Born, 1885; eldest daughter of Sir George Dancer Thane (Professor of Anatomy at University College London, 1877-1919) and Jenny, daughter of August Klingberg of Stockholm and god-daughter of the famous Swedith soprano Jenny Lind; sister of Alice Ebba Thane and of George Augustus (who died young); attended South Hampstead High School; studied mathematics at Newnham College Cambridge; taught at Hulme Grammer School for Girls, Oldham, the Perse School for Girls, Cambridge, and at Wimbledon High School for more than 20 years; died, 1976.
Sir John Reynolds was born at Romsey, Hampshire, the son of an independent minister. Reynolds received a general education from his father and then went to University College London to study medicine and become a physician. In 1851 he graduated MB in the University of London and obtained a scholarship and gold medal in medicine. In 1852 he took the degree of MD and began to practice in Leeds, but soon moved to London. In 1855 he was Assistant Physician to the Hospital for Sick Children, and in 1857 Assistant Physician to the Westminster Hospital. In 1859 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians. In the same year he was appointed Assistant Physician to University College Hospital. He became Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine at University College London in 1866, a post he held until 1878. From 1868 to 1870 he was also Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. In 1878 Reynolds was appointed Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen's household. In 1869 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was created a baronet in 1895. He devoted much of his work to the study of nervous diseases, and in 1854 published an 'Essay on Vertigo'. He published many other papers. He was also the editor of 'System of Medicine' in five volumes, published from 1866 to 1879, a collection of essays on diseases. He was married, first, to Miss Ainslie, and secondly, to Frances, widow of C.J.C.Crespigny, but left no children. He died in London, after several weeks of illness.
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) married Louisa Jane Butler (d.1897) in 1853. Louisa's father was George Butler (1774-1853), dean of Peterborough and previously headmaster of Harrow School. Her mother was Sarah Maria Gray from Wembley Park, Middlesex. Louisa had many brothers and sisters, one of whom was Arthur Butler. She and Galton had no children.
Keeling was a member of staff of the Philosophy Department at University College London from 1927 to 1954.
Born in Hobart, Tasmania, the son of Salvation Army officers, 1911; educated at Ballarat and Melbourne High Schools; entered Melbourne University, where he came to specialise in physics, 1928; graduated with first class honours, 1931; took an MSc in physics; went to the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, on an Exhibition of 1851 Overseas Scholarship, 1933; carried out experimental research in nuclear physics with Ernest Rutherford; returned to Melbourne as Research Physicist and Lecturer, 1935; during the Second World War, undertook war-related research in Melbourne and Sydney; Deputy Director, Radio Research Laboratory, Melbourne, 1942-1944; joined the British team working on the atomic bomb project in the USA, working on isotope separation in the group led by H S W Massey, 1944; Technical Officer, DSIR Mission to Berkeley, California, 1944-1945; Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at University College London, 1945; appointed Reader, 1949; transferred to the Physics Department as Reader, 1950; Professor of Physics, 1960-1978; researched widely in atomic and nuclear physics, including the Auger effect and electronic and ionic impact phenomena; a founder member of the European K meson collaboration and prominent in the UCL Bubble Chamber group; strongly committed to the political left and sought rapprochement between the Soviet bloc and the West during the Cold War; with Bertrand Russell, C F Powell and J Rotblat, played an important role in the organisation of the first Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, which brought together senior scientists from East and West to discuss the dangers of nuclear war, Jul 1957; the conference provided the model for a series of similarly organised Pugwash conferences on this and related topics; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1963; awarded the Joliot-Curie Medal of the World Peace Council, 1966; active in the work of the World Federation of Scientific Workers, of which he was President from 1971; awarded the Lenin International Peace Prize, 1972; Emeritus Professor of University College London, 1978; died, 1980. See Sir Harrie Massey & D H Davies, 'Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop', Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol xxvii (1981), pp 131-152. Publications: with Philip B Moon, Atomic Survey. A short guide to the scientific and political problems of atomic energy [Birmingham, 1947]; with John Halsted, The Challenge of Atomic Energy (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1951); with Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952); The Auger Effect and other radiationless transitions (University Press, Cambridge, 1952); The Techniques of High Energy Physics ... An inaugural lecture delivered at University College, London, 23 January 1961 (published for the College by H K Lewis & Co, London, 1961); as editor, High energy physics (5 volumes, 1967-1972); with H S W Massey and H B Gilbody, Electronic and ionic impact phenomena (1969-1974); as editor, Selected papers of Cecil Frank Powell (1972); The social future of science [1975].
Born, 1917; educated: Wyggeston Boys School; University College School London; Trinity College Cambridge, 1935-1942; Friends Relief Service, Second World War; Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, 1945; Assistant Lecturer, Galton Laboratory, University College London, 1946; Lecturer, University College London; Reader, University College London; Weldon Professor of Biometrics, University College London, 1964; President of the Biometric Society (British Region), 1971-1972; died, 2002.
Thomas Webster: born in Scotland, c1772; attended Aberdeen University; trained as an architect in London; Clerk of Works at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, 1799; designed its lecture theatre, 1800; became a member of the newly-founded Geological Society, 1809; conducted geological investigations, including the Isle of Wight, 1811-1813; held various offices in the Geological Society from 1812; his publications from 1814 highlighted previously unknown aspects of British geology, including pioneering work on the stratigraphy of the Isle of Wight; an associate of G B Greenough, to whose Geological Map of England and Wales (1819) he contributed; one of the first Fellows of the Geological Society, 1825; granted a government pension of £50 a year for his services to geology; appointed first Professor of Geology at University College London, 1841; died in London Street, Fitzroy Square, London, 1844; buried in Highgate cemetery; associated with a rare British mineral, Websterite, and with various fossils. Publications include: edited John Imison's Elements of Science and Art (Cadell & Davies, London, 1808, and London, 1822); `On the fresh-water formations in the Isle of Wight, with some observations on the strata over the Chalk in the south-east part of England', Transactions of the Geological Society, ii, pp 161-254 (1814); papers for the Royal Society on the geology of the Upper Secondary and Tertiary strata of south-east England (1814-1825); with Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Description of ... the Isle of Wight (Payne and Foss, London, 1816); with Mrs William Parkes, edited Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy (London, 1844).
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
William Emerson was born in Hurworth, Durham, on 14 May 1701. He went into teaching but did not take to it, so he decided to devote himself entirely to the study of mathematics. In 1749 he published his treatise on 'Fluxions', the first of a series of books. 'Elements of Geometry' was published in 1763. He also published a regular course of mathematical manuals for young students. Emerson died on 20 May 1782.
John Morris was born in London in 1872, the eldest son of Jas. Morris, MD. He married Annie Elizabeth Frances Macgregor in 1917. He was educated privately and at University College London. He became an assistant to Professor Fleming at University College London, 1894-1898; specialising in subjects connected with illumination and cathode ray oscillographs. From 1930 to 1938 he was Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of London. He was Honorary Research Associate in Electrical Engineering at University College London from 1939, and Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the University of London from 1938. He was a fellow of University College and of Queen Mary College, London. He was the inventor of a portable direct reading anemometer. He published 'Cathode Ray Oscillography' with J.A.Henley in 1936; 'Sir Ambrose Fleming and the birth of the valve', in 1954; and numerous papers in scientific journals. He died on 18 March 1959.
