countries, representing around 5 million workers. The ITF represents transport workers at world level and promotes their interests through global campaigning and solidarity. It is dedicated to the advancement of independent and democratic trade unionism, and to the defence of fundamental human and trade union rights. It is opposed to any form of totalitarianism, aggression and discrimination.
The International Wine and Food Society was founded in London in 1933 by Andre Simon, intended as a dining society for enthusiasts who were not professionally connected to the wine and food trade. By 1934 branches had been founded in the United States, and later in Australia and South Africa.
The International Year of the Family, 1994, was established by the United Nations General Assembly in a resolution of 9 December 1989. The theme of the Year was "Family: resources and responsibilities in a changing world". Activities marking the Year were organised at local and regional level, supported by the United Nations.
Interradio AG was a holding company comprising numerous German-owned foreign broadcasting stations and was owned in equal share by the Nazi Foreign Affairs Department and the Propaganda Ministry. On 22 October 1941 it was merged with the Nazi radio monitoring service 'Seehaus' (named after the building in Berlin where it was located).
The Invalid Asylum for Respectable Females was established in 1825 by Miss Mary Lister, (an aunt of Joseph Lister, the founder of antiseptic surgery), to 'afford a temporary Asylum to Respectable Females, employed in shops and in other dependent situations, and Servants, obliged by illness to quit their places'. It was intended to provide nursing and medical attention for those women not ill enough for admittance to a large public hospital, but not well enough to enter a convalescent home. A certificate of good moral conduct was required of each woman before admittance, and patients were subject to strict rules and numerous requirements, including the care of their fellow patients and cleaning of the wards.
The institution altered its name to the Invalid Asylum and Stoke Newington Home Hospital for Women in 1911. By 1916 the establishment was known as the Stoke Newington Home Hospital for Women. It appears that the Invalid Asylum was initially established in Church Street in Stoke Newington. By 1834, the Asylum was housed in a different building to that in which it had begun. This new building was located at 187 High Street, Stoke Newington, and the Asylum remained there until immediately prior to the Second World War. In July and August 1939, the patients were moved to The Firs in Stevenage, the property there having been taken on a lease. In 1944, the Home Hospital bought The Firs, selling their former property in Stoke Newington at the same time.
From its beginning the Invalid Asylum had a physician and surgeon in attendance every working day, and the attendance of a dentist is noted from 1866. In 1826, its first full year, the Asylum treated forty-seven women. By the time of its centenary in 1926, this number had risen to 264. The original purpose had also been extended, with convalescent and maternity cases being admitted. The Invalid Asylum was overseen by a Ladies Committee, and the establishment very quickly gained royal patronage, with Princess Augusta acting as Patroness from 1826 until 1840, when Queen Victoria accepted the role. Queen Victoria served as Patroness of the Invalid Asylum for over 60 years, and the tradition of royal patronage continued right up to the incorporation of the Home into the National Health Service in 1948.
Invalid Children's Aid Nationwide (I CAN) is a national registered charity (number 210031) for children with speech and language difficulties. The charity began as the Invalid Children's Aid Association (ICAA) on 26 November 1888, founded by Allen Dowdeswell Graham, a clergyman, to help poor children who were either seriously ill or handicapped. In 1888, he wrote 'Poverty is bad enough, God knows, but the poor handicapped exist in a living hell. It's up to us to do something about it'. Allen Graham organised a group of home visit volunteers who took food, bedding and medicine to children and their families, and helped arrange admissions into hospitals and convalescent homes, holidays, apprenticeships, and the loan of spinal carriages, wheel chairs and perambulators. Royal patronage began in 1891 and continued throughout the 20th century.
As the Association grew, volunteers were gradually replaced by professional social workers and 'Homes of Recovery' were set up, where the treatment of children with tuberculosis and rheumatic heart disease was first pioneered. The first of these residential establishments was Holt Sanatorium opened in 1906 and Parkstone Home for boys was opened in 1909. In 1935, the ICAA helped publicise the need for immunisation against diptheria by holding a conference in London. The ICAA worked closely with the London County Council in providing Care Committee Secretaries to the Schools for Physically Handicapped Children, and acting as an agent for the tuberculosis 'TB Contact Scheme' from 1925. During 1939 to 1945, the Association was involved in the special arrangements for the evacuation of physically handicapped children to homes or selected foster homes.
