Led expeditions in Canada including Southampton Island, 1936, Baffin Island, [1943] and Hudson Bay, [1947]; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1933- ; awarded the Patron's Medal in 1948.
Matthew Manning was born in 1955. He became famous with the publication of his first book, The Link" in 1974 which sold over a million copies. "The Link and In the Minds of Millions (1977) were autobiographical works which described psychic phenomena. Matthew Manning was also notable for his skill in automatic drawing (ie producing artwork in the style of other other artists).
Ethel Edith Mannin was born and educated in London. Trained as a typist, she worked as a copywriter and editor before publishing her first novel in 1923. She subsequently wrote nearly a hundred books, both fiction and non-fiction, generally producing two each year, and her left-wing political views influenced much of her work. Mannin was married twice (to the writers John Alexander Porteus and Reginald Reynolds) but wrote under her own surname.
The Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement is a division from the Seventh-day Adventist Church created by disagreement over proper Sabbath observance and military service during World War One.
A case took place at a special court in Mannheim, Hesse, Germany in 1937 against Seventh Day Adventists Reformists, who took part in activities contrary to the provision set out in an act to ban the organisation on 30 May 1936.
Born 4 April 1911, in Herne Hill, educated at Alleyn's School, Dulwich, and Guy's Hospital Medical School, London. He was a gifted student, winning the Treasurer's Medal in both medicine and surgery. Appointed firstly to the Department of Pathology, prior to working as a medical registrar. In 1939, he became Clinical Tutor, but later joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving on the hospital ship, Dorsetshire; in the Middle East, and the Military Hospital in Edinburgh.
In 1946, he returned to Guy's Hospital as Physician, and the same year was appointed Director of the Department of Medicine. Mann held the post of Senior Physician, 1963-1976. In 1954, he was appointed Physician to the Royal Household and, Physician to the Queen, 1964-1970. Croonian lecturer 1976; Retired from the hospital in 1976, continuing to practice privately for some years. He died on 25 Jun 2001.
Publications: with John Forbes Clinical examination of patients (1950); edited Conybeare's textbook of medicine (Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone. 1975); Hippocratic writings edited with an introduction by G.E.R. Lloyd, translated [from the Greek] by J. Chadwick and W.N. Mann ... [et al.] (Harmondsworth. Penguin. 1978); A guide to life assurance underwriting. including a short glossary of medical terms, J.E. Evans and W.N. Mann (London. Stone & Cox. 1981).
Born 1908. The core of the collection are reprints on biological catalysts, cellular respiration and enzymes, published during the period 1925-1960 by David Keilin, ScD,FRS (1887-1963) and his associates at the Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology. Professor Mann worked with him from 1935-1942 on collaborated research into enzymology and cellular metabolism. 'Together we succeeded in discovering the first enzyme-substrate reaction by demonstrating that peroxidase, the methaemoglobin-like plant enzyme, forms two distinct reaction products with hydrogen peroxide. We identified copper in the enzymes of polyphenol oxidase from mushrooms and laccase from the lacquer tree. We succeeded in isolating and crystallizing haemocuprein, the first copper-protein from mammalian blood-corpuscles, and we were the first to discover zinc in an enzyme, namely that of carbonic anhydrase from mallian blood.' Some of his subsequent research was carried out at the Molteno Institute: 1942-1944, metabolism of mould fungi; after 1944, metabolism of mammalian semen, discovery of fructose in semen and many other studies on the biochemistry of spermatozoa, male accessory secretions and male reproductive organs; died 1993.
Stuart Edward Mann (1905-1986) undertook postgraduate study at Bristol University before going to Albania in 1929 where he taught English at a boys' high school in Tirana. He went on to become a lector at the Masaryk University of Brno, Czechoslovakia. Mann became reader in Czech and Albanian languages at SSEES and literature in 1947 and stayed there until 1972. He published a number of works mainly on Albanian, Czech and Indo-European linguistics.