Ernest Gardner was born in London. He was educated in London and Caius College Cambridge. From 1884 he was continuously employed in archaeological work, excavation, study and teaching, on many sites, especially in Greece. From 1887 to 1895 he was Director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens. He was Yates Professor of Archaeology at University College London from 1896 to 1929. Gardner published many writings on archaeology, with emphasis on Greek art, archaeology and excavations.
Miers was born in Rio de Janeiro on 25 May 1858. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College Oxford. In 1882 he joined the British Museum as an Assistant, a post he held till 1895; he was also an Instructor in Crystallography at the Central Technical College in South Kensington from 1886 to 1895. Miers became Editor of the Mineralogical Magazine, 1891-1900. From 1895 to 1908 he was Waynflete Professor of Mineralogy at Oxford. He was Principal of the University of London from 1908 to 1915; and also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester and Professor of Crystallography, 1915-1926. Miers was Vice-President of the Chemical Society, 1901-1904; of the Geological Society, 1902-1904; and of the Royal Society of Arts, 1913. He was President of the Mineralogical Society, 1904-1909; President of the Museums Association, 1928-1933; Library Association, 1932; and the Council of the Royal Society, 1901-1903. He was a trustee of the British Museum, 1926-1939. Throughout his life, Miers published numerous scientific papers. He died on 10 December 1942.
Andrew Amos, lawyer and professor of law, was born in India in 1791. He attended Eton and Trinity College Cambridge. He was called to the bar by the Middle Temple and joined the Midland circuit, where he soon acquired a reputation for legal expertise, and his personal character secured him a large arbitration practice. When University College London was founded, Amos became the first Professor of English Law. Between 1829 and 1837 his lectures were very popular and well attended. He was appointed a member of the Criminal Law Commission in 1834. In 1837 he went to India as 'fourth member' of the governor-general's council, in succession to Lord Macaulay. Returning to England in 1843, he became one of the newly established county-court judges. In 1849 he was elected Downing Professor of Laws at Cambridge. He died in 1860. Many of the lectures Amos gave at University College London were published in the Legal Examiner and Law Chronicle.
John Marshall was a student in the Faculty of Arts at University College London from 1874 to 1876. He studied comparative philology and became a philologist.
Sir Samuel Bentham: born, 1757; youngest son of Jeremiah Bentham, an attorney, and brother of the philosopher Jeremy Bentham; educated at Westminster; aged fourteen, apprenticed to the master-shipwright of Woolwich Dockyard; lived in France, 1775; invited to accompany the Bienfaisanhim on the summer cruise of the Channel fleet, 1778; witnessed the battle of Ushant; suggested improvements in steering gear and gun fittings; travelled in order to study the shipbuilding and naval economy of foreign powers, arriving in St Petersburg, Russia, 1780; travelled over much of Russia, from Archangel to the Crimea, and through Siberia to the frontier of China, examining mines and methods of working metals; on his return to St Petersburg presented a report to the Empress, 1782; declined a commissionership in the British navy, because his prospects in Russia seemed more advantageous, 1783; accepted Potemkin's offer to send him to Cherson as lieutenant-colonel; settled at Kritchev, where the prince hoped to establish a shipbuilding yard; his military rank was made substantive and he was appointed commander of a battalion, 1784; owing to the limited number of officers at his disposal, introduced the plan of central observation, with workshops radiating from his own office, a scheme of which his brother Jeremy's 'Panopticon' was a modification; ordered to Cherson to direct the equipment of a flotilla against the Turks, 1787; Bentham's innovations allowed the fittings of recoilless guns of larger calibre than was previously thought possible for small craft, and were instrumental in defeating the Turks, 1788; was rewarded with the military cross of St George and the rank of brigadier-general; appointed to a command in Siberia, where he developed navigation of the rivers and promoted further exploration and trade with China; revisited England, 1791; on his return, spent the remainder of his career as Inspector-General of Navy Works, and later as one of the Commissioners of the Navy, urging and introducing improvements in machinery, equipment and administration of navy dockyards; pensioned off, 1812; moved to France, 1814; returned to England, 1827; during his retirement, prepared papers on professional subjects and continued correspondence with several navy departments until his death, 1831.
Robert Lindsay: born, possibly in 1500, at Pitscottie in the parish of Ceres, Fifeshire; Scottish historian; a cadet of the principal family of Lindsays, Earls of Crawford, and probably a descendant of Patrick, fourth Lord Lindsay of the Byres; according to the `Privy Seal Register', received a grant of escheat, 1552; a service in the Douglas charter-chest proves that he was alive in 1562; probably died c1565; his History includes the period of Scottish history, from the death of James I to that of James III, about which very little is known; its preface states the author's intention of continuing what had been left unwritten by Hector Boece and John Bellenden, the period after James I; the History includes narrative passages, but also other brief entries, and contains inaccuracies and confusion as to dates; Pitscottie's History was first published by the printer Robert Freebairn, 1728, and again in 1749 and 1778, and in 1814 (2 volumes) by Graham Dalyell; the History was used as a source by Sir Walter Scott and other writers.
Hector Boece (or Boethius): born at Dundee, Scotland, c1465; historian and humanist; educated at Dundee and the University of Paris; a friend of Desiderius Erasmus; chief adviser to William Elphinstone, bishop of Aberdeen, in the foundation of the University of Aberdeen (King's College, Aberdeen); first Principal of the University; lectured on divinity; received a pension from the Scottish court, 1527-1534; a canon of Aberdeen; vicar of Tullynessle; later rector of Tyrie; author of the Latin history Scotorum historiae a prima gentis origine (The History and Chronicles of Scotland), 1527; the work, based on legendary sources, glorified the Scottish nation; the History had wide currency abroad in a French translation; Boece died, 1536.
Fragments of medieval and early modern manuscripts on parchment can commonly be found inside the binding of printed works. This method of recycling was a common practice between the medieval period and the 17th century, when manuscripts superseded by printed editions were sold to printers and bookbinders. Medieval manuscripts are often visually appealing and parchment was robust but expensive, so folios from manuscripts were recycled for use as decorative covers and endpapers or to reinforce the binding of new printed works.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux: born in 1090, probably at Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy; monk and mystic; founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux; among the most influential churchmen of his time; died at Clairvaux, Champagne, 1153; canonized, 1174.
The Order of Saint Benedict comprises the confederated congregations of monks and lay brothers who follow the rule of life of St Benedict (c480-c547), written c535-540 with St Benedict's own abbey of Montecassino in mind. The rule, providing a complete directory for the government and spiritual and material well-being of a monastery, spread slowly in Italy and Gaul. By the late Middle Ages the Benedictine Rule had been translated into many languages owing to the diffusion of the order through many European countries.
The large abbey at Ottobeuren, near Memmingen, Bavaria, was founded in 764 and was among the most important early Benedictine monasteries, famous in the Middle Ages for its large library.
