The Department of Materials has its origins in the Royal School of Mines, which opened in 1851. By 1854, the Mining and Metallurgical Division was established as one of four sections of the School, and was moved from Jermyn Street to South Kensington in 1879 as the Department of Metallurgy. In 1970, the Department became the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, and the Department of Materials from 1986, as part of the Royal School of Mines.
The London Centre for Marine Technology was established in the 1980s as a joint venture between Imperial College and University College London.
Prior to UDI in 1965 only all-white unions and African unions formed after 1959 were legally recognised in what was then Southern Rhodesia, and in addition these unions had to be skill-based rather than general. After 1965, repressive labour policies forced many unionists, including the leadership of the African Trades Union Congress (ATUC), into exile. Given government antipathy and splits within the labour movement, with some unionists advocating a less political stance and association with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) while others left to support the guerrilla war (1966-1980), trade unions remained weak until independence. Subsequently the ZANU-PF regime sought to control the workforce through the creation of a new confederation, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), designed to be compliant with government labour policy. The majority of the materials held here date from before 1980, and originate from both blue and white-collar and African and European unions.
Livestock have historically been an important feature of Argentina's economy, and the establishment of refrigerating plants for meat stimulated the expansion of trade. Britain was among the prime consumers of Argentine products and a substantial investor in the development of infrastructure.
Details of the Anglo-Argentine Refrigerating Company Ltd are not known.
Unknown.
Following the Spanish-American War a treaty (1898) established Cuba as an independent republic, although US military occupation continued until 1902, and subsequently US influence remained strong. US investment in Cuban enterprises increased, and many economic concerns passed to American ownership.
Details of the American Cuban Estates Corporation are not known.
Biometrika, a journal for the statistical study of biological problems, was founded by the eugenicist (Sir) Francis Galton (1822-1911), the mathematician and biologist Karl Pearson (1857-1936), and the zoologist Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860-1906), in 1901. It was initially edited by Pearson and Weldon. The journal was later published by the Biometrika Trust, whose offices are accommodated in the the Department of Statistical Science at University College London (founded in 1911 as the Department of Applied Statistics). It is distributed by Oxford University Press.
Members of the Brougham family of Brougham, Westmorland, included Henry, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), who served as Lord Chancellor, 1830-1834; James (1780-1833); John Waugh (1785-1829); and William, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795-1886).
Born in London, 1920; educated at Highgate School, Trinity College Cambridge (Robert Styring Scholar, Classics, and Senior Scholar, Natural Sciences), and the London Hospital (Scholar); visited Buenos Aires and West Africa, 1936; refused military service in World War Two, 1939-1945; 1st Class Natural Science Tripos, Part I, 1940; 2nd Class Natural Science Tripos, 1st Division (Pathology), 1941; BA, 1943; married Ruth Muriel Harris, 1943; Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, Cambridge, 1944; Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate, Royal College of Physicians, London, 1944; MA, Cambridge, 1945; Diploma in Child Health, London, 1945; one son, Nicholas, born, 1946; Lecturer in Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, 1948-1951; PhD in Biochemistry, London, 1949; Honorary Research Associate, Department of Zoology, University College London, 1951-1973; DSc in Gerontology, London, 1963; Director of Research in Gerontology, Zoology Department, University College London, 1966-1973; President, British Society for Research on Ageing, 1967; first marriage dissolved and married Jane Tristram Henderson (d 1991), 1973; Clinical Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, 1974-1983; Professor, Department of Pathology, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, 1976-1978; Consultant psychiatrist, Brentwood VA Hospital, Los Angeles, 1978-1981; Adjunct Professor, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, from 1980; Consultant, Ventura County Hospital (Medical Education), from 1981; member of the Royal Society of Medicine; member of the American Psychiatric Association; a prolific author, best known for books on sexual behaviour - in which he advocated greater sexual freedom, including the bestselling and widely translated The Joy of Sex and its sequels - but wrote on a diverse range of subjects; an anarchist, and published works on anarchy; a pacifist, and active in the movement for nuclear disarmament; died in Banbury, Oxfordshire, 2000. Publications include: Fiction: No Such Liberty (1941); The Almond Tree (1943); The Powerhouse (1944); Letters from an Outpost (1947); On This Side Nothing (1949); A Giant's Strength (1952); Come Out to Play (1961); Tetrarch (1980); Imperial Patient (1987); The Philosophers (1989). Poetry: France and Other Poems (1942); A Wreath for the Living (1943); Elegies (1944); The Song of Lazarus (USA, 1945); The Signal to Engage (1947); And All But He Departed (1951); Haste to the Wedding (1961); Poems (1979); Mikrokosmos (1994). Plays: Into Egypt (1942); Cities of the Plain (1943); Gengulphus (1948). Songs: Are You Sitting Comfortably? (1962). Non-fiction: The Silver River (1938); Art and Social Responsibility (1946); First Year Physiological Technique (1948); The Novel and Our Time (1948); Barbarism and Sexual Freedom (1948); Sexual Behaviour in Society (1950); The Pattern of the Future (1950); Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State (1950); The Biology of Senescence (1956); Darwin and the Naked Lady (1961); Sex in Society (1963); Ageing, the Biology of Senescence (1964); The Process of Ageing (1964); Nature and Human Nature (1966); The Anxiety Makers (1967); The Joy of Sex (1972); More Joy (1974); A Good Age (1977); as editor, Sexual Consequences of Disability (1978); I and That: Notes on the Biology of Religion (1979); A practice of Geriatric Psychiatry (1979); The Facts of Love (1980); What is a Doctor? (1980); Reality and Empathy (1984); with Jane T Comfort, What about Alcohol? (1983); The New Joy of Sex (1991); Against Power and Death (1994). Translation: The Koka Shastra (1964).
Peter Davison was editor of The Complete Works of George Orwell and Professor and Senior Research Fellow in English and Media, De Montfort University, Leicester. Davison was originally commissioned in 1981 to produce corrected versions of Orwell's nine separate books. He also edited the Facsimile of the Manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four and was commissioned in 1982 to produce a collected edition of Orwell's shorter writing which developed into the production of The Complete Works. He was President of the Bibliographical Society, 1992-1994, whose journal, The Library, he edited for 12 years. He was also a Shakespeare expert on whose plays he published a number of works.
Publications:
The Complete Works of George Orwell editor
Songs of the British Music Hall: A Critical Study
Popular Appeal in English Drama to 1850
Contemporary Drama and the Popular Dramatic Tradition
Hamlet: Text and Performance
Henry V: Masterguide
Othello: The Critical Debate
George Orwell: A Literary Life
De Beer was born on 1 November 1899 at Malden, Surrey. His early life was spent abroad and he attended the Ecole Pascale in Paris. He came to England in 1912 and attended Harrow School, followed by Magdalen College Oxford. He joined the Grenadier Guards and was called up, but the First World War ended soon afterwards. He returned to Oxford and studied zoology, achieving a first class honours in 1921. He was elected to a Prize Fellowship of Merton College in 1923, and held this until 1938. From 1926 to 1938 De Beer was Jenkinson Lecturer in Embryology at Oxford. He served in the Second World War, being involved with psychological warfare. From 1946 to 1950 he was Professor of Embryology at University College London and from 1950 to 1960 Director of the British Museum (Natural History). He then joined the publishing company Thomas Nelson, initially as a Director and later as Editorial Consultant. He was President of the Linnean Society from 1946 to 1949. He was knighted in 1954. He won many medals during his lifetime and published a many of books on a range of subjects, from embryology and genetics to travelling in Switzerland. De Beer died on 21 June 1972.
Unknown.
The Gilchrist Educational Trust was founded on the bequest of Dr John Borthwick Gilchrist (1759-1841) who left the residue of his estate to the Trustees 'for the benefit advancement and propagation of education and learning in every part of the world as far as circumstances will permit'. After long litigation procedures the Educational Trust was founded in 1865.
The principle which guided the Trustees in the administration of the funds under their control was that of doing pioneering work, such as seeking to fill up educational gaps; making some provision for the educational needs of classes of persons not already provided for; aiding new educational movements which, for lack of public support at their initiation, needed financial help to enable them to grow in strength. They began by establishing scholarships to bring natives of India to England for a University education that would fit them to undertake public work on their return. These, later taken over by the Government of India, were followed by similar scholarships in the (then) Colonies which were, in turn, taken over by the appropriate authorities. There followed scholarships in England for women at the time when Women's Colleges were being established. The Trust is perhaps best known for its establishment of the Gilchrist Lecturers, 1867-1939, which were given in industrial communities by eminent men and were attended by many thousands of people. After the Lectures began, the University Extension movement started to develop; the Trust worked in close association with it and, later, with the Workers' Educational Association.
