Catherine Mary Charlotte Stott (1907-2002), known as Mary, was born in Leicester. She was the only daughter of two journalists, Robert and Amalie Waddington (née Bates), and had two older brothers. Her uncle, Henry Bates, was a local journalist. For nearly 50 years she worked in newspapers. Mary became interested in politics after accompaning her mother to meetings of local women Liberals during the First World War. Her first memory was of being driven around with a green ribbon in her hat, campaigning in the 1911 general election. After attending Wyggeston Leicester grammar school Mary worked as a temporary copyholder at the Leicester Mail, and then at the age of 19 she was appointed the women's editor. She was unable to join either the Typographical Association or the Correctors of the Press Association because neither accepted women members. In 1931 she moved to the Co-operative Press in Manchester, where she edited the two pages of the weekly Co-op News devoted mainly to reports of the women's co-operative guild, and children's publications. In 1945 she accepted John Beavan's offer of a sub-editing job on the Manchester Evening News. In 1950 she was sacked in order to protect the male succession to the post of chief sub-editor. She spent the next seven years mainly in 'domesticity'. In 1937, Mary married Ken Stott, a journalist at the News Chronicle, always known to her simply as 'K'. They lived in Heaton Moor, Cheshire until he died in 1967, at the age of 56. They had one daughter, a journalist named Catherine. Stott later moved to a flat in Blackheath, south London. In 1957 the then Guardian's editor, Alastair Hetherington, asked Mary to edit the paper's women's page, and she became the women's page editor of the 'Guardian' until 1972. Mary had a keen interest in equal rights for women, but also other forms of discrimination: poverty, unemployment or disability. She was particularly keen on women's financial independence. The Mainly For Women title became, in 1969, Woman's Guardian, which ran until 1973. After a two-year change of tack as Guardian Miscellany, Guardian Women re-emerged, with Stott still a contributor. Stott encouraged women - both professional and non-professional writers - to write articles that were published in her pages, often receiving over 50 unsolicited manuscripts per week. She was a founder member in 1970 of the pressure group Women in Media and last president of the Women's Press Club in 1970. She also established the National Association for Widows, of which she was president from 1993 to 1995. She chaired the Fawcett Society from 1980-1982. Her autobiography, 'Forgetting's No Excuse', was published in 1973 and it focused on her experience of widowhood. Her second volume of memoirs, 'Before I Go' (1985), contained reflections on old age. Stott's other books include: 'Organisation Woman: The Story of the National Union of Townswomen's Guilds' (1978), 'Ageing for Beginners' (1981), 'Women Talking: An Anthology From the Guardian Women's Pages 1922-1953 and 1957-1971' (1987). She was also interested in classical music and in painting. She received several honours: she won the Granada Award for the liveliest daily interest page in journalism in 1971; an honorary fellowship from Manchester Polytechnic in 1972; awarded the OBE for services to journalism in 1975; an honorary MA from the Open University in 1991; and an honorary doctorate from De Montfort University, Leicester, in 1996.
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947 ) was born on 9 Jan 1859, in Ripon, Wisconsin, the second of three children of Lucius and Maria (Clinton) Lane. In 1880, she graduated from the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm in Ames, at the top of her class, having worked her way through school by washing dishes, working in the school library, and teaching. She was the only woman in her graduating class. After college, she returned to Charles City to work as a law clerk and, in nearby Mason City, as a school teacher and principal. In 1883 she became one of the first women in the nation appointed superintendent of schools. In Feb 1885, Lane married Leo Chapman, editor and publisher of the Mason City Republican, in a wedding ceremony at her parents' rural Charles City home. Mr Chapman died of typhoid fever the following year in San Francisco, California, where he had gone to seek new employment. Arriving a few days after her husband's death, the young widow decided to remain in San Francisco, where she eked out a living as the city's first female newspaper reporter. In 1887 she returned to Charles City and joined the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association for whom she worked as a professional writer and lecturer. After a short period she became the group's recording secretary. From 1890 to 1892 she served as the Iowa Association's state organiser. At the time of Carrie Chapman's rise to her state organisation's highest office, in June 1890, she married George Catt, a fellow Iowa Agricultural College alumnus she had met during her stay in San Francisco, who encouraged her suffrage activity. Carrie Catt also began work nationally for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), speaking in 1890 at its Washington DC convention. In the following months, Catt's work, writing and speaking engagements established her reputation as a leading suffragist. In 1892 she was asked by Susan B Anthony to address Congress on the proposed suffrage amendment. In 1900 she succeeded Anthony as NAWSA president. From then on, her time was spent primarily in speechmaking, planning campaigns, organising women, and gaining political experience. In 1902 Catt helped organise the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), which eventually incorporated sympathetic associations in 32 nations. In 1904, she resigned her NAWSA presidency in order to care for her ailing husband. His death in Oct 1905, followed by the deaths of Susan B Anthony (Feb 1906), Catt's younger brother William (Sep 1907) and her mother (Dec 1907) left Catt grief-stricken. Her doctor and friends encouraged her to travel abroad; as a result, she spent much of the following eight years as IWSA president promoting equal-suffrage rights worldwide. Catt returned to the United States in 1915 to resume the leadership of NAWSA, which had become badly divided under the leadership of Anna Howard Shaw. In 1916, at a NAWSA convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Catt unveiled her 'Winning Plan' to campaign simultaneously for suffrage on both the state and federal levels, and to compromise for partial suffrage in the states resisting change. Under Catt's dynamic leadership, NAWSA won the backing of the USA House and Senate, as well as state support for the amendment's ratification. In 1917, New York passed a state woman suffrage referendum, and by 1918, President Woodrow Wilson was finally converted to the cause. On 26 Aug 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment officially became part of the United States Constitution. One hundred forty-four years after US independence, all women in the United States were at last guaranteed the right to vote. Stepping down from the NAWSA presidency after its victory, Catt continued her work for equal suffrage, promoting education of the newly-enfranchised by founding the new League of Women Voters (LWV) and serving as its honorary president for the rest of her life. In 1923, she published Women Suffrage and Politics : The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement with Nettie Rogers Shuler. In her later years, Catt's interests broadened to include the causes of world peace and child labor. She founded the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War in 1925, serving as its chair until 1932 and as honorary chair thereafter. She also supported the League of Nations and, later, the United Nations. Honored and praised by countless institutions for her more than half-century of public service, Carrie Chapman Catt died of heart failure at her New Rochelle, New York, home on 9 Mar 1947. At a New Rochelle cemetery she is buried alongside her longtime companion, Mary Garret Hay, a fellow New York state suffragist, with whom she lived for over 20 years.
