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The origins of the London Missionary Society (LMS) lie in the late 18th century revival of Protestant Evangelism. A meeting of Independent Church leaders, Anglican and Presbyterian clergy and laymen, held in London in November 1794, established the aims of the Missionary Society - 'to spread the knowledge of Christ among heathen and other unenlightened nations'. The Missionary Society was formally established in September 1795 with a plan and constitution. This governed the establishment of a Board of Directors and the conduct of business, outline the powers of the Directors and the conduct of business, established an annual meeting of Members to be held in May, and defined the role of trustees. The Missionary Society was renamed the London Missionary Society in 1818. Although broadly interdenominational in scope, the Society was very much Congregationalist in both outlook and membership.

Mission activity started in the South Seas, with the first overseas mission to Tahiti in 1796. Missionary work expanded into North America and South Africa. Early mission activities also centred in areas of eastern and southern Europe including Russia, Greece and Malta. There was also an LMS 'mission to Jews' in London. However, during the 19th century, the main fields of mission activity for the LMS were China, South East Asia, India, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central Africa, Southern Africa, Australia and the Caribbean (including British Guiana, now Guyana). The LMS was not always successful in gaining a hold in the overseas mission field. Western missionaries were refused entry to China until after 1843, and in Madagascar, early missionary success was countered by a period of repression and religious intolerance lasting from 1836 to 1861, and which included the deaths of many local converts.

In terms of organisational structure, the LMS was governed by a Board of Directors. The workings of the Board were reorganised in 1810 when separate committees were appointed to oversee particular aspects of mission work, including the important foreign committees. The administrative structure of the LMS relied upon the work of salaried officials such as the Home Secretary and the Foreign Secretary, together with the workings of the various committees, including the Examinations Committee, which appointed missionaries to the field. Directors themselves were unpaid. The constitution of the LMS was revised in May 1870, as a direct result of financial pressures and the expansion of overseas mission work; the work of the Investigation Committee (1866) in turn led to a new administrative policy and the emphasis on the development of the self-governing and self-financing indigenous church. In 1966 the LMS merged with the Commonwealth Missionary Society, to form the Congregational Council for World Mission (CCWM), which in turn was restructured to create the Council for World Mission in 1977.

Further information on the history of the London Missionary Society can be found in the official histories: Richard Lovett, The History of the London Missionary Society 1795-1895 (2 volumes, Oxford University Press, London, 1899); Norman Goodall, A history of the London Missionary Society, 1895-1945 (Oxford University Press, London, 1954); Gales of change: responding to a shifting missionary context: the story of the London Missionary Society, 1945-1977, ed Bernard Thorogood (WCC, Geneva, 1994).

The Council for World Mission is a co-operative of 31 Christian denominations world wide, and was established in its present form in 1977. It grew out of the London Missionary Society (founded 1795), the Commonwealth (Colonial) Missionary Society (1836) and the Presbyterian Board of Missions (1847).

During the period after 1945, the work of the London Missionary Society (LMS) evolved from traditional mission fieldwork to a more democratic and decentralised structure based on the development of local churches and local church leadership. This response was brought about not only in answer to so-called 'decolonisation' but also to social and political change and demographic shifts in the post-war years. In 1966 the LMS ceased to exist as a Society and merged with the Commonwealth Missionary Society to form the Congregational Council for World Mission (CCWM). The Presbyterian Church of England joined with the Congregational Church of England and Wales (a constituent body of CCWM) in 1972 to form the United Reformed Church. Its foreign missions work was incorporated into CCWM, leading to a name change in 1973 to the Council for World Mission (Congregational and Reformed). The CWM (Congregational and Reformed) was again restructured to create the Council for World Mission in 1977. This structure was more internationalist, reflecting greater ecumenism and church independence, and the end of Western dominance in the mission field. The CWM today is a global body, which aids resource sharing for missionary activity by the CWM community of churches.

The Colonial Missionary Society was founded in 1836 to work with British colonies, and to provide ministers for communities in Canada and America. In 1956 it changed its name to the Commonwealth Missionary Society, merging with the LMS in 1966.