John Nider (Johannes Nieder): born in Swabia, 1380; entered the Order of Preachers at Colmar; sent to Vienna for philosophical studies; finished his studies and was ordained at Cologne; active at the Council of Constance; returned to Vienna and taught as Master of Theology, 1425; prior of the Dominican convent at Nuremberg, 1427; served successively as socius to his master general and vicar of the reformed convents of the German province, in which capacity he maintained an earlier reputation as a reformer; prior of the convent of strict observance at Basle, 1431; became identified with the Council of Basle as theologian and legate; made embassies to the Hussites at the command of Cardinal Julian; as legate of the Council, succeeded in pacifying the Bohemians; travelled to Ratisbon to effect further reconciliation with them, 1434; proceeded to Vienna to continue reforming the convents; in dicussions following the dissolution of the Couneil of Basle joined the party in favour of continuing the Council in Germany, but abandoned it when the Pope remained firmly opposed; resumed his theological lectures at Vienna, 1436; twice elected dean of the University; author of various treatises, including (in German) the 'Goldene Harfen' (24 Golden Harps), based on the Collations of Cassianus; died at Colmar, 1438.
From the charterhouse 'zu Yttingen' (Ittingen, Thurgau, Switzerland).
'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.
Born in Ellidhavatn, Iceland, 1864; son of a leader of the Icelandic independence movement; received a law degree at Copenhagen, 1892; briefly edited a newspaper, Dagskrá, advocating the cause of Icelandic independence, 1896-1898; spent much of his life abroad, raising capital to develop Icelandic industries; published five volumes of Symbolist verse, which reflected his patriotism, mysticism, love of nature, and the influence of his extensive travels; died at Herdísarvík, 1940. Publications: Sögur og kvaedi (1897; 'Stories and Poems'); Hafblik (1906; 'Smooth Seas'); Hrannir (1913; 'Waves'); Vogar (1921; 'Billows'); Hvammar (1930; 'Grass Hollows'); translated Ibsen's Peer Gynt into Icelandic; a selection of his poems was translated into English as Harp of the North by Frederic T Wood (1955).
Gaetano Polidori: born, 1764; secretary to the Italian dramatist and poet Alfieri; teacher of Italian in London; author of educational works; father of the physician and associate of Byron, John William Polidori, and of Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, who by her marriage to Gabriele Rossetti became the mother of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti; died, 1853. Publications include his translation of Milton, Traduzione delle Opere poetiche di Giovanni Milton (London, 1840). François-Auguste-René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand: born at Saint-Malo, France, 1768; author and diplomat; among the first French Romantic writers, and a prominent and influential literary figure in early 19th-century France; died in Paris, 1848.
Written in southern Germany for Dominican use.
The Franciscan order, the largest religious order in the Roman Catholic church, was founded in the early 13th century by St Francis of Assisi (1181/82-1226), and comprises three orders: the First Order (priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance), divided into three independent branches, the Friars Minor, the Friars Minor Conventual, and the Friars Minor Capuchin; the Second Order (cloistered nuns who belong to the Order of St Clare, known as Poor Clares); and the Third Order (religious and lay men and women who try to emulate Saint Francis' spirit in performing works of teaching, charity, and social service). This manuscript was written in Italy.
Written in Italy, perhaps by Franciscus de Arimino.
Born in London, 1778; entered his uncles' firm, Mocatta & Goldsmid, bullion brokers to the Bank of England and to the East India Company; a member of the Stock Exchange, where until 1828 only twelve Jewish brokers were admitted; as a financier, rose to eminence and ultimately amassed a large fortune; his most extensive financial operations were connected with Portugal, Brazil, and Turkey; devoted much effort to Jewish emancipation and in working for unsectarian education and social reforms; closely allied with Utilitarian and radical opinion; prominent in the foundation of University College London, then called the University of London, and with John Smith and Benjamin Shaw acquired the desired site in Gower Street, 1825; member of its first Council, 1826; assisted in the establishment of the University College or North London Hospital, 1834; served as its treasurer, 1839-1857; with Elizabeth Fry and Peter Bedford worked for the reform of the penal code and the improvement of prisons; associated with Robert Owen and was interested in Owen's New Lanark; instrumental in the introduction of the Jewish Disabilities Bill by (Sir) Robert Grant, 1830; the bill was thrown out in the House of Commons on its second reading, but was passed by large majorities on its reintroduction in the reformed parliament, 1833; for many subsequent years the bill was rejected in the House of Lords, but Goldsmid's early exertions stimulated the interest of many prominent liberal members of both houses and a few conservatives; Goldsmid's public services and labours for the Disabilities Bill brought him into contact with liberal statesmen, including Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, who expressed a wish that Goldsmid be given a baronetcy; created a baronet by the outgoing ministry of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, the first baronetcy to be conferred on a Jew, 1841; for his services in settling a monetary dispute between Portugal and Brazil, created by the Portuguese government Baron da Palmeira, 1846; died, 1859. See also Memoir of Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid (Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co, London, 1879, revised edition, 1882), including information on the subject's father, Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid.
Unknown.
On 20 March 1890 the Peruvian Corporation Ltd was registered under the Companies Act, with a Board of Directors of ten members under the Chairmanship of Sir Alfred Dent. G A Ollard, of Smiles and Co Solicitors, was Manager in London, and T E Webb was Secretary, with Clinton Dawkins as the first representative in Peru. The Corporation was founded to cancel the Peruvian external debt and to release the Government of Peru from loans it had taken out through bondholders in 1869, 1870 and 1872, to finance railway construction. On 20 June 1907 the Government made a new contract with the Corporation whereby the Corporation was to construct three railway lines by September 1908. In return, the life of the concession was extended for a further 17 years. After these lines had been built, the Peruvian Corporation practically ceased building additional mileage, and subsequent construction was undertaken almost entirely by the Peruvian Government. By an agreement of 1928 the railways became the absolute property of the Corporation, subject to the surrender by the Corporation of their right to export guano, and the remaining annual payments due from the Government, and to the Corporation's making a payment of £247,000. A new arrangement was prepared in 1955, whereby a company incorporated in Canada as the 'Peruvian Transport Corporation Ltd' would acquire and hold all the outstanding share capital of the Peruvian Corporation Ltd. The Peruvian National Railways (Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru - ENAFER) were formed in September 1972, and taken over by the Government in December of that year.
Max Plowman was born on 1 September 1883 at Northumberland Park, Tottenham, and was educated at various private schools. From 1937 to 1938 he was Secretary of the Peace Pledge Union. He was the Editor of The Adelphi from 1938. Plowman married Dorothy Lloyd Sulman in 1914 and had one son. Plowman died on 3 June 1941. Publications: four books of verse; War and the creative impulse (1919); Introduction to the study of Blake (1927); A subaltern on the Somme (by Mark VII) (1928); and The faith called pacifism (1936).