H K Lewis & Company Ltd was founded in 1844 as medical publishers and booksellers. The firm occupied 136 Gower Street and 28 Gower Place. In 1989 the business was purchased by Pentos publishing group.
The Chilean merchants Balfour Williamson & Company Ltd were founded in 1851.
Victor Horsley was born in Kensington, London, and educated at Cranbrook School in Kent and at University College London, where he studied medicine under John Burdon Sanderson and G D Thane. In 1880 he was appointed House Surgeon at University College Hospital where he experimented with anaesthetics. Horsley studied at postgraduate level in Berlin in 1881 and in 1882 was appointed Surgical Registrar at University College Hospital. From 1884 to 1890 Horsley was Professor-Superintendent of the Brown Institute, where he did experiments on localization of brain function (with Charles Beevor), on the pituitary gland, on the relation of the larynx to the nervous system (with Felix Semon), and on the thyroid gland, myxoedema and cachexia strumipriva. In 1885 he was promoted to assistant surgeon. In 1886 he took the position of Assistant Professor of Surgery at the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, Queen Square, where he performed operations on the brain and spinal cord. In 1886 he was appointed secretary of the Local Government Board Commission on Hydrophobia, and also studied Pasteur's anti-rabies vaccine. In the same year he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1887 to 1896 Horsley was Professor of Pathology at University College London. He married Eldred, daughter of Sir Frederick Bramwell, in 1887, and the couple had two sons and one daughter. Horsley was elected President of the Medical Defence Union in 1893 and the British Medical Temperance Association in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed to the Senate of the University of London and elected to the General Medical Council. From 1899 to 1902 he was Professor of Clinical Surgery at University College London. In 1902 he was knighted for his work in medicine. In 1907 he published Alcohol and the Human Body with Dr Mary Sturge. Towards the end of his life he stood as a Liberal candidate in London but later resigned; he was also rejected by Leicester. In 1915 and 1916 he travelled extensively in a medical capacity, performing surgery on the war field. He died at Amara from heatstroke and pyrexia in July 1916. Lady Horsley continued to be involved in radical causes after her husband's death. Their sons, Siward and Oswald, were both educated at Bedales School in Hampshire, then at Oxford University. Both fought in the Great War, the younger, Oswald, being killed in a flying accident at the end of 1918. The elder, Siward, died in 1920. In 1917 Victor's daughter Pamela married Stanley Robinson, who was knighted in 1972 for his work in the British Museum. Pamela and her husband helped to found a Babies Club in Chelsea.
Unknown.
Born in Paris 1924; family returned to England 1927; Winchester College, 1936-; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1941-1943; worked in the aerodynamics division of the National Physical Laboratory, 1943-1945; prize fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1945; Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, 1946; Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics, University of Manchester, 1950-1959; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1953; Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1959-1964; founder member and President of the of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, 1964; Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College, London, 1964-1969; served as Secretary (physical sciences) and Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1965-1969; Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, 1969-1979; President of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, 1971-1974; Provost of University College, London, 1979-1989; President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1984-1988; retired, 1989; chairman of the International Council of Scientific Unions committee on the international decade for natural disaster relief, 1990-1995; died, 1998.
Robert Grant was born in Edinburgh on 11 November 1793. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and at the University of Edinburgh, graduating M.D. in 1814. From 1815 to 1820 Grant studied medicine and natural history in Paris and at many continental universities. He returned to Edinburgh in 1820 and devoted himself to natural history. In 1824 he gave lectures on comparative anatomy of the invertebrate for his friend Dr John Barclay, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He believed in the transformation of species and the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin was his intimate companion in study. Grant wrote numerous original papers during this period. In June 1827 he was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at University College London and became absorbed in teaching for the next 46 years. He also lectured at other institutions. In 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. Grant died on 23 August 1874 at the age of 80.
Born, 10 June 1866; educated at University College School and University College London (UCL); graduated with honours in English Language and Literature, 1888; awarded the degree of PhD by Strasburg University for a thesis on the old English poem 'Judith', which was also published, 1892; taught in the English department at UCL as Quain student, 1894-1899; also Professor of English Language and Literature at Bedford College for Women, London, 1897-1900; Assistant Professor at UCL, 1900-1904; appointed Secretary to UCL, 1900; elected Principal, 1904; the title was changed to Provost, 1907; knighted, 1917; Vice-Chancellor of London University, 1928-1930; created a baronet, 1930; died in London, 24 September 1931.