James Cornwallis was the son of James Cornwallis (afterwards Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield and 4th Earl Cornwallis) and his wife Catharine, daughter of Galfridus Mann. The younger James Cornwallis, who adopted the surname Mann by royal licence in 1814, in conformance with the terms of his maternal grandfather's will, succeeded his father as 5th Earl in 1824. He had no heirs and the title became extinct on his death.
The Mann family were market gardeners and most of the records relate to the land they cultivated.
Ebenezer John Mann was born in 1881, and Mabel Mann in 1883. They were second cousins, and first met in England in 1900. Each sailed independently for China with the China Inland Mission - Ebenezer in 1903, and Mabel in 1905. Both were sent to Kansu province (North West China) - Ebenezer to Tsinchow and Fukiang, Mabel to Liangchow. In October 1907 they were married at Sichuan and left to fill a gap at the Si'ning Mission (close to the Tibetan border) for six months. In May 1908 they returned to Fukiang, where they were based until their retirement in 1944. In 1921 Ebenezer Mann was appointed Chairman of the Famine Relief Committee set up after the earthquake in Kansu Province. He was awarded the Certificate of the Medal of the Sprouting Grain in 1921, the highest award given to foreigners. Ebenezer Mann died in 1957 and Mabel Mann in 1977.
W.J Manktelow was born in 1918, he went on to became a branch manager at Boots the Chemist. These notebooks were compiled by him while he was on the Chemist and Druggist course in the Department of Pharmacy at Brighton Technical College, September 1937 to June 1938.
Ludovico Manin was the last Doge of the Venetian Republic, and was deposed by the French under Napoleon in 1797; the Republic ceased to exist and was ceded to Austria.
The main branch of the Avogadro family died out in 1671 and the fief of Lumezzane came under the direct jurisdiction of Venice. In 1681, however, Francisco and Girolamo Avogadro, descendants of a cadet branch of the family tree, acquired the fief for 32,000 ducats, and it was held by that family until the collapse of the Republic in 1797.
Walter Manes was born in Berlin in 1911, one of four children of Philipp and Gertrude Manes, a Jewish family. He managed to escape Nazi Germany through employment opportunities as a musician in Shanghai in 1938 and 1939. He remained with his wife in China until 1948 when he emigrated to USA. (See 1548/1 for an autobiographical account).
Philipp Manes was born in Neuwied in the Rhineland on Aug 1875. His family had lived in Neuwied for a long time, but his parents and he moved to Berlin via Luxembourg, when he was a boy of eleven. Manes became a fur trader. Until 1942 he lived in a small apartment in the centre of Berlin with his wife and his family. His four children all managed to leave Germany before the war broke out. In 1942, he was forced to work for a few months as a labourer in a Berlin factory. In July 1942 he was sent to Theresienstadt together with his wife Gertrud. In October 1944 they were both sent 'east' with the last transport and they both died in Auschwitz.
During his years in the ghetto of Theresienstadt he was in charge of the Orientation Service, a unit of elderly men originally set up to help prisoners who had lost their way in the maze of the camp, to ensure their safe return to their assigned quarters. Over time the service expanded and added various other service functions to its duties.
It was in his capacity as head of the Orientation Service, that Manes created the lecture series, at one time also called Leisure Time Bureau, in fact the most amazing cultural feast. This united what must have been the educated elite of the camp in over 500 events. Topics of lectures covered most academic disciplines, from religion and history to the arts and sciences. Play readings often by professional actors and singers, especially the productions of Nathan the Wise, had their audiences spellbound. Variety evenings were staged to celebrate the New Year and special events. The names of lecturers and participants read like a Who's Who of the camp. They include Leo Baeck (who spoke at the 500th event), Victor and Fritz Janowitz, and many others.
Eva Manes was the daughter of Philip Manes, a German Jewish fur-trader, who was transported to Theresienstadt, then Auschwitz where he perished with his wife. See GB 1556 WL 1346 for more background information on the family.