The National Health Service Act 1948 introduced financial support for medical care and appliances required by the Association's social workers, enabling greater concentration on providing casework support to help alleviate the stress experienced by families with handicapped children. The Act also led to the transferral of the Association's Heart Hospital, which had been opened in 1926 to the Health Authorities and the gradual replacement of convalescence by short term holidays.
In the 1950s the Association's motto was 'To every child a chance' and aims were:
"1. To collect and put at the disposal of parents and others, all information with regard to the care of invalid and crippled children, and the facilities which exist for their treatment.
- To co-operate with doctors, hospital almoners and others by reporting on those aspects of the child's social background which are relevant to the understanding and treatment of the illness.
- To assist parents to carry out the doctor's advice with regard to treatment by :-
a) Arranging convalescence where necessary.
b) Helping them to understand, and where possible rectify, any adverse social conditions that may exist. - To help in the re-establishment of the child in normal life.
-
To visit the seriously invalided child."
With improvements in health care, the Association also began to concentrate on the educational problems arising from specific disabilities or chronic illness. In 1961 the Association organised an International Conference of Dyslexia and in 1964 the Word Blind Centre, Coram's Fields, was opened to study dyslexia and other reading difficulties. This led to the formation of the British Dyslexia Association.
By 1981 the ICAA was maintaining five residential schools for children with special educational needs. It also ran a central information service, which provided free advice, and hired publications and films, and centres run by social workers in London and Surrey offering support to families with handicapped children. Social work services were run partly through grant aid from local authorities, and included Keith Grove Centre, Hammersmith which was opened in 1967, and Grenfell House Social Work Centre in 1981.
In 1983 a Curriculum Development centre was opened for the research of teaching materials for children with speech and language disorders. The ICAA also expanded its area of work to include the Midlands and the North East with the opening of Carshalton Family Advice and Support Centre and regional offices.
In 1986 the ICAA was renamed as I CAN. In the late 1990s I CAN delivered a range of direct and partnership services to help children by pioneering work in special schools, nurseries and centres within local schools and by providing training and information for parents, teachers and therapists. In 1999 there were 25,000 children with severe and complex speech and language impairment, with only 14 specialised schools available in the country, I CAN managing three of these at Dawn House School, John Horniman School and Meath School. In these schools I CAN employed teachers, speech and language therapists, educational psychologists, care staff and social workers. In the financial year April 2000 to March 2001 the charity's gross income was £6,151,000, and expenditure was £7,035,000. I CAN has been involved in national projects such as 'Changing lives', an initiative launched in 1999, aimed at changing 'early years' provision to support 1,200 children in 2002.
Schools managed by ICAA and I CAN:
- Meath School, Surrey, established 1945, for junior boys with severe asthma and other respiratory disorders, later from1982 for pupils with speech, language and communication difficulties.
- Pilgrims School, East Sussex, established in 1955, for senior boys with severe asthma and eczemia (the only specialised school for these conditions in England and Wales).
- John Horniman School, West Sussex, established in 1958, for children with severe communication disorders including hearing impairment.
- Dawn House School, Nottinghamshire, established in 1974, for children with hearing impairment.
- Edith Edwards House School, Surrey, established in 1956, for children with severe communication disorders and behavioural difficulties.
Royal patrons
1891 Princess Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary);
1953 Elizabeth II.Presidents
Before 1957 Duchess of Portland;
1957 Princess Margaret.
Invalid Meals for London was a fore-runner of 'Meals-on-Wheels'. It was founded in 1910 as Invalid Kitchens of London, with the aim to supply nourishing food to persons suffering or emerging from illness who were unable to provide for themselves. The first 5 kitchens were located in Southwark, Bermondsey, Hoxton, Stepney and Victoria Docks; during the First World War the number of kitchens was increased.