Unknown.
Os Marron was a Lancashire poet (d1947). He was the son of a miner and cotton worker and one of a small number of working class poets writing in the 1940s. He died of tubercolosis.
Alex Comfort (1920-2000) was a gerontologist and author.
John Thomas Graves: born in Dublin, 1806; undergraduate at Trinity College, Dublin; distinguished himself in science and classics; a contemporary and friend of Sir William Rowan Hamilton; researches respecting exponential functions led him to important results, 1826; graduated BA, 1827; printed in the Philosophical Transactions the discovery of two arbitrary and independent integers in the complete expression of an imaginary logarithm, and considered it a solution for various difficulties that had perplexed mathematicians, believing that he had elucidated the subject of the logarithms of negative and imaginary quantities, 1829; removed to Oxford and became an incorporated member of Oriel College, 1830; entered the King's Inns, Dublin, 1830; MA, Oxford, 1831; MA, Dublin, 1832; called to the English bar as member of the Inner Temple, 1831; for a short time went on the western circuit; since his mathematical conclusions were not at first universally accepted by contemporaries such as Sir John Herschel, he communicated to the British Association a defence and explanation of his discovery, supported by Sir William Rowan Hamilton's paper published in the British Association's Report, 1834; corresponded for many years with Hamilton, also interested in algebraical science and imaginaries, who communicated his discovery of quaternions to Graves first of all, and acknowledged his debt to his friend for his stimulus in 1843; Graves continued his mathematical investigations; stimulated Sir William Rowan Hamilton in the study of polyhedra, and received from him the first intimation of the discovery of the icosian calculus; contributed various papers on mathematical subjects to the Philosophical Magazine, London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and others, 1836-1856; member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; elected a member of the Royal Society, 1839; subsequently sat on its council; Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London, 1839-1843; elected an examiner in laws in the University of London; twelve lectures on the law of nations were reported in the Law Times from 1845; a member of the Philological Society and of the Royal Society of Literature; appointed an assistant Poor Law Commissioner, 1846; appointed a poor-law inspector of England and Wales, 1847; died, 1870. Publications: articles on Roman law and canon law for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana; articles in Sir William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography (3 volumes, London, 1844-1849), including lives of the jurists Cato, Crassus, Drusus, Gaius, and an article on the legislation of Justinian; various scientific papers.
John Ruskin was born 8 February 1819. He was educated privately, then went to Christ Church Oxford, otaining his BA 1842 and MA in 1843. He was Rede Lecturer at Cambridge in 1867, and Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford from 1870 to 1879 and 1882 to 1884. He was an honorary member of the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours, 1873. He was also a member of several foreign Academies. Ruskin produced numerous publications, many about painting and architecture. He died on 20 January 1900.
James Smith was born in Liverpool on 26 March 1805, the son of Joshua Smith. He entered a merchant's office at an early age, and, after remaining there seventeen years, he started his own business, retiring in 1855. He studied geometry and mathematics for practical purposes, and made some mechanical experiments with a view to facilitating mining operations. He became interested in the problem of squaring the circle, and in 1859 he published a work entitled 'The Problem of squaring the Circle solved', which was followed in 1861 by 'The Quadrature of the Circle: Correspondence between an Eminent Mathematician and J. Smith, Esq'. This was ridiculed in the 'Athenaeum', and Smith replied in a letter which was inserted as an advertisement. From this time the establishment of his theory became the central interest of his life, and he bombarded the Royal Society and most of the mathematicians of the day with many letters and pamphlets on the subject. Augustus De Morgan was selected as his peculiar victim on account of certain reflections he had cast on him in the 'Athenaeum'. Smith was not content to claim that he was able graphically to construct a square equal in area to a given circle, but boldly laid down the proposition that the diameter of a circle was to the circumference in the exact proportion of 1 to 3x125. In ordinary business matters, however, he was shrewd and capable. He was nominated by the Board of Trade to a seat on the Liverpool local marine board, and was a member of the Mersey docks and harbour board. He died at his residence, Barkeley House, Seaforth, near Liverpool, in March 1872.