Marjory Sharp (1882-1967) was a teacher and social worker, who was also active in the suffrage movement. A mother of eight children, she supported the family financially and enjoyed an international correspondence once they had grown up.
Katie Edith Gliddon was born in 1883 in Twickenham. She studied at the Slade School of Art between 1900-1904. Katie probably became a member of the Women's Social and Political Union in Croydon some time around 1910 at the same time as her brother Paul, who took the name of Charles Gray to protect his family, was acting as an organiser of the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement. By 1911 she had already written several articles on the subject of women's suffrage for various newspapers. In 1912 she was arrested for breaking the window of a Post Office in Wimpole Street, subsequently serving a period from March to April in Holloway. Katie became an art teacher. She retired to Worthing and lived into her eighties, before dying some time in the 1960s.
Margaret Stevenson Miller was born in 1896 and was educated at the University of Edinburgh. She subsequently went on to study at School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London from which she was the first student to gain a PhD in 1925. She gained a position as a lecturer in the Department of Commerce of Liverpool University where she worked until the outbreak of the Second World War. During this time, she was a member of the Six Point Group and became interested in the issues surrounding women's employment and the economic position of married women. She wrote articles on these themes for the Incorporated Secretaries' Journal in 1927 and lectured to women's groups in Liverpool throughout the 1920s. During the war she worked as a research strategist in Soviet affairs. She was at first posted to the British Foreign Office's Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford. However, she was later seconded to the United States' Office of Strategic Studies in Washington. There, she lectured on Soviet economics at George Washington University. At the end of the war she returned to the Foreign Office's Economic Intelligence Department but soon left to spend the rest of her career as an administrative officer for the Central Electricity Authority while continuing to broadcast on economic issues. She died some time around 1979.
Until the end of the nineteenth century, most middle-class girls were educated at home by the family, unlike their brothers who routinely attended university, and the schools which did cater for them were generally of a very poor academic standard, with emphasis on 'accomplishments' such as embroidery and music. However, some, such as Louisa Martindale, tried to start their own schools for girls with more academically demanding curricula. Despite the failure of Martindale's exercise, Frances Mary Buss followed in her footsteps when, at the age of twenty-three, she founded the North London Collegiate School for Ladies with similar aims. In 1858 Dorothea Beale became Principal of the already extant Cheltenham Ladies College and soon transformed it into one of the most academically successful schools in the country while at the same time working to improve teaching standards through her work with the Head Mistresses' Association and The Teachers' Guild. In 1865 Beale began collaborating with Emily Davis, Barbara Bodichon, Helen Taylor, Frances Buss, and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, in forming a debating society which became known as the Kensington Society. There, these women, who would be crucial in the development of these schools, met for the first time to discuss this and other topics such as women's franchise. Nor did they confine their attentions to the education of girls but also researched the question of the subsequent entrance of women into higher education. The Queen's College in London had already opened in 1847 to provide a superior level of education to governesses and had proved a success without being an accredited institution of higher education itself. In this context and influenced by the London group, a large number of Ladies' Educational Associations sprang up throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Those in Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield, etc, were brought together in 1867 by Anne Clough as the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women and its members included Josephine and George Butler as well as Elizabeth Wolstenholme-Elmy. This council began setting up a series of lectures and a university-based examination for women who wished to become teachers and which would later develop into a University Extension Scheme. However, universities generally still refused to open their degree examinations to women. In 1871, Henry Sidgwick established the residence Newnham College for women who were attending lectures at Cambridge where Clough would become principal in 1879 when it was recognised as an academic college. Girton was established by Davis as the College for Women at Hitchin in 1869 and moved to Cambridge as the first residential higher education college for women four years later. After the campaign to establish these institutions, it remained necessary to continue the campaign to extend their levels of excellence to the general state of female education and to open up other avenues of achievement to them.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917), the daughter of Newson Garrett and Louise Dunnell, was born in Whitechapel, London in 1836, one of twelve children. From 1851 to 1853 she was educated in Blackheath but while visiting Northumberland in 1854, Elizabeth met Emily Davies who would remain a friend and supporter for the rest of her life. Five years later Garrett met Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman in the United States to qualify as a doctor, influencing the former to enter the field of medicine. Attempts to enter several medical schools failed; instead Garrett became a nurse at Middlesex Hospital though her efforts to attend lectures for the male doctors failed. However, it came to light that the Society of Apothecaries did not specify that females were banned from taking their examinations and in 1865 Garrett sat and passed their examination before establishing a medical practice in London. That same year, she joined Emily Davies, Dorothea Beale and Francis Mary Buss to form the Kensington Society and in 1866 signed their petition for women's enfranchisement. In 1866 Garrett created a women's dispensary and four years later was appointed visiting physician to the East London Hospital where she met James Anderson, the man who was to become her husband in Feb 1871. Though she later graduated from the University of Paris, the British Medical Register refused to recognise her MD degree. Over the next few years she became the first woman elected to serve on a school board in England, the mother of three children, opened the women-run New Hospital for Women in London with Elizabeth Blackwell and helped Sophia Jex-Blake to establish the London Medical School for Women to which Garrett Anderson was elected Dean of the London School of in 1884. Though she was never on the executives of any of the major suffrage societies, she did chair meetings and was a member first of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and then later of the London Society for Women's Suffrage. On her retirement she moved to Aldeburgh, Suffolk, and became mayor herself, following her husband's death, in 1908. Subsequently, she returned to suffrage politics, but left the National Union of Suffrage Societies, which her sister Millicent Fawcett dominated, and became active in the militant Women's Social & Political Union (WSPU) until 1911 when she objected to their arson campaign. Garrett Anderson and Skelton had one son, Alan Garrett Anderson (1877-1952), and two daughters, Margaret, who died of meningitis in 1875, and Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873-1943). Alan followed his father to become a public servant and shipowner, whilst Louisa went on to become a distinguished doctor herself and active suffragette. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson died on 17 Dec 1917.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) was born in Suffolk in 1847, the daughter of Newson and Louisa Garrett and the sister of Samuel Garrett, Agnes Garrett, Louise Smith and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The sisters' early interest in the issue of women's suffrage and commitment to the Liberal party were heightened after attending a speech given in London by John Stuart Mill in Jul 1865. Though considered too young to sign the petition in favour of votes for women, which was presented to the House of Commons in 1866, Millicent attended the debate on the issue in May 1867. This occurred a month after she married the professor of political economy and radical Liberal MP for Brighton, Henry Fawcett. Throughout their marriage, the future cabinet minister supported his wife's activities while she acted as his secretary due to his blindness. Their only child, Philippa Fawcett, was born the following year and that same month Millicent Garrett Fawcett published her first article, on the education of women. In Jul 1867, Millicent Garrett Fawcett was asked to join the executive committee of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and was one of the speakers at its first public meeting two years later. She continued her work with the London National Society until after the death of John Stuart Mill in 1874, when she left the organisation to work with the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. This was a step which she had avoided taking when the latter was formed in 1871 due to its public identification with the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Fawcett, despite her support for the movement's actions, had initially believed that the suffrage movement might be damaged by identification with such controversial work. However, the two groups later merged in 1877 as the new Central Committee for Women's Suffrage and a new executive committee was formed which included Fawcett herself. Her influence helped guide the group towards support for moderate policies and methods. She did little public speaking during this period but after the death of her husband in 1884 and a subsequent period of depression, she was persuaded to become a touring speaker once more in 1886 and began to devote her time to the work of the women's suffrage movement. In addition to women's suffrage Millicent Garrett Fawcett also became involved in the newly created National Vigilance Association, established in 1885, alongside campaigners such as J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Mrs Mitchell, and Josephine Butler. In 1894 Fawcett's interest in public morality led her to vigorously campaign against the candidature of Henry Cust as Conservative MP for North Manchester. Cust, who had been known to have had several affairs, had seduced a young woman. Despite Cust's marriage in 1893, after pressure from Balfour, Fawcett felt Cust was unfit for public office. Fawcett's campaign persisted until Cust's resignation in 1895, with some suffrage supporters concerned by Fawcett's doggedness in what they felt was a divisive campaign. In the late nineteenth century, the women's suffrage movement was closely identified with the Liberal Party through its traditional support for their work and the affiliation of many workers such as Fawcett herself. However, the party was, at this time, split over the issue of Home Rule for Ireland. Fawcett herself left the party to become a Liberal Unionist and helped lead the Women's Liberal Unionist Association. When it was proposed that the Central Committee's constitution should be changed to allow political organisations, and principally the Women's Liberal Federation, to affiliate, Fawcett opposed this and became the Honorary Treasurer when the majority of members left to form the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. However, in 1893 she became one of the leading members of the Special Appeal Committee that was formed to repair the divisions in the movement. On the 19 Oct 1896 she was asked to preside over the joint meetings of the suffrage societies, which resulted in the geographical division of the country and the formation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was appointed as the honorary secretary of the Central and Eastern Society that year and became a member of the parliamentary committee of the NUWSS itself. It was not until the parent group's reorganisation in 1907 that she was elected president of the National Union, a position that she would retain until 1919. By 1901, she was already eminent enough to be one of the first women appointed to sit on a Commission of Inquiry into the concentration camps created for Boer civilians by the British during the Boer War. Despite this, her work for suffrage never slackened and she was one of the leaders of the Mud March held in Feb 1907 as well as of the NUWSS procession from Embankment to the Albert Hall in Jun 1908. She became one of the Fighting Fund Committee in 1912 and managed the aftermath of the introduction of the policy, in particular during the North West Durham by-election in 1914, when other members opposed a step that effectively meant supporting the Labour Party when an anti-suffrage Liberal candidate was standing in a constituency. When the First World War broke out in Aug 1914, Fawcett called for the suspension of the NUWSS' political work and a change in activities to facilitate war work. This stance led to divisions in the organisation. The majority of its officers and ten of the executive committee resigned when she vetoed their attendance of a Women's Peace Congress in the Hague in 1915. However, she retained her position in the group. During the war, she also found time to become involved in the issue of women's social, political and educational status in India, an area in which she had become interested through her husband and retained after the conflict came to an end. She remained at the head of the NUWSS when the women's suffrage clause was added to the Representation of the People Act in 1918 and attended the Women's Peace Conference in Paris before lobbying the governments assembled there for the Peace Conference in 1919. She retired in Mar 1919 when the NUWSS became the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship but remained on its executive committee. She also continued her activities as the vice-president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to which she had been elected in 1902, for another year. After this she became the Chair of the journal, the 'Women's Leader', and appointed a Dame of the British Empire in 1925. It was in that year that she resigned from both NUSEC and the newspaper's board after opposing the organisation's policy in support of family allowances. She remained active until the end of her life, undertaking a trip to the Far East with her sister Agnes only a short time before her death in 1929.
Amy Badley (fl 1894-fl.1929) was the daughter of the Reverend JF Garrett. She was sister to Edmund Garrett and Millicent Garrett Fawcett's cousin. She married JH Badley who was headmaster of Bedales in Hampshire. Amy was an ex piano mistress and vice president of the National Council for Equal Citizenship.