As a voluntary body the organisation received a grant and support from the London County Council. In 1961 it was taken over by the LCC who continued the work of supplying meals to the elderly and invalids.
The Invalids Magazine Album was edited by the sisters Gladys E. Dickinson (1885-1979) and Violet A. Dickinson, daughters of a dealer in oriental porcelain, who lived in Hampstead, the Isle of Wight and Little Bower Farm at Molash near Canterbury.
The enterprise was highly organised: with the involvement of subscribers and contributors, an album of stories, poems, pictures, and literary criticism was created every couple of months. The sisters, Gladys and Violet Dickinson, acted as editors, as well as contributing material themselves. They apparently took over from their friend Lettice Pelham Clinton. The albums were called the I.M.A. (Invalids Magazine Album), and the two editors laid down strict rules about deadlines for articles and subscriptions, and particularly for how long readers were allowed to keep them before sending them on the next subscriber.
As laid down in November 1903:
1) All members must be invalids, or delicate, and need only contribute 3 times a year.
2) Anyone may have the magazine sent to them on payment of 1 shilling and 6 pence a year, towards expenses. They need not then contribute.
3) Anyone else may belong, if they will contribute to every number, they will be called contributors.
4) Everyone else, whether Members, Contributors, or Subscribers, MUST OBEY the following rule - Everyone may keep the magazine for 2 days, inclusive of day of receipt. They must then forward it to the next address on the Postal List, having first voted for their favourite contributions, and written dates of receipt and despatch beside their name and address. They must also send a post-card to the Editor, to notify her of these dates, as that is the only way in which the magazine can be traced if lost.
5) If the magazine is kept over time, a fine of 1 pence per day will be imposed.
6) Everyone is asked to criticise, on the pages set apart for criticisms. (non members may criticise also).
The albums were posted to subscribers, not just locally in Hampstead, the Isle of Wight or Somerset, but also to Cornwall, Surrey, Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Scotland, Ireland and even, at one point, to Dresden in Germany. The magazine was so popular with contributors that in 1904 they decided to split it into two parts - a senior and junior version which would go out alternate months. Violet remained as senior editor, and Gladys became editor of the Junior IMA.
Contributors include:
'Vita';
Dickinson, Cedric;
Dickinson, Frank Leslie;
Dickinson, Gladys Evelyn;
Dickinson, Violet A.
Dicksee, Amy;
Dicksee, Dorothy;
Dicksee, Harold J.H.
Dicksee, Maurice;
Dicksee, Phylis M.
Dohrman, John;
Dohrman, Margery;
Duke, Kathleen (Kittens);
Elmsall, Gertrude;
Finnemore, Elaine;
Finnemore, Ethelwyn;
Finnemore, Gordon;
Finnemore, Hilda;
Fitch, W.E.
Hart, Dick;
Hillyard Swinstead, Eulalia;
Hillyard Swinstead, Valerie;
Hoste, Daisy;
Hoste, Pansy;
Hoste, Violet;
Huxham, Gertrude;
Lanyon, Doctor;
Lely, Effie;
Lely, Eileen;
Lely, Enid;
MacKintosh, Will;
Miller, Alice;
Nicholson, Alianor (Pussums);
Pelham Clinton, Lettice;
Pollexfen, Ruth;
Rogers, Hetty;
Shead, Beatrice Irene (Queenie);
Skinner, Lionel;
Snell, Hester;
Starke, Oscar;
Storer, Violet;
Straith, Eileen L.
Thompson, Gwen;
Touch, Edith M.
Trendelburg, Paul G.
Vaughan Stevens, Dudley;
Vaughan Stevens, Muriel;
Vaughan Stevens, Ruth;
Walker, B.E. Rain;
Warren, Miss;
West, Eric;
Young, Madelaine.