Eliza Davis was educated at private school and obtained her BA at London in 1897, and her MA in 1913. She went into teaching in 1898, being appointed Assistant Mistress at Bedford High School. She then moved on to Stepney Pupil Teachers' School in 1904 until 1908. From 1908 to 1912 she was Lecturer and Vice-Principal at Moorfields London County Council Training College. Then in 1914 she was appointed as a Research Assistant in the Department of History at University College London; in 1919 becoming Lecturer in the Sources of English History. In 1921 Davis moved to the University of London to become Reader in the History and Records of London; a post she held till 1940. She was Honorary Secretary to the Editorial Board of History from 1916 to 1922, and Editor from 1922 to 1934. She was also Honorary Librarian at the Institute of Historical Research from 1921 to 1923 and Acting Secretary from 1939 to 1940. She published some historical articles. She died in October 1943.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Harriet Grote née Lewin, biographer and wife of the historian George Grote (1794-1871), was born near Southampton in July 1792. She married George Grote in 1820. During their engagement Harriet studied hard so that she could share Grote's intellectual interests. Mrs Grote devoted herself to managing her husband's life, both practically and socially. They lived mainly in London and Surrey. Harriet Grote was always a diligent keeper of diaries and notebooks, as well as a good letterwriter, and having accumulated an abundance of materials, began to write a biographical account of her husband while he was still alive. This work was rapidly pushed forward on his death in 1871, and she herself had already reached her eightieth year, when it was published in 1873 as The personal life of George Grote. She had printed and published other material previously in her lifetime. She died at Shiere in Surrey, aged eighty-seven.
No information about Jessie Lewin could be found at the time of compilation.
William Blackburn was a barrister at Lincoln's Inn.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Keen was a dealer in rare books and manuscripts.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Jean Vincent Felix Lamouroux: born, 1779; French naturalist; published various works on natural history; died, 1825.
Thomas Bonney was born in Rugeley on 27 July 1833. He was educated at Uppingham and St John's College Cambridge. In 1857 he was ordained. He was a tutor at St John's College Cambridge from 1868 to 1876. In 1877 he was appointed Yates-Goldsmid Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at University College London, later to become Emeritus Professor of Geology there. He was Whitehall Preacher, 1876-1878. He was President of the Geological Society, 1884-1886. Bonney published books on geology and the history of the planet. He died on 10 December 1923.
W J Sollas was Professor of Geology and Palaeontology at the University of Oxford.
Charlotte Stopes was born in Edinburgh, the daughter of Jas.F.Carmichael, a landscape painter. She was educated in Edinburgh and went to women's university classes (before Scottish universities opened to women in 1892). She took the highest certificates then possible, and a diploma in eight subjects including literature, philosophy and science, achieving a first class honours. She married in 1879 Henry Stopes, architect, civil engineer and anthropologist, and had two daughters, one of whom was Marie Stopes. After marriage, Charlotte travelled over Europe and up the Nile to the Cataracts. She then settled in Upper Norwood and founded a discussion society for ladies and a Shakespeare reading society, the Shakespeare Association. She also lectured in subjects relating to women and to Shakespeare. She received an Award of the British Academy for her 'Shakespeare's Industry' in 1916. In her early days she wrote some stories for Chambers's Juvenile Series, and later wrote many books and articles mostly related to Shakespeare.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at private school in Ealing. He then went to Oxford University and achieved a double first in classics and mathematics in 1826. From 1827 to 1828 he tutored in Dublin, Ireland, and here he met John Nelson Darby and attended non-conformist worship for the first time. In 1828 Newman returned to Oxford and helped in looking after the poor. Through Darby he met Anthony Norris Groves whom he followed to Bagdad in 1830 on a mission. He returned to England in 1833. In 1834 he became a classical scholar at Bristol College and he lectured on logic. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of Classical Literature at Manchester New College Oxford. In 1846 he was appointed to the Chair of Latin at University College London, where he translated books into Latin and also wrote on subjects of religion. He held the Chair till 1869, when he became Emeritus Professor. Newman had a keen interest in political questions especially those bearing on social problems. He was a friend of Mazzini and Kossuth and published 'Reminiscences of Kossuth and Pulszky' in 1888. Newman died in 1897 in Weston-Super-Mare. During his life he published many religious, social and political, historical, mathematical, and linguistic writings.