Born in New York, USA, 1907; moved with his family to Anglesey, north Wales, 1919; educated at Harrow School from 1920; Caius College Cambridge, 1926-1930; trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; B Chir, 1933; general practitioner in Sheerness, 1930s; obtained British nationality, 1935; Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve Medical Officer, 1939-1946; general practitioner in Windsor, 1947; Diploma in Anaesthetics, 1948; Fellow of the Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1954; Consultant Anaesthetist, Upton Hospital, Slough, Heatherwood Hospital, Ascot, King Edward VII Hospital, Windsor, and Maidenhead Hospital; retired, c1984; died, 1992.
Charles Henry Waterland Mander was a solicitor of 7 New Square, Lincolns Inn, London WC, and Clerk of the Cordwainers Company.
Born in Zomba District, Nyasaland (Malawi), 1926; conscripted into 2 Bn, D Company, Nyasaland King's African Rifles, 1939; stationed in Egypt, 1940-1943; Corporal, 1942; stationed in India, 1943-1945; Sergeant, 1943; Staff Sergeant, 1944; discharged, 1945; trained as a teacher, 1958.
The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Company was formed in 1847 by an amalgamation of several other railway companies. Competition between different companies was intense and much quibbling about the sharing of lines produced an alliance in 1858 with the Great Northern Railway Company. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Company eventually became the Great Central Railway Company.
No further information.
The moves which led to the formation of the Manchester Ship Canal Company and to the construction of the ship canal itself began to take practical shape in 1882, at a time when the commercial supremacy of Manchester appeared to be declining. It was thought that this decline was due in large part to the heavy cost of transit within the region, which led to the agitation for the building of a ship canal. The proposal encountered opposition from the railways and from powerful corporate interests in Liverpool and it was 1887 before work could begin. The task occupied six years and might never have been completed had not the city fathers come to the financial rescue of the promoters, lending them £3 millions in 1891 and a further £2 millions in 1893. The canal was opened to traffic in 1894.
This group, initially named the Manchester Committee for the Enfranchisement of Women, was formed in the 1860s, possibly initially to support John Stuart Mill's 1866 suffrage petition. Early members included Elizabeth Wolstenhulme Elmy, Jacob and Ursula Bright, Rev, S.A. Steinthal and Dr. Richard Pankhurst. It was formally re-founded in 1867 to canvass women householders in Manchester to support further suffrage petitions. It became federated to the National Society for Women's Suffrage, changing its name in 1897 to the North of England Society for Women's Suffrage.
This company was established in 1824 as Manchester Fire and Life Assurance Company. It was renamed Manchester Assurance Company in 1846 when it transferred its life business to Pelican Life Insurance Company. At this date its offices were at 6 Lawrence Lane, Cheapside. Manchester Assurance was acquired by Atlas Assurance Company (CLC/B/107-04) in 1904; by this time its address was 110 Cannon Street.
Atlas Assurance became a subsidiary of Royal Exchange Assurance in 1959 and this company merged in turn with Guardian Assurance in 1968 to form Guardian Royal Exchange.
This company was incorporated on the 12th of January 1909 and had London offices at 9 Cloak Lane (1909-66), Lee House, London Wall (1967-72) and Three Quays, Tower Hill (1973-5). It went into liquidation in December 1976.
The Management Research Group was founded in 1926 by Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and was based on an existing group in America, the Manufacturers Research Association of Massachusetts. The aim of the management research groups in this country was to provide a vehicle for the exchange of ideas, the collation of information and the discussion of problems common to member companies in order to promote more efficient management. Nine groups were set up around the country. Group 1, which was based in London and consisted of a small number of the largest manufacturing companies, co-ordinated the activities of Groups 2 - 8, which were based in the regions and consisted of small and medium sized companies. No company was accepted as a member without the unanimous agreement of all the member companies. Group 1 remained a totally autonomous group whose members interests were represented by their trade and employers associations. During the war it was decided that if the Group's views were not put forward by the usual trade or industrial organisation appropriate contact should be made between the Group's secretary and government officials. In 1943, Group 1 changed its title to the Industrial Management Research Association to show its separate identity from Groups 2 - 8.