Lady Invernairn, nee Elspeth Tullis, married William (later Sir William) Beardmore (1856-1936), Chairman and Managing Director of William Beardmore and Co., Engineers and Shipbuilders, in 1902. He was created Baron Invernairn of Strathnairn in 1921. They both met Ernest (later Sir Ernest) Shackleton (1874-1922) in Edinburgh in 1905, not long after the latter's return from the Antarctic where he had taken part as a junior officer in the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 to 1904. In 1906 Shackleton entered Beardmore's employment at Parkhead, Glasgow. With Mrs Beardmore's encouragement, he planned his own British Antarctic Expedition in the NIMROD in 1907. Shackleton went south again in the ENDURANCE as leader of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914 to 1917. See H.R. Mill, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton (London, 1923) and Margery and James Fisher, Shackleton(London, 1957).
Following the enactment of the Financial Services Act 1986, the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation was one of a number of Self Regulatory Organisations established to regulate companies dealing in investments as a means of protecting investors. Its responsibilities were transferred to the Financial Services Authority in December 2001, following the Chancellor of the Exchequer's decision to merge banking supervision and investment services regulation.
Information available at http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/Who/History/index.shtml (accessed October 2010).
In 1968 the Advisory Centre for Education published a supplement to Where: Information on Education entitled Unstreaming Comprehensives. As a result of this, the Librarian of the Institute of Education, University of London, Douglas John Foskett, wrote to schools which were listed as participating in mixed ability teaching.
The Ionian Bank was founded in London in 1839 to finance trade between the Ionian Islands, (a British protectorate) and Great Britain. After the cession to Greece of the islands in 1864, the Bank extended its operations to the rest of Greece and during the twentieth century to Egypt, Cyprus and Turkey. The Greek assets were sold to the Commercial Bank of Greece in the 1950s and the Egyptian assets were sequestrated. The Ionian Bank ceased trading as such in 1978, though certain parts of its business were carried on by Ionian Securities Ltd, which was taken over by Alpha Credit Bank in 1999, forming the Alpha Bank.
Born 1900; RN Cadet, Royal Naval College, Osborne, Isle of Wight, 1913-1914; Midshipman, battleship HMS BELLEROPHON, Grand Fleet, Scapa Flow, 1916; battle of Jutland, 1916; witnessed scuttling of captured German Fleet, Scapa Flow, 1919; Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1919-1920; Lt, HMS VENOMOUS, 1920-1921; Flinders Naval Depot, Australia, 1922-1924; HMS FROBISHER, 1924-1926; trained as observer, Fleet Air Arm, 1926; HMS FURIOUS, 1926-1928; Ground Instructor, RAF Leuchars, Scotland, 1928-1929; HMS HERMES, Hong Kong, 1929-1931; HMS FURIOUS, 1931-1934; HMS COURAGEOUS, 1934-1935; Staff Officer, Operations, to Adm Noel Frank Laurence, HMS GLORIOUS, 1936; Director of Training and Staff Duties, Air Ministry, 1936-1938; Second in Command, HMS NEWCASTLE, 1939-1941; Air Ministry, 1941-1942; commanded HMS OWL, Fearn, Scotland, 1942-1944; Deputy Director (Naval), Combined Operations Headquarters, 1944-1945; commanded HMS AJAX, 1946-1948; Deputy Director, Department of Naval Equipment, Admiralty 1948-1951; retired, 1951
Born 1918; student, RAF College Cranwell, 1936-1938; pupil, School of Army Co-operation, 22 (Army Co-operation) Group, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1938; pilot, 20 Sqn, North West Frontier, India, 1939-1940; ADC to Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Headquarters, India, 1941; 155 Sqn, Risalpur, North West Frontier, India, 1942; Officer Commanding B Flight, 5 Sqn, Dum Dum, India, 1942; Sqn Ldr, 67 Sqn, Alipore, India, 1942; Commanding Officer, 17 Sqn, Bengal, India, 1942; on staff, 224 Group Headquarters, Chittagong, 1942, India, 1942-1943; Sqn Ldr, 197 Sqn, RAF Tangmere, 1943-1944; Commanding Officer, 486 (New Zealand) Sqn, Fighter Command and Tactical Air Force, 1944; 83 Group, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 1944-1945; Wg Cdr, 83 Group Headquarters, Germany, 1945; student, RAF Staff College, Bracknell, 1945-1946; Fighter Command Headquarters, 1946-1948; Sqn Ldr, Central Fighter Establishment, West Raynham, 1948; Personal Staff Officer to Commander-in-Chief, Fighter Command Headquarters, 1948-1949; Air Ministry, 1949-1951; RAF Kabrit, Egypt, 1951-1954; Senior Air Staff Officer, British Forces Aden Headquarters, 1954; Fighter Command Headquarters, 1954-1955; Commander, RAF Horsham St Faith, 1955-1958
The archive was begun by the Irish in Britain History Group, and was donated to the Irish Studies Centre at the University of North London in 1991, who have continued to develop and expand the collection. The aim is to create a representative record of the experiences of the Irish in Britain.