George Routledge set up in business as a retail bookseller with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant, and in 1836 published his first (unsuccessful) book, The Beauties of Gilsand (a guidebook), moving to no 36 Soho Square in 1843. W H Warne was taken into partnership and the Railway Library of cheap reprints of works of fiction begun in 1848. Frederick Warne, W H Warne's brother, was taken into partnership and the firm of George Routledge and Co was founded in 1851, removing to no 2 Farringdon Street in 1852, when the firm published Uncle Tom's Cabin. Founded on the success of cheap editions of works of fiction, the firm rapidly expanded into the reprint market, catering for the growing literate population of the Victorian age. Routledge and Co opened a New York branch in 1854. Robert Warne Routledge, George Routledge's son, entered the partnership in 1858 and the firm was restyled Routledge, Warne & Routledge. W H Warne died in 1859. In 1862 Every Boy's Magazine, edited by Edmund Routledge (George Routledge's son), was started. The firm entered a contract with Lord Tennyson in 1863. Frederick Warne left the firm, Edmund Routledge became a partner, and the firm was renamed George Routledge and Sons, removing to no 7 The Broadway, Ludgate, in 1865. Routledge and Sons' publications included Kate Greenaway's Under the Window (1878), her first Almanack (1883), and Morley's Universal Library (1883). George Routledge died in 1888. Routledge and Sons was reconstructed under Arthur E Franklin of Keyser & Co banking house, in collaboration with William Sonnenschein and Laurie Magnus, in 1902. The firm of J C Nimmo Ltd, founded in 1879 by John C Nimmo (d 1899) and publisher of fine scholarly editions, was taken over by Routledge & Sons in 1903. Cecil A Franklin, son of Arthur Franklin, entered Routledge & Sons in 1906.
The firm of H S King & Co was formed in 1868 and Henry S King introduced the International Scientific Series in 1871. His business was purchased by Charles Kegan Paul (King's literary adviser since 1874) in 1877, when Alfred Trench joined as a partner. Kegan Paul, Trench and Co, formed in 1878, continued to publish the list begun by King, who died in 1879. Kegan Paul published R L Stevenson's An Inland Voyage (1878), signed up George Meredith in 1879, and published Sir James Knowles' 19th Century Review the same year, its other publications including Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1880), Last Journals of General Gordon (1885), and The Silence of Dean Maitland by Maxwell Gray (Miss Tuttiett).
Nicholas Trübner started his business in 1851, its publications including Bibliographical Guide to American Literature (1855), the Record (started in 1865), Samuel Butler's Erewhon (1872), the Oriental Series (started in 1872), Catalogue of Dictionaries and Grammars of the Principal Languages of the World (1872), and Sir Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia (1879). Trübner died in 1884 and in 1889 Messrs Trübner & Co and also George Redway joined Kegan Paul, Trench & Co, amalgamated and converted by Horatio Bottomley into Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co Ltd, although Alfred Trench fell ill and resigned that same year. The firm removed to Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road, in 1891. In 1895 Kegan Paul's profits fell and its directors resigned, whereupon Arthur Waugh took over management of the firm. Charles Kegan Paul retired in 1899 and died in 1902.
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co were incorporated with Routledge and Sons to form Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, with Cecil Franklin and Sir William Crookes among the directors, in 1912.
Born, 1697; lexicographer; announced his Glossaire de l'ancienne langue françoise, 1756; died, 1781; his Glossaire finally appeared in its entirety, 1875-1882. Publications include: as editor, Les Amours du bon vieux tems (Vaucluse & Paris, 1756); Histoire littéraire des Troubadours, arranged and published by C F X Millot (Paris, 1774), and The Literary History of the Troubadours, collected and abridged from the French by [Susanna Dobson] (London, 1779); Memoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie (Paris, 1759-81), and Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry, translated by [Mrs S Dobson] (London, 1784); Memoirs of the Life of Froissart, translated by T Johnes (London, 1801); Dictionnaire historique de l'ancien langage françois: ou Glossaire de la langue françoise (Paris, Niort, 1875-1882). See Lionel Gossman, Medievalism and the ideologies of the Enlightenment: the world and work of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1968).
In 1804 Johann Heinrich Schroder (John Henry) became a partner in the London-based firm of his brother, Johann Friedrich (John Frederick). in 1818 the financial company, J. Henry Schroder & Co. was established. It is now a British multi-national asset management company - Schroders plc.
Albert Hugh Smith: born, 1903; educated at Rishworth School, Yorkshire, and the University of Leeds; BA (Leeds), 1924; PhD (Leeds), 1926; Vaughan Fellow, University of Leeds, 1924-1926; Lecturer in English, Saltley College, Birmingham, 1926-1928; English Lecturer, Uppsala University, Sweden, 1928-1930; Lecturer, English Department, University College London, 1930-1934; Reader in English, University College London, 1934-1949; DLitt (London), 1937; Director of Scandinavian Studies, University College London, 1946-1963; OBE, 1947; Quain Professor of English Language and Literature, University College London, 1949-1967; Secretary of the Communications Research Centre, Chairman of the Library Committee, and served on other bodies at University College London; Director of the English Place-Name Society from 1951; Chevalier, Swedish Order of the Royal North Star, 1954; Chevalier, Icelandic Order of the Falcon, 1956; President of the Viking Society, 1956; awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Uppsala, 1962; Hon DLitt (Sheffield), 1963; Chevalier, Danish Order of the Dannebrog, 1963; President, International Conference of Scandinavian Literature, 1963-1966; Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Prize, British Academy, 1965; President, International Committee of Onomastic Sciences, 1966-1967; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries; member of various academic societies in Scandinavia and the USA; died, 1967; awarded an honorary doctorate posthumously by the University of Liège. Publications: The Heimskringla (1932); A description of the hand-press in the Department of English at University College, London (privately printed, Department of English, University College London, 1933); Three Northumbrian Poems (1933); The Parker Chronicle (1936); Place-Names of the East Riding (English Place-Name Society, 1937); The Photography of Manuscripts (1938); Facsimile of the Parker Chronicle (Early English Text Society, 1940); Odham's English Dictionary (1946); The Preparation of County Place-Name Surveys (1954); English Place-Name Elements (2 volumes, English Place-Name Society, 1955); edited Aspects of Translation (1958); as joint editor, The Teaching of English (1959); Place-Names of the West Riding (8 volumes, 1961); Place-Names of Gloucestershire (4 volumes, 1964); many articles in Viking Society Saga Book, London Mediaeval Studies, and elsewhere; joint editor, with F Norman, of Namn och Bygd (Methuen's Old English Library); joint editor, with F Norman and G Kane, of London Mediaeval Studies.