Constance Lytton was born in 1869, the daughter of Robert, the first Earl of Lytton and Viceroy of India, and Edith Villiers. She was educated at home, in India and then in Europe where the family returned in 1880. In the 1890s Constance Lytton's attachment to a young man of a lower social class was ended by her mother while her sister Elizabeth married Gerald Balfour. Balfour and his sisters, Frances and Emily, were deeply involved in the women's suffrage movement, and influenced their new sister-in-law, but it was not until 1909 after Lytton had made contact with Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and Annie Kenney that she joined a suffrage group: the Women's Social and Political Union. The following year, in 1910, Lytton took part in a demonstration at the House of Commons where she was arrested. Her imprisonment was made easier, however, when her identity and her poor health were discovered and she was sent to spend her sentence in the prison infirmary. Consequently, at later demonstrations she took a false name and was arrested as Jane Warton, a London seamstress. She was sentenced to fourteen days, went on hunger strike, and was forced fed eight times until her identity was again uncovered and she was immediately released. In 1910 she was appointed a paid WSPU organiser and in 1911 she was arrested once again for breaking a post office window after the failure of the Conciliation Bill, but the trial was delayed when she suffered a heart attack in custody. She was released when the poor state of her health became clear and her fine was paid anonymously. Soon afterward Lytton suffered a stroke which left her partly paralysed. Her activities from now on were concentrated on writing propaganda for the WSPU. She published a series of pamphlets and articles and a book on her experiences and those of fellow inmates with the title, 'Prisons and Prisoners'. After the cessation of militant activity at the outbreak of the First World War, Lytton began to work with Marie Stopes in the campaign to establish birth-control clinics in Britain but spent much of her time as an invalid cared for by her family. She died in 1923.
Born, London 1788; Sir Francis Ronalds was the son of a London merchant. His father died when he was nineteen and he became responsible for the family business although Ronalds was more interested in carrying out chemical experiments which he conducted at home. 1814 he met the Swiss natural philosopher Jean-Andre De Luc who was engaged on experiments with dry piles of gilt paper and laminated zinc; Ronalds constructed a dry column of 1,000 pairs of elements to which he added a ratchet and pawl arrangement by which the pile produced rotation of a pointer round a dial. 1816 he demonstrated his electric telegraph; he offered it to the Government but it was rejected by the Admiralty. Ronalds published a booklet describing the telegraph, 1823; a single-wire telegraph operated by frictional electricity, it was practical but never tried out on a commercial scale; travelled to Europe and the Near East, 1816-1823. On a sketching tour of Sicily with Sir Frederick Henniker he realised the need for mechanical sketching instruments. Ronalds devoted himself to designing perspective instruments, 1824-1828; he took out a patent for 'Apparatus for tracing from Nature', 1825; published 'Mechanical Persepctive', 1828. Ronalds was asked to exhibit at the Polytechnic Institution in London; these exhibits indicate the scope of Ronalds' inventions: a new fore-bed carriage, a semi-transparent sundial showing mean time, perspective instruments and a fire alarm. Appointed first Honorary Director and Superintendent of the British Association's Meteorological Observatory at Kew, 1843; he improved the apparatus and methods of measurement relating to atmospheric electricity and also devised a system of applying photography to self-registration of meteorological and magnetic observations. Similar apparatus were installed in observatories at Toronto, Madrid and Oxford. In 1852 left Kew and spent a number of years abroad mainly in France and Italy, compiling a bibliography of electricity and magnetism and collecting books and pamphlets on these subjects; knighted, 1870. This honour came at the end of a protracted campaign by his friends to secure some credit for Ronalds for his pioneering work in relation to the development of the electric telegraph. Died, 1873, Battle, Sussex.
Born Newington Butts, Surrey, 22 September 1791. Apprenticed to a London bookinder age 14 and educated himself by reading scientific books. In 1812 he attended lectures given by Humphrey Davy at the Royal Institution, London; after unsuccessfully asking Davy for a job at the Royal Institution, he was appointed laboratory assistant 1 March 1813. In 1814 left England to travel with Davy and his wife on an 18 month European tour to France, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium to meet scientists. Back in England Faraday became involved with numerous projects at the Royal Institution including the improvement of optical glass and advising on the cleaning of marbles in the British Museum, London; in 1826 he founded the Royal Institution's Friday Evening Discourses and Christmas Lectures; he gave many public lectures himself and wrote notes offering guidance to lecturers. Throughout his life Faraday kept detailed records of lectures attended, books and articles read and experiements conducted which he bound into notebooks; he also corresponded with like-minded friends which he saw as vital in continuing his education. This correspondence widened as Faraday's career developed, and eventually covered many of the eminent scientists of the day. Faraday was a devout Christian and a member of the small Sandemanian denomination, an offshoot of the Church of Scotland. He later served two terms as an elder in the group's church at Glovers Hall, Barbican, which later moved to Barnsbury, Islington. On 2 June 1821 Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800-1879), they having met through attending the Sandemanian church; they had no children. His greatest work was with electricity; in 1821 Faraday built two devices to produce what he termed electromagnetic rotation after Hans Christian Oersted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism; he conducted a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction using his "induction ring", being the first electric transformer, in 29 August 1831; the following month in a second series of experiments he discovered magneto-electric induction; On 24 November 1831 and 12 January 1832 these experiments were described in two papers presented to the Royal Society. These were the first and second parts of his "Experimental researches into electricity" in which he gave his ,"law which governs the evolution of electricity by magneto-electric induction". Subsequent experiments in 1832 proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same; he also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis laying the basis for electrochemistry. He was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 1830-1851; Scientific advisor to Trinity House 1836-1865. In the 1840s and 1850s he suffered from ill health that prevented further research and in 1865 he resigned from the Royal Institution; he died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867 .