The Morgan Owen medal is the insurance world's most prestigious essay prize. The silver gilt medal and award of up to £2,000 is offered for the best essay entered by a Fellow or Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute. The competition is run annually.
Born, 1914; educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford; joined RAF, 1936; service with 211 Sqn, UK and Egypt, 1937-1938; on staff, RAF Headquarters, Amman, Transjordan, 1938; service with 14 Sqn, Ismailia, Egypt, 1938; service with 14 Sqn at Port Sudan, Sudan, 1940; made an unauthorised raid on Italian naval base, Massawa, Eritrea, June 1940; service with 113 Sqn, Western Desert, 1940-1941; service with 211 Sqn, Greece, 1941; killed in action, Parymythia, Greece, Apr 1941
Brash Brothers first appear in a commercial directory in 1892, as a partnership, at 9 and 11 Fenchurch Avenue and 13 St Mary Axe. By 1918, they were at 38 Mincing Lane. From 1923 they were at 23 Rood Lane, and 1935-69 at 13 Rood Lane. They also had various warehouses in the London suburbs at various dates. Brash Brothers appear to have become a limited company, Brash Brothers (Tea) Limited, circa 1940. In 1996 the firm was taken over and no corporate records are known to survive.
Lucy Irwin appears to have been a pupil at No. 2 School, Marlborough Street, Dublin. Her address is given as Leinster Terrace, Aughrim Street, North Circular Road, Dublin.
Irwin Harrisons and Whitney Incorporated was registered in 1924 on the merger of Irwin Harrisons and Crosfield Incorporated (which was formed in 1914 on the merger of the New York branch of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited and A.P. Irwin and Company) and J.C. Whitney (tea importers and exporters).
Irwin Harrisons and Crosfield Incorporated were tea importers and exporters with branches in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston and San Francisco. In 1944 the export trade was taken over by Harrisons and Crosfield (America) Incorporated (CLC/B/112-065). In 1978 Irwin Harrisons and Whitney became a wholly owned subsidiary of Harrisons and Crosfield. In 1979 it was restyled as part of Harcros Inc, a subsidiary of Harrisons and Crosfield (America) Incorporated (see CLC/B/112/MS37523-9).
For historical notes on Harrisons and Crosfield Ltd's shareholdings in the Company see CLC/B/112/MS37392. For staff lists see CLC/B/112/MS37341.
G. W. Issac qualified at Edinburgh in 1882, and had a large practice in Bloomsbury, London [cf. B.M.J. 1931, ii, p. 681.].
Born, 1896; educated at the Grocers' Company's School, Hackney Downs; civil service, 1912-1916; active service in France as a lieutenant (Territorial Army) in the Royal Garrison Artillery, 1916-1918; Exeter College, Oxford, 1919; assistant lecturer in English at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, 1921-1924; assistant lecturer in English at King's College, University of London, 1924-1928; lecturer in English, 1928; first Montefiore Professor of English in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Palestine, 1942-1945; returned to England, 1945; chair of English Language and Literature at Queen Mary College, University of London, 1952-1964; retired from the chair and appointed Professor Emeritus, 1964; died, 1973.