Edward Horace Man was colonial administrator of the Andaman and Nicobar Commission, he retired c 1900 and died, 1929. He published On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands in around 1885.
Thomas Robert Malthus was born in Surrey in 1766. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated with a BA in 1788 and an MA in 1791, becoming a fellow in 1793. He was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1789 and ordained priest in 1791. His first and best-known book An Essay on the Principle of Population was published in 1798, with several substantially revised editions following during the next two decades; he also wrote several other books on economics and demographics. From 1805 until his death Malthus was professor of history and political economy at East India College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1818 and a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1825, and was a founding member of both the Political Economy Club and the Statistical Society of London.
Malpighi was appointed Papal physician in 1691.
Marcello Malpighi was born in Crevalcore, Bologna, of Marcantonio Malpighi and Maria Cremonini. He entered the University of Bologna in 1646, where his tutor, the peripatetic philosopher Francesco Natali, suggested he study medicine. He graduated as doctor of philosphy and medicine in 1653, and from 1656 accepted the chair of theoretical medicine at Pisa, where his stay was fundamental to the formation of his science. He was influenced by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, then Professor of Mathematics at Pisa, through whom he entered the orbit of the school of Galileo. In 1659 he returned to Bologna, where with Carlo Fracassati he continued to conduct dissections and vivisections, in the course of which he used the microscope to make fundamental discoveries about the lungs. These he communicated to Borelli. His observations not only identified a structure for the pulmonary parenchyma, but also confirmed the theory of the circulation of the blood and ensured the theory's acceptance. In 1662 he returned to Messina where he held the chair of medicine, and enthusiatically continued his researches on fundamental structures, publishing his findings in treatises relating to neurology, adenology, and hematology. He established the capillary circulation and a mechanism to explain hematosis; he defined and systematized a nervous mechanism which included a highly accute sensory receptors; and performed an analysis of the blood, discovering the red corpuscles. He studied aberrations to cast light on normal organisms, and studied simple animals to understand more complex ones. He applied his methodological formulation in his work on the silkworm in 1669, and in the later embryological and botanical works edited by the Royal Society. In 1666 he went back to Bologna, and in 1667 he agreed to undertake scientific correspondence with the Royal Society of London, and the Society subsequently supervised the printing of all his later works. His study of plants, the Anatome Planatarum, appeared in London in two parts, in 1675 and 1679, and with Nathaniel Gre earned him acclaim as the founder of the microscopic study of plant anatomy. He was Chief Physician to Pope Innocent XII, 1691-1694. In his work on medical anatomy he shaped the work of at least two generations, Albertini and Valsalva being his pupils, and their pupil Mortgagni continuing Malpighi's work. He also made considerable contributions to vegetable pathology, as in plant galls, and wrote an important methodological work supporting rational medicine against the empiricists.
Dr Bertha Malnick was Reader in Russian Studies at SSEES from 1946 to 1966.
No administrative history has been traced for these photographs.
Born, 1810; BA; Entered family iron founding business aged 21; patented the 'buckled plate' (1852); Fellow of the Royal Society, (1854); Awarded Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy (1862); honorary MAI (Master of Engineering), University of Dublin (1862); honorary LLD, University of Dublin (1864); President, Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland (1866); President, Geological Society of Dublin (1846); with his son John William Mallet, FRS compiled an earthquake catalogue amd seismic map of the world (1850-1858); was the first to determine an earthquake's epicentre (Naples, 1858); died, 1881.