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson was born in December 1828 and educated at home. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine in 1847 and graduated MD in 1851 with a gold medal for his thesis. He then went to continue his studies in Paris. In 1853 he settled in London as a practising physician and was soon appointed Medical Registrar of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington. That same year he married Ghetal, eldest daughter of the Rev. Ridley Haim Herschell. In 1854 he served the medical school at St Mary's Hospital as a Lecturer, first in botany and then in medical jurisprudence. In 1856 he was appointed Medical Officer of Health for Paddington and during the eleven years of his tenure of the post, gave proof of his eminence. He greatly improved sanitary conditions of the district and in 1860 he was made an inspector under the Privy Council. Also in 1860, Burdon-Sanderson became a physician at the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and also at the Middlesex Hospital. He continued carrying out investigations. In 1867 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society and Croonian lecturer. In 1870 he gave up his hospital appointments and private practice in order to devote himself exclusively to scientific research. In 1871 he was appointed Professor Superintendent of the Brown Institution (University of London) and as Professor of Practical Physiology and Histology at University College London. In 1874 he became Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College London. He became FRCP in 1871, was Harveian orator at the College of Physicians in 1878, and was awarded the Baly medal in 1880. In 1882 he was invited to Oxford as first Waynflete Professor of Physiology. The degree of MA was conferred on him in 1883 and that of DM in 1895. He remained Waynflete Professor until 1895, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Medicine in the University. He resigned the Regius Professorship in 1903. Burdon-Sanderson served on important commissions and many honours were given to him. He took part in the modern advance in pathology, and in physiology he was an acknowledged master. He wrote many papers in his lifetime. In August 1899 he was created a baronet. He died at Oxford in November 1905.
William Walker: born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 1824; adventurer and revolutionary leader; migrated to California, 1850; sailed from San Francisco with a small force, 1853; after landing at La Paz, proclaimed Lower California and Sonora an independent republic; forced back to the USA by lack of supplies and Mexican resistance, 1854; sailed to Nicaragua at the invitation of a revolutionary faction, 1855; by the end of the year his military successes made him virtual master of Nicaragua, then a key transport link between Atlantic and Pacific ocean shipping; President of Nicaragua, 1856-1857; maintained himself against a coalition of Central American states until 1 May 1857; in order to avoid capture, surrendered to the US Navy and returned to the USA; led another foray but was arrested and returned to the USA as a prisoner on parole; went to Central America for a third time, 1860; landed in Honduras and was taken prisoner by the British Navy; turned over to the Honduran authorities and executed at Trujillo, Honduras, 1860.
The Mosquito (Miskito) Coast (Costa de Mosquitos; Mosquito Kingdom; Mosquitia) is the region of Nicaragua and Honduras on the Atlantic coast, a lowland band c40 miles wide and c225 miles long. It was visited by Columbus in 1502, but Europeans had little contact with the area until the 17th century, when England established a protectorate over the Miskito Indians (1661). Spain, Nicaragua and the United States disputed this claim until the matter was finally settled by the occupation of the Mosquito Coast by the Nicaraguan government and by the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 between the USA and Great Britain.
Robert Hodgson senior was British superintendent of the Mosquito Coast between 1740 and 1759.
David Booth was born in Kennetles, Forfarshire, on 9 February 1766. He was almost entirely self-taught. In his early life he was engaged in business, mainly the brewing industry, but he then decided to become a schoolmaster in Newburgh, Fifeshire. Shortly before 1820 he moved to London, where he was involved with literature. He also supervised the publications for press of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He wrote some articles on brewing for the Society. In 1806 he had published an 'Introduction to an Analytical Dictionary of the English language'. In 1831 he brought out 'Principles of English Composition', and in 1837 ' Principles of English grammar'. The first volume of the 'Analytical Dictionary of the English language' appeared in 1835: it was the only one published. Booth died in Fifeshire on 5 December 1846.
Rowena Lamy published, with Francis Albert Eley Crew, The Genetics of the Budgerigar (Watmoughs, Idle & London [1935]).
Guiseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1805, was a propagandist, revolutionary and republican, and a champion of the movement for Italian unity known as the Risorgimento. During the 1860s he was occupied by schemes for seizing Venice and Rome. He withdrew from early contact with the Socialist First International, since the moral and religious basis of his political thought prevented him from accepting either Karl Marx's communism or Mikhail Bakunin's anarchism. Mazzini was repeatedly elected by Messina as its parliamentary deputy, but the elections were quashed by the Italian government. In 1870, he agreed to lead a republican rising in Sicily, but was arrested en route and interned at Gaeta. The occupation of Rome by Italian troops prompted his release and pardon. Italy had thus been united, but as a monarchy and not the republic Mazzini had advocated. He founded the paper 'Roma del popolo' ('Rome of the People'), which he edited from Lugano, and made plans for an Italian working men's congress. He died from pleurisy at Pisa, 1872.