Stella Charnaud was born in Constantinople in 1894, the daughter of the director of the tobacco monopoly of the Ottoman Empire. In 1914 she travelled to London to train as a secretary, and in 1925 she went to India as the secretary of Alice, Lady Reading, wife of the new Viceroy Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Lord Reading. Lord Reading was a lawyer, judge, diplomat, ambassador and politician. He was created marquess in 1926, becoming the first commoner to rise to this rank since Wellington.
Stella became Lord Reading's private secretary after they returned from India. He came to depend on her, and after Alice died of cancer in 1930, he and Stella were married in 1931. Lord Reading was 71 and Stella was 37. They had no children. Stella devoted herself to the marriage, but after his death in 1935, as the Dowager Marchioness of Reading, she stood out in her own right as capable and determined in support of various causes. In 1938 she was asked by the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, to form a service of women to prepare for the civil dislocation inevitable during wartime. The result was the Women's Voluntary Service (WVS).
After the War Stella, while maintaining her leadership of the WVS, also served for other causes including Governor of the BBC, 1946-51, and chair of the Advisory Council on Commonwealth Immigration. She was awarded 5 honorary doctorates from universities around the world. In 1958 she was created Baroness Swanborough, becoming the first woman life peer to take a seat in the House of Lords.
Information from Windlesham, 'Isaacs , Stella, marchioness of Reading and Baroness Swanborough (1894-1971)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 and A. Lentin, 'Isaacs, Rufus Daniel, first marquess of Reading (1860-1935)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.
Lady Stella Reading (1894-1971) was born Stella Charnaud in 1894 in Constantinople where her father worked for the British Foreign Service. She was educated in Europe before becoming a secretary. She was posted to India as the secretary of the new Viceroy's wife before becoming part of the Viceroy's secretariat in Delhi. There, she met John Isaacs, the Marquis of Reading whom she would marry after the death of his wife in 1931. He died in 1935, soon after their return to England. Lady Reading became increasingly involved in social work such as the Personal Service League (PSL) and was elected to a number of committees as well as becoming a magistrate. Her work with the PSL meant that it was her that the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, approached to set up the Women's Voluntary Service for Air Raid Precautions in 1938. The organisation, which soon became known as the simply the Women's Voluntary Service or WRS, recruited and organised female volunteers before and during the war. After 1945, Lady Reading and the organisation continued their work and it was for this that she was created a Life Peer in Jul 1958, becoming the first woman to take her seat in the House of Lords as Baroness Swanborough. She died on 21 May 1971.
Nathan Isaacs (1895-1966) was a metallurgist and was awarded the OBE for the contribution he made to this field during World War Two. However, he also took a scholarly interest in the fields of philosophy, psychology and metaphysics, and was particularly interested in the work of Jean Piaget and in theories of child development and of the teaching of science to children. He lectured and wrote widely on these topics. He married the psychologist and educator Susan Fairhurst in 1922 and was closely involved with her work in the Malting House school experiment. After her death in 1948 he married Evelyn Lawrence, who had also worked at the Malting House School, Cambridge. They were both deeply involved with the National Froebel Foundation, an organisation devoted to promoting the ideas of the educationist, Friedrich Froebel.
Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) née Fairhurst, trained as a teacher and gained a degree in philosophy from Manchester University in 1912. Following a period as a research student at the Psychological Laboratory, Cambridge, she was Lecturer at Darlington Training College, 1913-1914, and then lecturer in logic at Manchester University, 1914-1915. Between 1924 and 1927 she was Head of Malting House School, Cambridge, an experimental school which fostered the individual development of children. Isaacs also trained and practised as a psychoanalyst. In 1933 she became the first Head of the Department of Child Development at the Institute of Education, University of London, where she established an advanced course in child development for teachers of young children. Between 1929 and 1940 she was also an 'agony aunt' under the pseudonym of 'Ursula Wise', replying to readers' problems in child care journals. She married twice, firstly to William Brierley and secondly (in 1922) to Nathan Isaacs.
Henry Isbell, 1858-1930 was employed on the Belvidere and Diamond estates in Antigua, 1878-1891.