Robert Mallet was born, 1810; BA; Entered family iron founding business aged 21; patented the 'buckled plate' (1852); Fellow of the Royal Society, (1854); Awarded Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy (1862); honorary MAI (Master of Engineering), University of Dublin (1862); honorary LLD, University of Dublin (1864); President, Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland (1866); President, Geological Society of Dublin (1846); with his son John William Mallet, FRS compiled an earthquake catalogue amd seismic map of the world (1850-1858); was the first to determine an earthquake's epicentre (Naples, 1858); died, 1881.
William Miles Malleson was born in Croydon, Surrey in 1888. He was educated at Brighton College and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, before entering the Academy of Dramatic Art. He became known as a gifted theatre actor, particularly in comic roles, before turning to films (as both actor and writer) in the 1930s; after the Second World War he returned to stage acting and had some success as a dramatist. The family planning pioneer Dr Joan Malleson was his second wife.
Joan Malleson was an important figure in ALRA and the FPA/North Kensington Clinic, she undertook pioneering early work in sex counselling. She died in 1956.
Maj P G Malins was in the 20 India Division, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, and served in French Indo-China in 1945. He was already retired in 1981.
Born 1884; parentage on both sides Polish szlachta (landed gentry and nobility); educated at the King Jan Sobieski Public School and the Jagiellonian University Cracow, where he gained a PhD in Philosophy, Physics and Mathematics,1908; received the Barczewski stipend for training as a university teacher, and studied for four years in London, undertaking research at the British Museum and the London School of Economics; Lecturer at the LSE, 1913, where he gained a PhD in Science, 1916; part of the Robert Mond Anthropological Expedition to New Guinea and North-West Melanesia, 1914-1916 and 1917-1918, returning in 1918 to Australia, and in 1920 to Europe; Reader in Social Anthropology, University of London, 1924-1927; journeyed to the USA and Mexico by invitation of Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, visiting Universities and Pueblo Indians (1926); Professor of Anthropology, London School of Economics, 1927-1942; undertook a trip to South and East Africa, doing survey work among Bantu tribes (Swazi, Bemba, Chagga, and Bantu Kavirondo), 1934; Delegate of London University to Harvard Tercentenary; Lecturer, Oslo Instituttet for Kulturforsknung, 1936; Corresponding Member, Polish Academy of Science, 1930; Correspondent, Italian Committee for Study of Population Problems, 1932; Member, Royal Academy of Science of Netherlands, 1933; Messenger Lecturer, Cornell University, 1933; Honorary Member, Royal Society of New Zealand, 1936; Correspondent, Institute for Comparative Study of Cultures, Oslo, 1936; Visiting Professor of Anthropology, Yale University, 1939; Fieldwork in Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, 1940-1941; died 1942. Publications: The economic aspect of the Intichiuma ceremonies (Helsingfors, 1912); The family among the Australian aborigines (University of London Press, 1913); Baloma: the spirits of the dead in the Trobriand Islands (Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1916); Argonauts of the Western Pacific; native enterprise and adventure in Melanesian New Guinea (Routledge, London, 1922); 'The problem of meaning in primitive languages' in The meaning of meaning (Kegan Paul, London, 1923); Crime and custom in savage society (Kegan Paul, London, 1926); Myth in primitive psychology (Kegan Paul, London, 1926); Sex and repression in savage society (Kegan Paul, London, 1927); The father in primitive psychology (Kegan Paul, London, 1927); The sexual life of savages in North-West Melanesia (Routledge and Sons, London, 1929); Coral gardens and their magic (G Allen and Unwin, London, 1935); The foundations of faith and morals (Oxford University Press, London, 1936); A scientific theory of culture and other essays (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1944); Freedom and civilisation (Roy Publisher, New York, 1944); The dynamics of cultural change: an inquiry into race relations in Africa (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1945); Magic, science and religion and other essays (The Free Press, New York, 1948); Sex, culture and myth (Harcourt, Brace and World, New York, 1962); A Diary in the strict sense of the term (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London; printed in U.S.A., 1967).