Arthur Brown: born, 1921; educated at Urmston Grammar School; undergraduate, Department of English, University College London, 1939-1941; served in the Royal Air Force, 1941-1946; undergraduate, Department of English, University College London, 1946-1947; BA, 1947; Quain Student, Department of English, University College London, 1947-1950; MA, 1949; Lecturer, Department of English, University College London, 1950-1956; Commonwealth Fund Fellow, mainly at Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, Huntington Library, California, libraries of Harvard and Yale, and Universities of Texas and Virginia, 1953-1954; Reader in English, University College London, by conferment of title, 1956-1962; Foyle Research Fellow, Shakespeare Institute, Stratford-upon-Avon (University of Birmingham), 1958-1959; General Editor, The Malone Society, 1961-1971; Professor of English, University College London, by conferment of title, 1962-1969; DLitt, 1965; Senior Fellow, South Eastern Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Duke University, North Carolina, 1966; Professor of Library Studies and Director of School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College London, 1969-1973; Fellow of University College London, 1971; Commonwealth Visiting Professor of English, Sydney University, 1972; Professor of English, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, from 1973; President, Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1974-1976; hobbies included amateur printing; died, 1979. Publications include: A Whole Theatre of Others (1960); Edmond Malone and English Scholarship (1963); edited, with P G Foote, Early English and Norse Studies (1963); articles and studies in Modern Language Review, Modern Language Quarterly, Shakespeare Survey, The Library, Studies in Bibliography, Year's Work in English Studies, Philological Quarterly, and elsewhere. Editor (alone and in collaboration) of numerous volumes for the Malone Society.
Born, 1901; daughter of Oliver Strachey and his first wife Ruby Mayer, and niece of the critic and biographer Lytton Strachey; a writer, but published few books during her lifetime; wrote sketches and stories for New Writing, the New Statesman and the New Yorker; married firstly Stephen Tomlin (d 1937) and secondly the artist (Sir) Lawrence Gowing (Slade Professor of Fine Art at University College London, 1975-1985; d 1991), 1952; divorced, 1967; died, 1979. Publications: Cheerful weather for the wedding (1932); The man on the pier (1951).
Richard Arthur Wollheim was born in London on 5 May 1923, the second son of Eric Wollheim (b. 1879) and Constance, née Baker (b. 1891). Although of German Jewish descent, Wollheim was raised to be Christian and later became an atheist. He was educated at Westminster School and at Balliol College, Oxford. His university studies were interrupted by the Second World War; he joined the Inniskilling Fusiliers in 1942, participated in the Normandy landings, and was captured by the Germans in August 1944, but managed to escape within a few days. After the war he returned to Balliol and achieved first-class degrees in history (1946) and philosophy, politics, and economics (1948). He joined the philosophy department at UCL in 1949 initially as an assistant lecturer. He became Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic and head of department in 1963. After retiring from University College in 1982 he moved to the United States, first as professor at Columbia University, from 1982 to 1985, and then as professor at the University of California, Berkeley, until 2002. He was also visiting professor in philosophy and the humanities at the University of California, Davis (1989-96). Wollheim married Anne Barbara Denise Toynbee (1920-2004) on 15 August 1950. They had twin sons, Bruno and Rupert. The marriage was dissolved in 1967, and two years later he married Mary Day Lanier, a potter. They had one daughter, Emilia. He died after a short illness at his home in London on 4 November 2003. He was survived by Mary Day and his three children. Source: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
William Hunter Baillie was born on 14 September 1797 in London, the son of Matthew Baillie, the morbid anatomist, and his wife Sophia, the daughter of Dr Thomas Denman, physician. His great-uncles were the celebrated anatomists William and John Hunter. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1815, becoming BA in 1819 and MA in 1823.
William Hunter Baillie was called to the Bar, but never practiced as a barrister. Instead he lived as a gentleman of leisure and Squire of the Manor of Duntisbourne Abbots, Gloucestershire.
He grew close to his aunt, Joanna Baillie, the poet and dramatist, after his father died in 1823, moving in the same literary circles. He was interested in the family history of the Hunter-Baillies, and spent a considerable amount of time and expense gathering together the family's papers, from correspondence to ancient title deeds and other legal instruments, in order to establish the pedigree of the family. William Hunter Baillie also encouraged his aunt, Joanna Baillie, to write her memoirs.
William Hunter Baillie married Henrietta Duff, daughter of the Revd. Dr Duff of St Andrews, in 1835. They had eight children, five of whom, three sons and two daughters, died before he did, the other son surviving for just three months after William Hunter Baillie's death. Henrietta died on 3 February 1857. William Hunter Baillie died on 24 December 1894, at the age of 97.
Bryan Batty qualified from St Bartholomew's Hospital, and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1815. He was a physician and surgeon, and lived and practised in Sedbergh, Cumbria (then North Yorkshire).
He died most probably in 1871.
Russell Brain (1895-1966) was born in Reading, the son of Walter and Edith Brain on 23 October 1895; educated at Mill Hill School, Reading University College and New College, Oxford, originally reading history but after a period with the Friends' Ambulance Unit 1915-1918, returning to study medicine.
Brain held appointments at the London Hospital, first in 1920 then from 1927 until his death; at the Maida Vale Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis from 1925 and at Moorfield Eye Hospital between 1930 and 1937.
Brain was President of the Royal College of Physicians from 1950 to 1957. He was knighted in 1952, made Baronet in 1954, Baron in 1962 and elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1964.
He was editor of Brain, the journal of neurology, for many years.
For a detailed account of Brain see Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society volume 14, London 1968, pp 61-82.
Richard Bright was born on 28 September 1789, the third son of Richard Bright, a Bristol merchant and banker. He attended a school in Bristol, run by a Unitarian minister, and subsequently went to Exeter. In 1808 he left for Edinburgh to study first in the faculty of arts, and from 1809 in the medical faculty. He graduated MD in 1813. In 1810 he interrupted his medical education to join Sir George Mackenzie's scientific expedition to Iceland, where he contributed to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the island. He then spent two years in London, studying at the medical school of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals. He returned to London in 1814, after graduating, and became a pupil at the Carey Street Dispensary, under Thomas Bateman. Here he gained wide experience in skin disorders, which was Bateman's specialty, and general medicine.
Bright visited Holland and Belgium before traveling to Germany in 1814, and then Austria and Hungary during the winter of 1814-15. During his trip he met many physicians and observed the medical practice in the hospitals of Horn, Hufeland, Berlin and Vienna. On his way home from Hungary he stopped at Brussels, about a fortnight after the Battle of Waterloo, visiting the military hospitals and seeing many of the wounded. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1816, and a Fellow in 1832. In 1817 he was elected assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, where during a severe epidemic he contracted fever and narrowly escaped with his life. Bright returned to the continent in the autumn of 1818, visiting Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and France. During this trip he visited many hospitals and post mortem rooms. He returned in the summer of 1819 to continue work at the Fever Hospital.
In 1820 he became assistant physician to Guy's Hospital and then, in 1824, full physician. He took an active part in teaching, in both the wards and the lecture room. In 1822 he lectured at Guy's on botany and materia medica, and in 1824, on the theory and practice of physic. Despite the lack of interest shown by Bright's seniors in morbid anatomy, Bright worked undeterred in the post mortem room before his rounds of the wards. It was said that over the years Bright worked at Guy's, he spent at least six hours a day carrying out his research, `constantly and with untiring patience, whenever he could do so, to the ultimate test of the morbid appearances after deaths' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.157).
Bright is best known for his description of dropsy - oedema associated with kidney disease - in which the urine can be coagulated by heat owing to the presence of albumin. Observation of albumin in the urine had already been made, but it was Bright who made the connection between the presence of albumin and glomerulonephritis, and thus made the synthesis of the symptoms. Before this it was thought that the liver and the spleen were responsible for dropsy. The condition subsequently became widely known, from the 1840s, as Morbus Brightii, `Bright's disease', establishing his reputation at home and abroad.