Linda Villari (née Mazini), an author, died in 1915. Publications: 'In the Golden Shell. A story of Palermo' (London, 1872); 'In Change unchanged' (2 volumes, London, 1877); 'Camilla's Girlhood'(T Fisher Unwin, London, 1885); 'On Tuscan Hills and Venetian Waters' (T Fisher Unwin, London, 1885); 'When I was a child; or, Left behind' (T F Unwin, London, 1885); 'Her and there in Italy and over the Border ' (W H Allen & Co, London, 1893); 'Oswald von Wolkenstein. A memoir of the last Minnesinger of Tirol' (J M Dent & Co, London, 1901). Translated: Pasquale Villari's 'Niccolo Machiavelli and his times' (2 volumes, London, 1878); MoÌr Joikai, 'Life in a Cave', from the Hungarian (W Swan Sonnenschein & Co, London, [1884]); Pasquale Villari's 'Life and times of Girolamo Savonarola' (2nd edition, 2 volumes, T Fisher Unwin, London, 1889); Pasquale Villari's 'The Two First Centuries of Florentine History' (2 volumes, T Fisher Unwin, London, 1894-1895); HRH Prince Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of the Abruzzi, 'The Ascent of Mount St Elias, Alaska' (A Constable & Co, Westminster, 1900); Pasquale Villari's 'The Barbarian Invasions of Italy' (T Fisher Unwin, London, 1902); Pasquale Villari's 'Studies, Historical and Critical' (T Fisher Unwin, London, 1907).
John Sinclair was born on 10 May 1754 at Thurso Castle in Caithness, Scotland. He was educated in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Oxford. He read law but had no intention of practising. At the age of sixteen he inherited, by his father's death, extensive estates in Caithness. In 1780 Sinclair became a Member of Parliament for Caithness. In 1785 his first wife died and he abandoned public life for a time and started on a foreign tour. In 1786 he received a baronetcy from Pitt. He started to devote much energy to the collection of statistics and became one of the earliest statisticians. In 1790 he designed a 'Statistical Account of Scotland', asking all the parish ministers of Scotland for information on the natural history, population and productions of their parishes. The results were published at various periods during the next ten years. Sinclair also devoted a lot of time to improvement of his estates in Caithness. He persuaded Pitt to establish a Board of Agriculture and in 1793 he was appointed President of it. He attempted an account of England by parishes but this was abandoned mainly due to opposition. Sinclair died on 21 December 1835.
Edward Ballard was born in Islington, London, on 15 April 1820. He attended University College London and qualified as a doctor. One of his lecturers at UCL was William Sharpey, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1836 to 1874; another was Charles James Blasius Williams, Professor of Medicine from 1838 to 1848. Ballard went on to become a Medical Inspector of the Local Government Board. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He published 'Materia Medica' conjointly with Dr.Sir A.B.Garrod. Ballard died on 19 February 1897.
The Saint Christopher's Working Boys' Club was a youth club, based in Fitzroy Square. It was founded in 1894. It was supported by the University College London Christian Association and later by the students' Union. The club was wound up in 1946.
The classical archaeologist Bunnell Lewis was born and educated in London. He went to University College London, obtaining the university scholarship in classics: he graduated BA in 1843. He became a fellow of University College in 1847 and proceeded to take an MA in classics in 1849, taking the gold medal, then awarded for the first time. He was appointed, the same year, Professor of Latin at Queen's College Cork, an position he held until 1905. He held the office of examiner in Latin at Queen's University in Ireland, for 4 years. Lewis was elected a foreign corresponding associate of the National Society of Antiquaries of France in 1883. In 1873 to 1874 he delivered courses of lectures on classical archaeology at University College London, in connection with the Slade School of Art. He travelled in many countries for purposes of antiquarian research and worked to introduce studies of this kind as a part of university education. He published a series of papers in the 'Archaeological Journal' from 1875 to 1899. Lewis died and was buried in Cork in 1908.