Malines (Mechelen) concentration camp was situated in a former barracks by the river in the city of the same name in Belgium. It was appropriated by the Germans in 1942 to serve as an assembly camp for all the Jews of Belgium and other 'undesirable' groups. The camp was divided into several groups including those to be deported; nationals of neutral countries or Germany's allies; borderline cases (ie mixed race); political prisoners and, in the final stages of the camp's existence, Gypsies.
Pulteney Malcolm, elder brother of Charles Malcolm, entered the Navy in 1778, became a lieutenant in 1783, a commander in 1794 and a captain later in the same year. From 1795 to 1803 he was in the East Indies. In 1804 he went out to the Mediterranean in the ROYAL SOVEREIGN and, after brief commands in the KENT and RENOWN, was appointed to the DONEGAL in 1805. In this ship he sailed with NELSON during the pursuit of the French Fleet to the West Indies and then joined the blockade of Cadiz. The DONEGAL was at Gibraltar when the battle of Trafalgar was fought and Malcolm hastened to the scene, arriving in time to capture the Spanish ship RAYO and assist with the prizes. He then went to the West Indies with Sir John Duckworth and took part in the battle of San Domingo, 1806. The DONEGAL was subsequently attached to the Channel Fleet and in 1808 convoyed troops to Portugal. In 1811 Malcolm was appointed to the ROYAL OAK, off Cherbourg. From 1812 to 1814 he was Captain of the Fleet Lord Keith, his uncle by marriage, being promoted to rear-admiral in 1813. In 1814 he took a squadron to America and served under Sir Alexander Cochrane (1758-1832) during the operations in the Chesapeake and New Orleans. During the 'Hundred Days' in 1815 he commanded a squadron in the North Sea and was then Commander-in-Chief at St. Helena from 1816 to 1817. He became a vice-admiral in 1821 and later held commands in the Mediterranean and the North Sea. He was promoted to admiral in 1838.
Born, 1869; educated: St Peter's School, York; Eton College; and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Commissioned second lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1889; served in India, before travelling to both China and Tibet in 1896; served in the Tochi valley expedition on the North West Frontier before being posted to Uganda, 1897-1899; attached to the headquarters staff in South Africa, 1899-1900; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1899-1931; attended the Staff College, Camberley, 1902; posted to Somaliland, 1903-1904; staff captain in the military operations directorate of the War Office, travelling to Morocco on official business, 1905; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General, War Office, -1908; Secretary of the historical section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), 1908; General staff officer, grade 2 (GSO2) on the Staff College directing staff, 1912; First World War service; head of the British military mission in Berlin, 1919; General Officer Commanding in Malaya, 1921-1924; retired from the Army, 1924; President of the British North Borneo Company; President of the China Society; chairman of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, 1926-1933; League of Nations High Commissioner for German Refugees, 1934-1938; died, 1953.
See sub-fonds level descriptions for individual biographies.
Charles Malcolm, younger brother of Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm, entered the Navy in 1795 and served under his brother's command in the East EURYDICE, in which ship he sailed home in 1803. He was promoted to captain in the same year. In 1804 Malcolm was in command of the RAISONNABLE in the North Sea and two years later was appointed to the NARCISSUS serving off the coasts of France and Portugal. Early in 1809 he was ordered to the West Indies where to took part in the capture of the Iles des Saintes. Later in 1809 he was appointed to the RHIN and from 1810 to 1812 was engaged in supporting Spanish guerrillas on the north coast of Spain. From 1812 to 1814 he was in the West Indies. Following his return and during the 'Hundred Days' he carried out a raid on the coast of Brittany in July 1815. After two years without employment Malcolm was appointed Flag-Captain to Sir Home Popham (1762-1820) in the SYBILLE on the West Indies Station in 1817. He was invalided home in 1819. His next commission, 1822 to 1827, was the command of the Royal Yachts WILLIAM AND MARY and ROYAL CHARLOTTE, which were at the disposal of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was appointed Commissioner of Dublin Harbour in 1823. In 1827 Malcolm became Superintendent of the Bombay Marine, renamed the Indian Navy in 1830. He built up the surveying side of the work of the service and introduced steamships to the Red Sea. In 1837 he was promoted to rear-admiral and retired from his post the following year. He became a vice-admiral in 1847.