He described the disease in the first volume of his illustrated Reports on Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (1827), in which the clinical picture during life is correlated with the pathology of the internal organs of the several parts of the body. A second part to this work was published in 1831 and is entirely concerned with the nervous system, with the illustrations appearing in a separate volume. Upon all the various subjects covered by Bright in this work, he showed `the most sagacious observation, untiring industry, and wonderful powers of investigating truth, the end and aim of all his work' (ibid).
Bright's writings were numerous and important. Although best known for his work on diseases of the viscera, especially the kidney, Bright also made numerous observations on neurological conditions, both in the above-mentioned publication, and in papers he contributed to the Guy's Hospital Reports. He also wrote articles on pancreatic diabetes, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, acute otitis and pathological lesions in typhoid fever. He was a frequent contributor to the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Bright collaborated with Thomas Addison, his colleague at Guy's, in a textbook of medicine for students, entitled Textbook: Elements of the Practice of Medicine (1839).
Bright's professional success was steady. He was Goulstonian lecturer in 1833, Lumleian lecturer in 1837, Censor of the College in 1836 and 1839, and member of the Council, 1838 and 1843. In 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, he was appointed physician extraordinary to the queen. As his reputation rose he took the leading position as consulting physician in London. Amongst his patients were Lord Macaulay, historian and Whig MP, John Snow, anaesthetist, famous for his theory that cholera was communicated through a contaminated water supply, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, who was suffering from nephritis. Bright was `probably consulted in a larger number of difficult cases than any of his contemporaries' (DNB, vol. VI, p.336). He held the post of full physician to Guy's Hospital until 1843 when he retired to devote his time to full practice, remaining active in his profession right up to his death in 1858. In 1838 he was honoured with the Monthyon medal of the Institute of France, awarded in recognition of his work on the kidney. At home he was honoured with a Doctorate of Civil Law by Oxford University in 1853.
Bright was a widely accomplished man. He was a good linguist, knowledgeable about more than one science, an amateur artist of some credibility, indeed his ability to draw accurately enabled him to produce fine diagrams of pathological anatomy, and well cultivated, due to his experience of travel and his wide social circle. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. His great skills were his acute observation and aptitude for synthesis, over his ability to theorise or to put forward his views.
Bright was married twice, first to Martha Babington in 1822. Martha died in 1823, shortly after giving birth to their only son, who died in early manhood. His second marriage was to Elizabeth Follett, sister to Sir William Webb Follett, attorney general. Bright had five surviving children, two daughters and three sons. He died at his house in Savile Row on 16 December 1858, at the age of 69, after an illness lasting just four days, associated with a longstanding disease of the heart. He was buried at Kensal Green, and an inscribed monument was erected in the Church of St James, Piccadilly.
Publications:
Travels from Vienna through Lower Hungary, with some remarks on the State of Vienna during the Congress in the year 1814 (Edinburgh, 1818)
Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (2 volumes, London, 1827; 1831)
Address at the Commencement of a Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1832)
Elements of the Practice of Medicine, Volume I Richard Bright and Thomas Addison (London, 1836)
Papers on Physconia by Bright, in Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours and Intumescence (London, 1860)
Publications by others about Bright:
Dr Richard Bright, 1789-1858, Pamela Bright (London, 1983)
Physician Extraordinary: Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858) Robert Manoah, R. Johnson (ed.) (Montpelier, Vermont, 1986)
Richard Bright, 1789-1858: Physician in an Age of Revolution and Reform D. Berry and C. Mackenzie (London, 1992)
Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin was born in Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, on 30 August 1864, the youngest son of Abraham Thomas Chaplin, a nonconformist farmer and merchant. Chaplin was educated at Tettenhall College, near Wolverhampton, and Llandaff House, Cambridge. He then entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1883, and in 1886 took a degree in natural sciences. He studied medicine for three years, undertaking his clinical studies at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and graduated MB in 1889. In the same year he became a house physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest.
In 1892 Chaplin became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he was appointed as registrar and pathologist at the City of London Hospital. In 1893 he was appointed assistant physician at the Hospital, and in the same year graduated MD from Cambridge. Between 1893 and 1904 Chaplin was also assistant physician at the East London Hospital for Children. He was furthermore physician in London for the Ventnor Consumption Hospital and physician to the Eastern Dispensary. In 1894 he published, with Sir Andrew Clark and Wilfred James Hadley, a textbook on Fibroid Diseases of the Lung.
Chaplin conducted his private practice in the City, and acted as medical adviser to many City banks, commercial firms and shipping companies. In 1902 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and in the same year co-authored The Science and Art of Prescribing (1902), with E.H. Colbeck. In 1903 he was appointed medical inspector to the P&O Company, and held the position for 35 years. He was also medical inspector to the New Zealand Shipping Company and the British India Steam Navigation Company. While he held these appointments many improvements were made to the efficiency of medical service at sea. Chaplin was also medical adviser to the Chamber of Shipping, and twice chaired a committee set up by the Board of Trade for the revision of drugs to be carried on board ship.
Chaplin had a love for English and French historical literature, and his studies of the exile of Napoleon I on the island of St Helena made his name known to the public. He wrote The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte (1913), and later A St Helena Who's Who (1914). In 1917-18 Chaplin delivered the FitzPatrick Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians, on the history of medicine. In 1918 he was appointed as the College's Harveian Librarian, a position he was `admirably suited' to, due to his love of old books and interest in literature (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.437). In 1918 he had published, with the help of his wife, an illustrated version of the Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London (Munk's Roll), which included engraved portraits of the fellows. In 1922 he delivered the Harveian Oration. In the same year he retired from the active staff of the City of London Hospital, after 29 years service, and became consulting physician.
Chaplin was a collector of portraits of medical men, and he gave to the Royal College of Physicians 250 portraits, and 350 to the Medical Society of London. He addressed the Medical Society twice on the subject of engraved portraits of medical men. He was president of the History of Medicine Section of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1936.
Chaplin had married Margaret Douie in 1909, but they had no children. His wife died in 1938. Chaplin died in Bedford, on 18 October 1944, at the age of 80.