The origins of ISCO may be found in the the small Careers Advisory Bureau (CAB), run by the educational agents Messrs. Truman & Knightley from the 1920s onwards. In 1933, an Public Schools Section of the CAB was instituted, run by a Captain Pullein-Thompson. It was advised by a committee of headmasters Following the outbreak of war, the Public Schools Section of the CAB removed themselves from Truman & Knightley and formed the Public School Employment Bureau (PSEB) in 1939. This entity became a company limited by guarantee in 1942. The end of the war and the increasing numbers of public school leavers meant that the resources and staffing of PSEB were stretched to the limit. In 1947, an enquiry by a committee of the Headmasters' Conference, led by Sir George Schuster, came to the conclusion that PSEB needed to be radically overhauled. The new goals were to widen the range of help given to boys, improve contacts with schools and businesses, encourage schools to wrok out training schemes for 18 year olds, and assist careers masters by sending them prepared and classified information regarding openings throughout the whole country. The new organisation, known after May 1950 as the Public Schools Appointment Bureau (PSAB), was given a national structure and staffing, and was led by a Council composed of headmasters and representatives of school governing bodies. Regional offices began appearing in 1951, and PSAB provided a systematic placement service, various courses and summaries of training schemes. Though membership grew during the 1950s and early 60s, by the later part of the decade it had slowed due to the wish of students to attend higher education, economic fluctuations, and a lack of new schools eligible to join the scheme. PSAB responded by working more closely with parents, for example implementing the Parents Participation Scheme (later the Careers Guidance Scheme), where parents contributed money in exchange for packages of guidance, information and access to courses. In 1972, PSAB was renamed ISCO, the Independent Schools Careers Organisation, and the criteria for membership was relaxed to allow in non-HMS schools. Growth was maintained during the 1980s with the introduction of Morrisby tests and the computerisation of careers guidance. Joan Hills was the ISCO office manager from 1948 to the 1980s This information was taken from an unpublished work by Mike Hicks, 'Careers Work and Independent Schools 1920 - 2000: Eighty Years of Vocational Guidance', to mark the 50th Anniversary of ISCO. Mike Hicks is a member of the ISCO Council.
Elizabeth Isham was born in Braunston, Northamptonshire, in c 1558. She lived in Warden, Bedfordshire and married Henry Cave. She died in c 1630.
No biographical information is currently known for Thomas Sendall, fl 1659.
This company carried out business as shipping agents and merchants in Singapore and Penang, Malaya and was part of the Inchcape Group.
A brewery is said to have existed in Isleworth since the early eighteenth century. The brewery, situated on St John's Road, Isleworth, passed through various owners until it was acquired by William Farnell in 1800, thereafter it remained in the Farnell family. In 1866 William, son of William Farnell Watson, changed the company name to Isleworth Brewery Limited. In 1920 the company amalgamated with Sich and Co. (brewers) and in 1924 the enlarged company was taken over by Watney, Combe, Reid and Co Ltd.
A brewery is known to have existed in Isleworth in the early years of the 18th century but it was not until 1800 that the Farnells, a prominent local family, purchased it at a cost of £1,145. From this date, William Farnell developed and enlarged the existing business considerably and on his death in 1820 bequeathed it to two of his sons, John and Charles. These two entered into a formal partnership in 1824. Over the next thirty years they acquired, by lease or purchase, control of a large number of licensed houses while at the same time enlarging the Brewery, building malthouses and erecting cottages for their workmen. As wealthy and respected members of the local community they contributed large sums of money to charity, and helped in the building of Saint John's church, Isleworth. In 1854, William Farnell Watson, a relation by marriage, entered into partnership with the two Farnell brothers, and in 1865, the business became known as "Farnell and Watson's". In 1866, William, the son of W. Farnell Watson, to whom the business had been bequeathed in his father's will, converted it into the Isleworth Brewery Company Limited.