Born 1851, York, to a Quaker family. His father was a schoolmaster at Bootham School; Thompson attended his father's classes before moving on to the Flounders Institute, a training school for teachers at Ackworth, where he took the London BA degree in 1869. Appointed science master at Bootham 1870-1875; gained a scholarship to the London School of Mines and took the London BSc degree in 1875. Went to Heidelberg where he attended lectures by Robert Bunsen and Georg Hermann Quincke 1876; appointed to the Chair of Physics at University College Bristol 1876-1885. Married Jane S Henderson of Glasgow 1881; published 'Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism', 1881; selected a Member of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians 1882; published 'Dynamo-Electric Machinery: a Manual for Students of Electrotechnics' 1884; Principal and Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering in the City and Guilds of London Technical College 1885 -1916; elected a member of the Royal Insitution 1886; delivered the Cantor Lectures to the Society of Arts on the subject of the electromagnet and electromagnetic mechanisms 1890 and again on the subject of the Arc Light 1895; honorary Vice Presidents of the Electrical Exhibition in Frankfurt 1891; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 1891; member of the British Delegation to the Electrical Congress in Chicago 1893; first President of the Rontgen Society 1897; President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1899; elected to the Senate of London University 1900; gave the first Kelvin Lecture at the Institution of Electrical Engineers on the life of Lord Kelvin 1908; delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on Sound 1910-1911; honorary Vice President of the Electrotechnical Congress at Turin 1911; wrote a paper on the development of compass cards for the Proceedings of the British Academy 1914; Thompson was one of the pioneers of ocean telephony and his ideas attracted world wide attention. He is also famous for designing rotatory (now rotary ) converters. Wrote biographies of Michael Faraday and Lord Kelvin and was interested in optics, musical harmony and harmonic analysis. He was convinced of the need for the closest co-operation between science and industry. He was also a keen advocate of technical education and apprenticeship teaching at the City and Guilds of London Technical College. He was an accomplished artist and had some of his paintings exhibited at the Royal Academy. Died 13 June 1916.
Born Camden Town, London, 18 May 1850, the youngest of four sons to Thomas Heaviside and his wife Rachel West, whose sister Emma had married Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1847. Thomas Heaviside was a wood engraver and his wife was a governess and had taught the Spottiswoode family, including Sir William Spottiswoode who became President of the Royal Society. However, the family were very poor and the poverty of those early years had a lasting influence on Oliver. His education began at a girls' school run by his mother, but when this failed he was taught by Mr F R Cheshire at the Camden House School. He did not go to university but became a telegraph clerk for the Anglo Danish Telegraph Company, later the Great Northern Telegraph Company, in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1868. He retired from work due to increasing deafness in 1874. He then began work on a series of problems in telegraphy and signal transmission using experimentation, mathematics and vector analysis. He worked on James Clerk Maxwell's equations concerning the electromagnetic theory of light. He predicted the existence of an ionised reflective layer in the atmosphere which would bounce radio signals back to earth - the ionosphere - which is known as the Heaviside layer in his honour, and also predicted the existence of sub-atomic particles and the idea that the mass of an electric charge increases with its velocity. Heaviside was a difficult and eccentric man, partly caused by his deafness, who cared nothing for the opinions of other scientists, but was convinced of the correctness of his workings using mathematical notation (vector algebra) which was almost impossible to understand by his contemporaries but which forms the basis of important areas of electrical engineering theory to this day. He had long and famous disagreements with Sir William Henry Preece over the introduction of inductance to long distance communication cables to improve the transmission of signals, and with Lord Kelvin over the process by which electricity travelled down wires, leading to the production of Heaviside's transmission line equations, and over Kelvin's use of heat diffusion theory to calculate the age of the earth; however, they remained life-long friends. Heaviside moved to Paignton in Devon with his parents to live near his brother Charles and his family. His parents died in 1894 and 1896 and in 1897 Heaviside moved to Newton Abbott where he lived until 1908 when he moved in with his sister in law's sister, Miss Mary Way in Torquay. He lived there until his death on 3 February 1925. He was awarded the Faraday Medal by the IEE and was an Honorary Member of the AIEE. His published works include numerous papers and articles, Electromagnetic Waves (1889), Electrical Papers (1892) and Electromagnetic Theory (3 vols 1893-1912).
Sir William Fothergill Cooke was born in Ealing in 1806. He was educated at Durham and Edinburgh Unviersity and then served in the Indian Army 1826-1831. Resumed his studies at Paris and Heidelberg, where he saw Professor Moncke's demonstration of the electric telegraph. He returned to England and began experiments on its application to alarm systems and railway signalling in 1836. His electrical knowledge was, however, lacking and he had almost given up his ideas on the telegraph when he met Charles Wheatstone, who had the necessary scientific knowledge and skill. The two men entered into partnership and took out a joint patent for an alarm system in May 1837. Cooke persuaded the London and Birmingham Railway Company and the Great Western Railway company to sanction experiments along their lines and he and Wheatstone further developed their telegraph, Wheatstone providing the technical expertise and Cooke the business prowess and practical knowledge. The partnership was however, an uneasy one. The issue of priority of invention came to dominate their relationship and was taken to arbitration in 1841 before Sir Marc Isambard Brunel and Professor John Frederic Daniell, who decided that Cooke and Wheatstone were equally and jointly responsible for it. However, the dispute resurfaced in 1845 and in 1846 Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company which bought their joint patents. Cooke was knighted in 1868, and died at Farnham, Surrey on 25 June 1879.