Malaysia Rubber Company was registered in 1905 to acquire estates in Perak, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) became secretaries of the company in 1918. In 1982 Malaysia Rubber Company became a PLC (public limited company). The company became resident in Malaysia for tax purposes in 1984 and it was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080).
See also CLC/B/112/MS37840 for minutes of special joint board meetings, 1968-9.
Negri (or Negeri) Sembilan (meaning 'nine states'), now a state within Malaysia, is located on the Strait of Malacca. Its separate political existence began when it broke away from the sultanate of Riau and Johor in 1777 to form a loose confederation, although each state retained a high degree of independence. In the colonial period the British created a closer federation (1895). Negeri Sembilan became one of the Federated Malay States (1896) and was subsequently part of the Federation of Malaya (1948).
The occupation of Malaya by the Japanese during the Second World War gave the British government the opportunity, in 1945, to attempt the creation of a Malayan Union by merging the Malay States, Penang and Malacca into a single British colony. The plan was felt to be beneficial in solving both Malayan problems of rehabilitation and in furthering British colonial policy in the Pacific. It was envisaged that the Union would prepare the region for eventual self-government.
In mid-1943 a Malayan Planning Unit (MPU) was established under General Ralph Hone, supervised by the Colonial Office, to plan civil administration under the military government established in all re-occupied areas and for the future Union. A major problem faced by the MPU was the need to renegotiate the treaties with the Malay rulers in order to create the Union and give the British power to set up a constitution. It was also concerned to protect the interests of non-Malays within the peninsula.
In 1945 the MPU was moved to SEAC HQ and plans for the constitution of the Malayan Union and citizenship were drafted. Sir Harold MacMichael was chosen to prepare a mission to negotiate the new treaties with the Malay rulers and in particular to use the British government's advantage shortly after the liberation of Malay territories to achieve the required concessions. This policy was shaken by the unexpected surrender of the Japanese, which left the British without the advantage of military conquest.
Further problems beset the plan, as the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army emerged as a serious contender for power. The lack of communications and personnel hampered the British official presence. Malay politics slowly began to re-assert itself with the impact of the Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party. MacMichael headed out to Kuala Lumpur with H T Bourdillon and A T Newboult and by December 1945 all the rulers had signed treaties.
In January 1946 a White Paper on the Malayan Union was published. It was attacked for depriving the Sultans of their sovereignty and the Malays of their privileges and for the high-handed tactics previously employed by MacMichael. Although only one piece of legislation was required to repeal the previous settlements and bring about the Union, a number of MPs bitterly opposed the idea. Malay antipathy to the proposal had been underestimated and a number of groups came to the fore representing the Malay people, who felt that their rulers had betrayed them with the treaties. In March 1946, at the Pan-Malayan Malay Congress, it was proposed to set up the United Malays National Organisation in order to fight the Union.
The Union came into effect on 1 April 1946, although its inauguration was marred by the last minute withdrawal of the Sultans from the ceremony. Sir Edward Gent, the new Governor, was charged with the task of calming Malay fears but after one month in post was recommending concessions. Following advice from visiting MPs the Secretary of State finally concurred. This led to the question of whether the treaties should be renegotiated prior to the drafting of a new constitution, or whether they should remain as its foundation. It was finally agreed that they should be shelved and in the autumn of 1946 a number of constitutional proposals were agreed by the Constitutional Working Committee of Twelve.