Sich and Company, taken over by the Isleworth Brewery Company in 1920, was likewise a small family concern. The earliest mention of a Sich connected with brewing was in a conveyance of 1790 when John Sich purchased the Lamb Brewery at Chiswick from a group of persons including members of the well-known Thrale family. In 1809 John Sich the Elder, John Sich the Younger and Henry Sich entered into a formal partnership as common brewers, a partnership which was dissolved and renewed between John Sich the Younger and Henry Sich in 1819. As a slight diversification of their business interests they agreed to act together as coal merchants, side by side with brewing. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century the business was carried on by a varying combination of members of the Sich family. They pursued a similar policy to the Isleworth Brewery Company and acquired a large number of licensed houses in the vicinity of the brewery.
Four years after the amalgamation of these two family businesses, the enlarged company was taken over by Messrs. Watney, Combe, Reid and Company.
Islington Chinese Association (ICI) was founded in 1986. The charity originally began in a single room at 70 Bavaria Road. In 1992, they enlarged and moved to 33 Giesbach Road. In October 2008, the charity moved to 21 Hatchard Road, London, N19 4NG.
ICI is committed to providing a variety of services to benefit the community in Islington, in particular the Chinese Community. They offer many classes including art, martial arts, dance, singing, English language, Mandarin and Cantonese. Other services include the elderly group, women and children's group and youth group. The charity also provides welfare advice to the Chinese community.
In 2005, the charity received the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service.
Community Health Councils were established in England and Wales in 1974 "to represent the interests in the health service of the public in its district" (National Health Service Reorganisation Act, 1973). Often referred to as 'the patient’s voice in the NHS', each Community Health Council (CHC) served the public and patients in its local area by representing their interests to National Health Service (NHS) authorities and by monitoring the provision of health services to their communities.
CHCs were independent statutory bodies with certain legal powers. CHCs were entitled to receive information about local health services, to be consulted about changes to health service provision, and to carry out monitoring visits to NHS facilities. They also had the power to refer decisions about proposed closures of NHS facilities to the Secretary of State for Health. For this reason, CHCs were sometimes known as the ‘watchdogs’ of the NHS. The co-ordinated monitoring of waiting times in Accident and Emergency departments led to ‘Casualty Watch’ which gained national press coverage. Locally, many CHCs represented patients’ views by campaigning for improved quality of care and better access to NHS services, and by responding to local issues such as proposed hospital closures.
Each CHC had around 20 voluntary members from the local area. Half were appointed by the local authority, a third were elected from voluntary bodies and the remainder were appointed by the Secretary of State for Health. Members met every month to six weeks and meetings were usually open to the general public. Guest speakers or guest attendees were often invited, particularly when a specific topic or issue was under discussion.
All CHCs employed a small number of paid office staff and some had shop-front offices, often on the high street, where members of the public could go for advice and information about local NHS services. CHCs published leaflets and guidance on a wide variety of topics from ‘how to find a GP’ to ‘how to make a complaint’.
Within the guiding principles and statutory duties of the legislation, CHCs developed organically in response to the needs of the communities they served and for this reason considerable variation can be found in the records of different CHCs.
Islington Community Health Council was created in September 1974 with the duty to represent the community of Islington and Hornsey to the National Health Service (NHS). The majority of members were appointed from the borough councils of Islington, Haringey (Hornsey) and Barnet and from voluntary bodies. Islington CHC employed three full-time staff. After a brief period operating from Whittington Hospital, its offices were based in Liverpool Road Hospital until 1980 when it moved to Manor Gardens, moving again to Holloway Road in 1994.
Community Health Councils in England were abolished in 2003 as part of the ‘NHS Plan (2000)’. The last meeting of Islington CHC was held in September 2003.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
The Parish of Saint Mary Islington had constructed a workhouse on Liverpool Road in 1776, after the passing of a Local Act. This meant that it did not come under the juridsiction of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. The Board of Guardians was not constituted for the parish of St Mary Islington until 1867. A new workhouse was subsequently constructed on Saint John's Road in Upper Holloway. An infirmary was also built on Highgate Hill, on the site of the Highgate Smallpox Hospital which had been moved. An infant's school was constructed on Hornsey Road in 1853. In 1895 Islington also purchased a disused workhouse on Shadwell Road (later Cornwallis Road) to use as an overflow institution.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
These are the files of Alan Whittleton, former Secretary of the Association.