Edward Davy was born the son of Thomas Davy of Ottery St Mary, Devon, a doctor, in 1806. Davy trained as an apothecary in London, receiving his licence from the Society of Apothecaries in 1827. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1828. He began working as a dispensing chemist in London in 1830. His interests however, lay in the general sciences, particularly chemistry and electricity, and a catalogue of instruments, appended to his Experimental Guide to Chemistry, published in 1836, includes several devices invented by him in the list of goods and instruments for sale; he patented Davy's diamond cement, an adhesive for mending china and glass in 1836, from which he gained a small annual income until he sold the rights to the process. Also in 1836, Davy published Outline of a New Plan of Telegraphic Communication, and he carried out telegraphic experiments in Regent's Park in 1837. He laid down a mile of copper wire in the park and developed his 'electric renewer' or relay system, which renewed the signal with the aid of a local battery to compensate for attenuation of the original signal. He demonstrated a working model of his telegraph that year and a needle telegraph in the Exeter Hall in central London for several months in 1838. He applied for a patent for his telegraph, which was granted on 4 July 1838 after the solicitor-general asked Michael Faraday's advice as to whether it constituted a different mechanism from that of Cooke and Wheatstone, patented on 12 June 1837. Davy managed to interest two railway companies, the Birmingham Railway and the Southampton Railway, in his telegraph, but left England for Australia before developing a practical system or completing negotiations, which he left in the hands of his father and a friend, Thomas Watson, a London dentist. Eventually his patent was bought by the Electric Telegraph Company in 1847 for £600. Although his telegraph was never developed, Davy was important for popularizing to the general public the concept of telegraphy, and was the first to develop a relay system. Without Davy's demonstrations, public awareness of the telegraph would perhaps have been much slower. Moreover, his correspondence with public figures and engineers, such as Isambard Kingdom Brunel, did much to hasten the adoption of the telegraph. He also devised a block system for recording train movements between stations by means of an electrically operated dial, which would advance when the train passed a milestone, but he never patented this idea. In 1883 J. J. Fahie, a historian of the telegraph, initiated a campaign to have Davy's contribution recognized, and in November 1884 the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians (later the Institution of Electrical Engineers) made him an honorary member. While in London, Davy married Mary Minshull; they had one son, George Boutflower Davy, who was born before 1837. Their marriage had irretrievably broken down, and Mary Davy tried unsuccessfully to divorce her husband by 1838. Her extravagance and Davy's lack of business sense led to mounting debts, which he settled with help from his father. To free himself from his wife Davy decided to emigrate. He left his son in the care of his family, and set sail for Australia intending to take up a smallholding in April 1839. He soon abandoned farming to settle in Adelaide, South Australia, where he engaged in various pursuits. He edited the Adelaide Examiner 1843-1845, built up a small medical practice, and for a time managed the Yatala copper-smelting works, where he developed a process for copper refining. He patented the process in Australia, and an English patent was granted in 1847 under his brother's name. He was appointed head of the government assay office in Adelaide which he ran very successfully from 1848. The following year he was invited to set up the assay office in Melbourne, Victoria, which he also ran very well until a change of government led to its abolition in 1854. Davy again took up farming near Malmsbury, Victoria, but soon settled in the town itself, where he engaged in local politics, serving for twenty years as a justice of the peace and for three terms as mayor. He developed his medical practice, and acted for twenty years as the first honorary health officer of the borough. When he retired from that position in August 1882, the Malmsbury borough council presented an address of thanks to him at a special evening conversazione. He had become a much loved figure in the Malmsbury area. Davy married twice while in Australia; it is not clear whether his first marriage had ended (by divorce or his wife's death) or whether these marriages were bigamous. He married Rebecca Soper 1845, with whom he had five sons and two daughters. After her death in 1877 he married Arabella Cecil, the daughter of Stephen Tunbridge Hardinge, postmaster-general of Tasmania. They had four children, two of whom, a son and a daughter, survived him. Davy died on 26 January 1885, aged 79, at Mollison Street East, Malmsbury, and was buried on 27 January in Malmsbury. Efforts to secure a government pension in Australia and England for his widow were unsuccessful, but the Royal Society of Victoria, which had elected Davy an honorary member in March 1883, raised £150 by a subscription among its members for her and her children.
Born 1832; educated at Merchant Taylor's School 1840-1847. Unable to attend university due to his father's small income, he joined the Electric Telegraph Company 1847, founded by Sir William Fothergill Cooke 1845; was in charge of the Birmingham telegraph station by 1851. He joined the Magnetic Telegraph Company (an amalgamation), in 1852, of which his brother became the manager. For this company he laid many telegraph lines between and within London, Manchester, Liverpool, and other cities, showing much initiative in organizing the mechanical work that was needed; also laid a six-wire cable between Port Patrick, Scotland, and Donaghadee, Ireland. This was only the third sea cable laid, and the first in deep water. With Cyrus Field and John Brett he founded the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1856 which aimed to lay a telegraph cable between Ireland and Newfoundland; this was finally achieved 5 August 1858 and Bright was knighted a month later. However, this cable failed shortly afterwards, and Bright turned his attention to improving the insulation of submarine cables. Resigned from the Magnetic Telegraph Company 1860; founded an independent consultancy with Josiah Latimer Clark, with whom he invented a bituminous cable insulation. Laid a telegraph cable to India 1862; made a further attempt to lay a transatlantic cable using Brunel's steamship Great Eastern 1865. The cable broke during laying, but a second attempt was successful 1866 and cable was retrieved and repaired 1865. Bright laid other cables in the Mediterranean and the West Indies, and with his brother invented a system of neighbourhood fire alarms and an automatic fire alarm system. Bright was an important figure in the movement for electrical standards. Liberal MP for Greenwich 1865-1868; President of the IEE 1886-1887; assisted with the preparations for the Paris Exhibition of 1881. Died 1888.
The foundation of the Mothers' Union is dated to the publication of the first membership card in 1876. The society was established by Mary Sumner, wife of the Rector of Old Alresford in the Diocese of Winchester, to defend the institution of marriage and promote Christian family life. This concern broadened over time to consider all factors affecting the morality of society, within the home and without.
Initially a network of meetings in parishes in the Diocese of Winchester, by the mid 1890s, the MU had established a centralised governing body in London, and had a number of branches overseas; from the early twentieth century, departments were established to deal with specialised tasks in the society's work. Although the society was primarily concerned with the role of the mother and the upbringing of children, married women without children and unmarried women were allowed to join as Associate Members from the outset. Throughout the twentieth century the MU addressed a variety of contemporary social issues (such as runaway children, drug dependence, venereal disease, housing conditions and birth control), but reserved particular efforts for campaigning against divorce and marriage breakdown.
Faced with a need to address a liberalisation in both society and the Church in the decades following the Second World War, the Mothers' Union revised its constitution in 1974 giving greater autonomy to the MU overseas and no longer excluding divorcées. Further reassessment took place in the early 1990s when the need to comply with charity regulations prompted a restructuring of the organisation.
Nursing Notes Ltd was set up in 1929 by Dame Rosalind to produce the journal Nursing Notes, more recently called Midwives, which she had begun in 1887 for nurses and midwives. She personally funded the publication and was involved in its administration and production. Other members of the Paget family subsequently became involved, notably Kathleen and Guy Paget. The offices of the journal served as the focal point for the administration of the journal, and also a Trust Fund which Dame Rosalind established in 1919. She was a trained nurse and midwife and a prominent member in the movement to raise the status of midwives and nurses, and to improve the standards in these professions. The records in this collection reflect just a part of her activities, which also included the development of the Midwives Institute, now the Royal College of Midwives, and she also helped set up the Queen's Nursing Institute. She was also an active member of the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics which became the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.