The new proposals aimed at a compromise between safeguarding the special position of Malays and the sovereignty of the Sultans, whilst retaining a strong central government. The proposals were issued to all Malayan communities for consultation, but there were strong disagreements and groups such as the All Malaya Council for Joint Action chose to boycott the consultative process. In July 1947 the Revised Constitutional Proposals were published, the new Federal agreement was signed by the Sultans in January 1948, and the new constitution came into effect on 1 February 1948.
Malayalam Plantations Limited was registered in 1921 to reconstitute Malayalam Rubber and Produce Company Limited (registered in August 1909 to acquire properties in southern India). In 1923 Malayalam Plantations Limited acquired East India Tea and Produce Company, Meppadi Wynaad Tea Company and Wallardie Tea Estates Limited. In 1928 it acquired Mooply Valley Rubber Company Limited.
In 1977 Malayalam Plantations Limited was taken over by Malayalam Plantations (Holdings) Limited (CLC/B/112-112). For lists of the company's estates see CLC/B/112/MS37071. See also CLC/B/112/MS38066 for plans of the company's estates.
Malayalam Plantations (Holdings) Limited was registered in 1977 to acquire the share capital of Malayalam Plantations Limited (which was registered in 1921 to acquire properties in Southern India). In 1978 all the shares in the company were acquired by Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. In 1982 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited sold 34% of the equity to Indian nationals.
General Paralysis of the Insane (GPI) sufferers accounted for about 1 in 12 of mental hospital admissions. Patients with this illness would show signs of sudden psychotic symptoms, with unusual eye and muscular reflexes, speech and hearing problems, seizures and dementia, leading to incapacitation and death. The cause of GPI was an invasion of the central nervous system by syphilitic bacteria. In 1917 a new treatment was developed which involved deliberately infecting GPI patients with malaria, because the high fever which is a symptom of malaria raised the body temperature to as high as 40ºC and killed the bacteria causing the GPI. The cure was discovered after an outbreak of malaria in a mental hospital left many patients unexpectedly cured of their GPI.
In 1923 some of the mental hospitals run by the London County Council (LCC), including Horton Hospital, started to trial the malaria therapy. In 1925 it was decided to set up a specialist centre for London just to provide this malaria therapy for GPI patients. The centre, together with a separate specialist laboratory for the study of malaria, was established at Horton.
By 1935 about 700 patients had been treated. 75% were said to have recovered completely. The centre was named the Mott Clinic in the late 1920s, named after the Director of the Central Laboratory and Pathologist to the LCC Mental Hospitals, Sir Fredric Mott (1855-1926).
The development of antibiotics such as penicillin after World War Two reduced the need for malaria therapy. The laboratory was instead turned into a malaria research centre. The Mott Clinic became known as the Ministry of Health Malaria Laboratory, until 1952 when it became the Malaria Reference Laboratory. The Laboratory later moved from Epsom to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, becoming known as the Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory.
In 1925, the Mott Clinic, a special unit for malaria therapy, was established at Horton Hospital, Epsom, Surrey. Patients were treated by infection with one or other species of malaria parasite, and the centre was responsible for providing infective material for use in hospitals throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The Mott Clinic became known as the Ministry of Health Malaria Laboratory, until [1952] when it became the Malaria Reference Laboratory. It was under the umbrella of the newly established Public Health Laboratory Service. P G Shute was Assistant Director of the Laboratory, 1944-1973, with Sir Gordon Covell as its Director. The Laboratory later moved from Epsom to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, becoming known as the Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The Malaga Chaplaincy was formally established in 1850 when sufficient funds were raised to employ a chaplain. The British Consul had held services in his house for some years before 1850 and the chaplain continued to hold his services in the Consul's residence for most of the 19th century. A chapel was built in the 1890s beside the British cemetery.
Malaga was the first Anglican chaplaincy in Spain. Its congregation was described in the 19th century as consisting mainly of mechanics from the various British factories, with their families, augmented by sailors and invalids spending the winter in Malaga to improve their health.