Publications:
Fibroid Diseases of the Lung, including Fibroid Phthisis, Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin, Sir Andrew Clark, & Wilfred James Hadley (London, 1894)
The Science and Art of Prescribing, Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin & E.H. Colbeck (1902)
History of the College Club at the Royal College of Physicians of London. With a Continuation of the History from 1909 to 1926 by A. Chaplin, Joseph Frank Payne; Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin (London, 1909; 1926)
The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, a Medical Criticism (London, 1913)
Thomas Shortt, with Biographies of some other Medical Men associated with the Case of Napoleon, 1815-1821 (London, 1914)
A St Helena Who's Who; or, a Directory of the Island during the Captivity of Napoleon (London, 1914; 2nd ed. 1919)
The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London; Illustrated with Portraits Collected and Inlaid by A. and M.D. Chaplin, William Munk; Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin & Margaret Douie Chaplin (London, 1918)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Portraits, Busts, Silver and Other Objects of Interest... [& a List of Portraits of Fellows to be found elsewhere] (London, 1926)
A Catalogue of the Engraved Portraits of British Medical Men; compiled by H. Bruen. With Additions and an Index of Painters and Engravers by A. Chaplin and W.J. Bishop, H. Bruen (London, 1930)
A Handlist of the Portraits of British Medical Men Engraved in Mezzotint (London, 1931)
Edward Alfred Cockayne was born in Sheffield on 3 October 1880, the son of Edward Shephard Cockayne. He was educated at Charterhouse School and then at Balliol College, Oxford. He obtained a first class honours from the Natural Science School in 1903. He continued his medical education at St Bartholomew's Hospital, receiving the Brackenbury scholarship for medicine. He graduated BM BCh from Oxford in 1907. In 1909 he passed the membership examination for the Royal College of Physicians.
Cockayne became house physician at St Bart's and then at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and subsequently casualty physician at the former. He graduated DM in 1912. He was appointed medical registrar at the Middlesex Hospital before being appointed physician to out-patients in 1913. It was also in 1913 that he joined the staff of the Victoria Hospital for Children.
During the First World War he served in the Royal Navy, from 1915 until 1919, and was at Archangel during the Russian Revolution. In 1916 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Upon returning to London after the War he became physician to out-patients at Great Ormond Street. At this hospital he was a junior colleague of the physician and geneticist Sir Archibald Garrod, with whom he shared an interest in genetics. In 1924 he was appointed full physician at the Middlesex Hospital, it was however another ten years before he held the same position at Great Ormond Street. In 1928 he was vice-president of the Section of Diseases of Children at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association.
Cockayne was one of the last physicians to combine the work of a general physician with paediatric practice. He was interested in every unusual genetic aberration in the young, and especially the disorders of the ductless glands. His most important medical publication was his book, Inherited Abnormalities of the Skin and its Appendages (1933), which represented `an immense amount of labour spread over years' (The Lancet, 1956, p.1220). He also wrote chapters on the 'Principles of Heredity' in Sir Leonard Gregory Parsons and Seymour Gilbert Barling's Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (1933), and on 'Diseases of the Ductless Glands' in Diseases of Children by Various Authors (1st ed. 1913 - 5th ed. 1953), by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, Frederick Eustace Batten, James Hugh Thursfield, and Donald Hugh Patterson (eds.). In 1937 Cockayne gave the Bradshaw Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians, on the genetics of transposition of the viscera. The following year he became President of the Section for the Study of Diseases in Children of the Royal Society of Medicine, where he was also treasurer for a number of years.
Cockayne was a keen entomologist. It has been said that he `delighted to contrast with analogous manifestations in the field of entomology' many of the bizarre genetic aberrations he investigated as a paediatrician (BMJ, 1956, p.1370). His specialty was the biology, variation and genetics of British butterflies and moths. He reached the top rank in the science when he was elected president of the Royal Entomological Society, 1943-45.
In 1945 Cockayne became a consultant physician to both the Middlesex and Great Ormond Street hospitals, and removed himself from London to Tring, Hertfordshire. In 1947 he offered his entomological collection to the Natural History Museum, who invited him to amalgamate it with their existing British collections, which included that of the late Lord Rothschild. Accordingly at the Rothschild Zoological Museum at Tring, where he was invited to become assistant curator, he built up a new collection from their existing collections and his own. The result was a collection that demonstrated the complete known range of variation within each species, and all that there was to know of their genetics. He constantly supplemented the collection with rare and beautiful specimens at his own expense, and encouraged valuable donations from others, until it numbered 50,000 select specimens.
Entomology occupied Cockayne's retirement, and in 1954 he received an OBE for his services in this field. He never married, and died at his home in Tring on 28 November 1956, aged 76. In his will he left over £5,000 and his own watercolours to the British Museum, as well as money and books to various entomological societies. A considerable residue went to medicine, to the Royal College of Physicians and to the Royal Society of Medicine. The latter honoured him by opening the Cockayne Suite in 1963.
Publications:
Inherited Abnormalities of the Skin and its Appendages (London, 1933)
Chapter in Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, Sir Leonard Gregory Parsons and Seymour Gilbert Barling (eds.) (London, 1933) and in Diseases of Children by Various Authors, Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, Frederick Eustace Batten, & James Hugh Thursfield (eds.) (London, 1st ed. 1913 - 5th ed. 1953)
William Collyns (d [1863]), physician
Charles Dodds (1899 - 1973) was Professor of Biochemistry at the Middlesex Hospital 1925 - 1965, director of the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry 1928 - 1965 and President of the Royal College of Physicians 1962 - 1966. Accounts of his life and works are given in MS3120, Munk's Roll vol.VI pp.151-3, and Anon., "Sir Charles Dodds: a pioneer in medicine and biochemistry", in New Scientist vol 6 (1959) pp.234-5.
Unknown
Sir Dyce Duckworth (1840-1928) Bt, MD, LLD, FRCP, Consulting Physician to St Bartholomew's and the Italian Hospitals. Senior Physician to the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich.
Archibald Edward Garrod was born on 25 November 1857 in London, the fourth and youngest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, physician to King's College Hospital, London. Garrod was educated at Marlborough and Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied natural science and obtained a first class honours degree in 1880. He received his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he qualified MRCS in 1884. Garrod spent the winter of 1884-85 in Vienna in post-graduate study at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus, renowned for its excellent teaching. In 1885 he obtained his BM, MA, Oxford, and MRCP, London.
Upon returning from Vienna he became a house physician at St Bartholomew's. He also worked as physician to the Marylebone General Dispensary, and assistant physician to the West London Hospital. He became casualty physician at St Bartholomew's in 1889 and then assistant physician in 1903. He was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1891. Garrod was in charge of the Children's Department at St Bartholomew's, with Dr Herbert Morley Fletcher, from 1904-10, and lectured on chemical pathology. He eventually became full physician there in 1912. Garrod also joined the visiting staff of Great Ormond Street Hospital, as elected assistant physician in 1892, becoming full physician there in 1899, and the Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease.
Garrod authored and contributed to a number of publications throughout his professional career. Whilst his earlier works were mainly of a clinical character, his later ones were of a biochemical nature. In 1886 he wrote An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886) and in 1890, based on his work at the West London Hospital, A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890). In later years he drew a further distinction by classifying osteoarthritis separately (his father had previously differentiated rheumatoid arthritis from gout) in an article he contributed to Sir Thomas Clifford Albutt's System of Medicine (1907).
Garrod was one of those, alongside Sir William Osler, physician and medical educator, who was instrumental in forming the Association of the Physicians of Great Britain. Its purpose was to facilitate the publishing of a new type of medical journal, to record fundamental research that perhaps had no immediate clinical application. In 1907 then he joined the editorial board of the Quarterly Journal of Medicine, remaining on the board for twenty years, and contributing to the journal throughout his life. He also made contributions to the Journal of Pathology and the Proceedings of the Royal Society. He was co-editor of the first edition of Diseases of Children (1913), with F.E. Batten and Hugh Thursfield.