The case was a cause celebre for the antivivisection movement. Miss Emilia Augusta Louise Lind-af-Hageby (1878-1963) was a Swedish woman who settled in England, and was founder of the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. In 1911 she was responsible for opening a shop in Piccadilly displaying the reality of vivisection. In May 1912 two articles by Dr C W Saleeby appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette accusing her anti-vivisection campaign of being based on lies and falsification. Miss Lind-af-Hageby then brought a suit for libel against Dr Saleeby, with his co-defendents W Waldorf Astor, proprietor of the Pall Mall Gazette, J L Garvin, the editor, and D C Forrester, the printer. She conducted her own case, and the action lasted from 1st-23rd April 1913. A summary account of the case and its significance can be found in E Westacott: A Century of Vivisection and Anti-Vivisection (The C W Daniel Co, Ltd, Ashingdon, Rochford, Essex, England, 1949), pp 502-505. Miss Lind-af-Hageby lost the case but obtained valuable publicity for the anti-vivisection cause.
Unknown at present.
No details at present.
Wathen Ernest Waller, MD, MRCP Surgeon-Captain Royal Army Medical Corps qualified in medicine 1912 practised in Oxford and then held a resident appointment at St George's Hospital London. Served in the RAMC in the Iraq Campaign, returned to Oxford, and practised there until around 1926, when he moved to Rustington where he remained in practice for the rest of his life; died 1958. Miss Waller was association with the Red Cross and served as a nurse in the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD). She died 1986.
Born 1900; qualified with an MD from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1926. During the 1920s and 1930s he worked at the University Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases and Belgrade State Hospital, as well as undertaking research in Paris clinics; in charge of a unit for Internal Diseases and Tuberculosis at the Municipal Hospital Belgrade, 1935-1941. He fled to London in 1941, working in various capacities for the Yugoslav government and liberation movements and acting as Yugoslav representative to UNRAA. He appears to have re-qualified as MB,ChB in Glasgow in 1944 and he undertook research work under Professor Dible at the Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith, 1946-1948. Subsequently he held appointments at the Hounslow, Harrow, Hampstead, Edgware, Ealing, Luton and Uxbridge Chest Clinics, where he tested his classification scheme of TB. In 1948 and again from 1953 he undertook general practice work and had a small private practice. The collection reflects his dedication to the classification scheme for pulmonary tuberculosis which he devised. This was a subject which had interested him from 1923 and which he appears to have first written about in 1940. He published a large number of papers in Serbian, French, German and English, and his important books were published byHeinemann: The Classification of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1953) and Tuberculosis, Classification, Pathogenesis and Management (1955). In his scheme he emphasised that every case should be classified for either primary or secondary TB of any organ, and must represent a pathogenic entity: he further divided into two pathogenic types and four clinico-pathologico-pathogenic forms. Sekulich died in 1986.
Wood's studies of x-ray and radium therapy at the Royal Cancer Hospital, Fulham Road, London, led to her appointment in 1934 as Director of Radium Beam Therapy Research at the London Radium Institute, using radium from the Belgian Congo. In 1941 the work was moved to Hammersmith Hospital and renamed the Radiotherapeutic Research Unit, responsible solely to the Medical Research Council. Wood remained the Director and also directed the Hospital's radiology department until her retirement in 1962. Under her, the unit carried out trials of teleradium, introduced the use of the electron linear accelerator for supervoltage therapy and developed the first medical cyclotron for studies with short-lived radio-isotopes, for neutron radiobiology and neutron therapy. Further biographical details can be found in the obituaries in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet.
None given.
Thomas Hodgkin was born in London in 1798, the son of John Hodgkin (1766-1845), a private tutor. The family were strong Quakers and originated in Warwickshire. He trained in medicine at Edinburgh University, taking his MD in 1823. After travels in Europe he became Curator of the Medical Museum and Inspector of the Dead at Guy's Hospital, London. His pathological work led him to the first description of what is now known as Hodgkin's Disease in his honour. He left Guy's Hospital following his failure, in 1837, to be appointed Assistant Physician and after a short period at St Thomas's Hospital devoted himself to private practice and to his other interests. He had a keen interest in the world beyond Europe and in particular in the societies there that were threatened with cultural extinction by the spread of European commercial, political or cultural dominion; his works in this area included playing a moving role in the foundation and functioning of the Aborigines Protection Society. In 1850 he married Sarah Frances Scaife, a widow, from Nottingham. The couple had no children of their own but there were two sons from her first marriage. He died in 1866 at Jaffa while on a journey with his friend Sir Moses Montefiore (1784-1885) to negotiate for better treatment for Jewish residents in Palestine.
Not given.
Not given.
Dr Ainsworth, a mycologist in the Department of Botany in the University of Exeter, was Secretary of the Medical Mycology committee of the Medical Research Council and a member of the Industrial Epidermophytosis Committee. The papers of the MRC Medical Mycology Committee including in this collection cover the period 1953-64 (the Committee was disbanded in 1969).
Dr Davies qualified in medicine at the London Hospital Medical School in 1950. In 1950 he was the Chief of the Division of Epidemiology in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Armitage Dispensing Chemists were based at Blackheath, south-east London.
Imperial Pharmacy was based in South Croydon, Surrey.
Tyler Dispensing Chemists were based in Abingdon Road, London W12.
Born 1866; educated privately and King's College London; St Thomas's Hospital; University of Leipzig; Demonstrator in Biology and Physiology, King's College London and evening lecturer in Comparative Anatomy, 1887; Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Sydney, 1891; Professor of Physiology, University of Melbourne, 1901; 1903-1930 Director, Lister Insititute of Preventive Medicine, 1903-1930; Professor of Experimental Pathology, University of London; Chief of Division of Animal Nutrition of Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1931-1933; Professor of Bio-chemistry and General Physiology, Adelaide University, 1931-1933; Committees and other appointments: served Gallipoli, Egypt, Palestine Expeditionary Force and France, 1915-1919; Lieutenant-Colonel, Australian Army Medical Corps and Consultant Pathologist, Australian Imperial Forces; Chairman of War Office Committee on anti-typhoid innoculation, 1904-1907; Member of Advisory Committee for Investigation of Plague in India, appointed jointly by the India Office, Royal Society and the Lister Institute, 1905-1913; Honours and awards: Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1901; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1901; Companion of St Michael and St George, 1919; knighted, 1927; Doctor of Science (honorary) Sheffield and Dublin, Doctor of Laws (honorary) Edinburgh, Doctor of Civil Law (honorary) Durham, Master ofArts (honorary) Cambridge, Fellow of King's College London; Other information: married Edythe Cross, one daughter.
'In the Club' was a series of three 40-minute television programmes on birth control in the twentieth century, televised by Channel 4 in 1988 and made by Television History Workshop (THW).
Unknown.
These items were originally created by A N Drury, FRS, Chairman of the Medical Research Council Blood Transfusion Committee. Drury worked with the committee and other allied bodies, engaging in the organisation and development of the Blood Transfusion Services necessary as part of the war effort. In 1943 he became Director of the Lister Institute. These files were accumulated by him in his continuing involvement in the Blood Transfusion Service, in the running of which the Ministry of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Lister Institute were co-operating.
Professor Chapman of the Department of Physiology in the University of Bristol gave these books to the Contemporary Medical Archive Centre (now Archives and Manuscripts, Wellcome Library) in two accessions, in June 1989 and May 1993. They had been stored in a room in the Department of Physiology at Bristol. After the foundation of the Veterinary School in 1949 separate capital and revenue accounts were kept for some years for the Physiology Departments in the Medical School and Veterinary School.
Jaques Frederic Alexandre Schupbach was born in London on 11 July 1906, the son of Alexandre Schupbach, a Swiss working for the Credit Lyonnais in London, and Marguerite nee Ulliac, a member of a Breton family removed to Neuchatel. He was educated at Wycliffe College in Gloucestershire, a vegetarian establishment. In the 1930s he worked for various government organisations. The stages in the development of his medical interests and practice are unknown. He was a member of the Astrological Lodge, the Theosophical Society, the British Phrenological Society, the British Dowsing Society, and the Fraternite Blanche Universalle. He was a member of several orchestras in which he played the violin and the viola. He lived in Church Road, Barnes, from the 1940s to his death in June 1989. At his death, his large library of books on social psychology, occult sciences etc was dispersed: the bulk of the medical books are now in the Wellcome Library. These papers form a small selection, made virtually at random, from a vast collection of letters, notes, etc, of which the remainder were destroyed. Some of the case-notes revealed that he had treated certain patients over many years.
Ieuan Ellis studied dentistry at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and qualified in 1941.
Sir Thomas Lewis (1881-1945) was a clinical scientist and cardiologist. Details of his career can be found in the catalogue record for the Wellcome Library's Lewis papers (PP/LEW) and in the Journal of Medical Biography volume 2 (1994), pp 63-70. Sir John Gaddum (1900-1965) was a pharmacologist. Details of his career can be found in his obituary in the Lancet, 1965 volume 2, pp 194-195. Lady Gaddum (née Iris Halmer) (1894-1992) worked for two years in Lewis's department at University College Hospital Medical School. She was one of the first women to gain a medical degree. Her specialism was dermatology. Details of her career can be found in her obituary in the British Medical Journal volume 306 p 852. John Honour worked for several years as a laboratory assistant in Lewis's department before he qualified as a doctor.
W A Pool qualified as a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1911. He was in the Indian Veterinary Service 1912-1924 and was an officer during World War I. From 1930 to 1955, when he retired, he was Director of the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health, Weybridge. He was also editor of'Veterinary Research.
Dr Dobbie qualified in medicine in 1933. He was (presumably during and just after the war) in the RAMC, in which he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and was O.C. Medical Division 117 and 77 General Hospital, BAOR. He was subsequently in practice in Bromley. Although his entry disappears from the Medical Directory in 1987 it has not been possible to trace any obituary.
This item was discovered in the office formerly occupied by the Librarian of the Wellcome Institute and handed over to the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre (now Archives and Manuscripts, Wellcome Library) in March 1984. Its provenance is otherwise obscure.
The register appears to have been compiled by an unknown physician at an unnamed hospital, presumably in London as the notebook was purchased from a stationer in Long Acre. The date on the spine is 190[illegible], however a list right at the end of the book is of 'Deaths 1901'.
Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell, KBE, CB, DSO, MD, FRCS (1886-1971) took his MD at London University in 1909 and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1911. From 1914 to 1918 he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1922 he became surgeon at Croydon General Infirmary and continued to practise in Croydon for the remainder of his career (becoming surgeon of the Mayday Hospital in 1938) with the exception of war service 1939-1946. During the Second World War he once again served in the Royal Army Medical Corps and was Director of Medical Services for the Allied Forces in North Africa during 1942-1944. A biography of Cowell can be found in Lives of the fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1965-1973 by Sir James Paterson Ross and W.R. LeFanu (a continuation of 'Plarr's Lives').
Unknown.
W.J Manktelow was born in 1918, he went on to became a branch manager at Boots the Chemist. These notebooks were compiled by him while he was on the Chemist and Druggist course in the Department of Pharmacy at Brighton Technical College, September 1937 to June 1938.
Sir Arthur Salusbury MacNalty, KCB, MD, FRCP, FRCS born 1880; long career in public health: Medical Inspector HM Local Government Board 1913-1919; Medical Officer and Senior Medical Officer Ministry of Health 1919-1935; Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health 1935-1941. Secretary of the Tuberculosis Committee of the Medical Research Council 1920-1932. Editor in Chief for the Official Medical History of the Last War since 1941. A medical historian, author of several books on history of state medicine, diseases of the central nervous system and Tudor Kings and Queens. Died 1969. There is a brief biographical note at GC/119/B.4.