Garrod is best known however for his original work on chemical pathology, reported in scientific journals and in his lectures. Indeed the Croonian Lectures, entitled Inborn Errors of Metabolism', were delivered to the Royal College of Physicians in 1908, and a revised edition was subsequently published in 1909. This was arguably his most important work (Hart, 1949, p.164). Garrod wasa born investigator' (Munk's Roll, Vol. IV, p.348), and had begun his work on this subject up to ten years before the publication, carrying out extensive, original laboratory research. He had begun by researching urinary chemistry, which led to his investigating alkaptonuria, whereby passed urine turns black on standing. Garrod's break through was considering the possibility that the condition was caused by a metabolic error, and his research thus developed to investigating metabolism behind urinary abnormalities, and so the now established idea of the gene-enzyme-reaction sequence. He pointed to the idea of metabolic variation, what he called 'chemical individuality', and that essentially the information for producing specific enzymes in humans is inherited.
During the First World War Garrod left St Bartholomew's to serve on the staff of the 1st London General Hospital at Camberwell, and then, in 1915, he was promoted to the rank of temporary colonel in the Army Medical Service. He was sent to Malta where he was consulting physician to the Mediterranean forces until 1919. For his services during the war he was appointed CMG in 1916, and KCMG in 1918.
He returned to St Bartholomew's in 1919 where he was chosen to be the first director of the new Medical Unit. However before he had been in position for a year he was nominated Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, succeeding Osler, where he remained for seven years. He was active in university affairs, being appointed a Statutory Commissioner for the University in 1922, and was a member of the Hebdomadal Council, the 21 members of which formed the governing body of the University. He was also appointed consulting physician at the Radcliffe Infirmary. Between 1923-28 Garrod was also a member of the Medical Research Council.
Garrod was honoured with many distinctions throughout his career. In 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, of which he became Vice-President, 1926-28. He gave many eponymous lectures including the Lettsonian Lecture, given to the Medical Society of London in 1912, the Linacre Lecture at Cambridge in 1923, and in 1924 he addressed the Royal College of Physicians again, when he gave the Harveian Oration. At the Charing Cross Hospital he gave the Huxley Lecture on `Diathesis' in 1927, which was published in a fuller form as The Inborn Factors in Disease (1931). In 1931 he was elected honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Abroad he was made honorary member of the American Association of Physicians, and of the Artzlicher Verein, Munich. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Dublin, Glasgow, Malta, and Padua. In 1935, at the age of 78, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.
Garrod married Laura Elisabeth Smith, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Bartholomew's, in 1886. They had three sons and one daughter; all three sons died young, all in the course of the First World War, two in action and the other of influenzal pneumonia. After resigning his chair at Oxford, in 1927, he and his wife lived at Melton, Suffolk until 1930, and then in Cambridge, with his daughter, where he died after a short illness, on 28 March 1936.
Publications:
The Nebulae: A Fragment of Astronomical History (Oxford, 1882)
An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886)
A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890)
A Handbook of Medical Pathology, for the Use of Students in the Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (1894), with Sir W.P. Herringham & W.J. Gow
A Treatise on Cholelithiasis, Bernhard Naunyn, translated by Garrod (London, 1896)
Clinical Diagnosis, Rudolf Von Jaksch, edited by Garrod (London, 5th ed., 1905)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (1909)
Diseases of Children (1913), with F.E. Batten & Hugh Thursfield
The Inborn Factors of Disease (1931)
Papers for the Journal of Pathology and the Proceedings of the Royal Society
Publications by others about Garrod:
The Garrods, Caspar Rutz (Zurich, 1970)
Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man, Alexander Gordon Bearn (Oxford, 1993)
The Role of Nature and Nurture in Common Diseases: Garrod's Legacy, Sir David John Weatherall (London, 1992)
Samuel Jones Gee was born on 13 September 1839 in London, son of William Gee, a businessman. He was educated at Enfield for two years from 1847, and at home, under the tutelage of his father, before being sent to University College School in London, 1852-54. He then studied medicine at University College London, graduating MB in 1861, and MD in 1865.
Gee was appointed as a house surgeon both at University College Hospital and Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1865. He became assistant physician at the latter in 1866. In 1868 he received the same appointment at St Bartholomew's Hospital, due to the influence of Sir Thomas Smith, surgeon at St Bartholomew's, to whom he had become known at Great Ormond Street. Ten years later he was elected physician there, and then in 1904 consulting physician. In the medical school at St Bartholomew's he was a demonstrator of morbid anatomy, 1870-74, lecturer on pathological anatomy, 1872-78, and lecturer on medicine, 1878-93. He also became physician at Great Ormond Street, 1875-94, where he became a leading authority on childhood diseases and was the first to identify coeliac disease.
Gee wrote many papers on medical subjects, nearly all of which have permanent value' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92). His early papers, on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, appeared in Sir John Russell Reynolds' System of Medicine (Volumes I and II, 1866; 1868). 46 other papers appeared in the Saint Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. In 1870 his work, Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (1870) was published, and was recognised asa minor classic in its day' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, 1955, p.183). Of almost equal recognition was the collection of his Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (1902), by Dr T.J. Horder, formerly his house physician. The aphorisms represented well the form of Gee's teaching at the bedside. In his writings it was his description of the child's head in hydrocephalus as distinct from the enlarged skull of rickets, and his observations on enlarged spleen in children, which `may most justly be considered as scientific discoveries' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92).
He was elected Resident Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1866. This was despite his reluctance to join any clubs; indeed his voice was seldom heard at the medical societies of the day. In 1879 however he became a member of the scientific committee appointed to investigate 'membranous croup' and diphtheria. He was deeply knowledgeable about the history of medicine and so became the Society's librarian from 1887-99. Gee was also prominent in the affairs of the Royal College of Physicians, he was elected Fellow in 1870. In 1871 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures, in 1892 the Bradshaw Lecture, and the Lumleian Lectures in 1899. He was a Censor of the College, 1893-94, and was Senior Censor in 1897.
Gee built up a large practice in London, first at 54 Harley Street, and then at 31 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and was consulted in all branches of medicine. He was appointed physician to George, Prince of Wales, in 1901. It is said that his observation was acute and systematic' and that the treatment he prescribed wasalways judicious' (ibid). He also continued to work as consulting physician at St Bartholomew's, from his appointment in 1904, until his death.
Gee married Sarah Cooper in 1875. They had two daughters, one of his daughters died in 1893, and his wife died in 1904. Gee died suddenly of a heart attack at Keswick, whilst on holiday with his surviving daughter, on 3 August 1911. His body was returned to London, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in the Columbarium at Kensal Green.
Publications:
Papers on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, System of Medicine, Sir John Russell Reynolds (vol. I & II, 1866; 1868)
Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (London, 1870)
On the Coeliac Affection',Rheumatic Fever without Arthritis', in St Bartholomew's Hospital Report, vol. 24, 1888, pp.17-20, pp.21-23 (in total, 46 papers appeared in the journal)
`Sects in Medicine' (tract) (London, 1889)
Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (London, 1902)