The Council for World Mission is at present administered as an incorporated charity, under a Scheme of the Charity Commissioners (sealed on 14 June 1966, revised 29 March 1977 and further adapted in 2003), with the express aim 'to spread the knowledge of Christ throughout the world'. The Assembly includes members appointed by its constituent bodies, and meets once every two years. A Trustee Body is appointed by the Council, and holds at least one meeting per year. A General Secretary and other officers are also appointed by the Trustee Body.

Unknown

Bruce Mitchell was an undergraduate student at the University of East Anglia, 1991.

Charles Mitchell was born 1912 and educated at Merchant Taylor's School and at St John's College, Oxford. He received his BA in 1934 and a BLitt in 1939, having simultaneously worked as an assistant at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich (1935-1939). He served at the Admiralty and in the Royal Navy during the Second World War before becoming a lecturer at the Warburg Institute. Having previously held two visiting appointments in the United States, he left London permanently in 1960 for a position at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. After leaving Bryn Mawr in 1980, he held several short term profesorial appointments in the eastern United States before finally retiring in 1985. His scholarly interests were wide, but his chief areas of study were Renaissance art and British art of the 18th and 19th centuries.

James Mitchell was born on 15 January 1787. Details of his early life are sketchy, but it is known that he attended King's College, Aberdeen, graduating with an MA in 1804. He might have made a tour of France and Italy before settling in London the following year, working as a schoolmaster and private tutor. Mitchell then gained employment with the Star Assurance Company, becoming the company secretary until its dissolution in 1822. He was later appointed to a similar position with the British Annuity Company.

From 1813, Mitchell published a number of works on scientific topics, including astronomy, chemistry, natural history and geology. By the 1830s his principle interest was to become the geology and botany of London and the south east. Although he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1832, only a few brief abstracts of his papers appeared in the 'Proceedings'. Mitchell complained to Dr Henry Woodward that "a certain set of elder brethren, members of the Council and ex-members, who monopolise as much as they can, both the 'Transactions' and in the speaking at the Society; and a new man has to fight his way through them." Therefore the majority of his observations remained in manuscript form.

Mitchell served on a number of parliamentary and royal commissions, and it was whilst acting as a sub-commissioner into children's employment (1840-1843) that he suffered a stroke in June 1843, possibly brought on from over work. Never fully recovering, he died of apoplexy at the home of his nephew on 3 September 1844.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Philip Henry Mitchiner was born 17 June 1888, the son of the late Henry M Mitchiner and his wife Blanche. He was educated at Reigate. He was a student at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, between 1904-1910.
Mitchiner served with the Serbian Army at Salonika (Knight of St Sava, and gold medal for devoted service, Order of St Stanislaus, Russia, despatches); Territorial Decoration, 1926; Surgeon, Serbian Relief Fund under Serbian Government, 1920-1921; Surgeon, Out-patients, Royal Northern Hospital, 1921-1926.
He held appointments as the Honorary Surgeon to the Queen, 1952; Consulting Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital; Major General, Army Medical Service (Territorial Army), late Consulting Surgeon Middle East Force; Member of Senate, University of London (Deputy Vice-Chancellor, 1951-1953); Member of Council (Vice-President, 1950-1952), Royal Coll. of Surgeons; DL Co. London, 1939.
He was awarded CB 1944; CBE 1938.
In 1928, he married 1928, Margaret Philpott. He died on Died 15 October 1952
Publications
Science and Practice of Surgery P H Mitchiner and W H C Romanis, J. & A. Churchill: London, 1927; Surgical Emergencies in Practice, P H Mitchiner and W H C Romanis, J. & A. Churchill 1931; Modern Treatment of Burns and Scalds, Bailliere & Co., London, 1935; Surgery for Dental Students, P H Mitchiner, C E Shattock, E G Slesinger and C P G Wakeley, Bailliere & Co.: London, 1936; Medical Organisation and Surgical Practice in Air Raids, P H Mirchiner and E M Cowell, J & A. Churchill: London, 1939; Nursing in time of war, Mitchiner and Emily Elvira MacManus, J. & A. Churchill: London, 1939; A Pocket Surgery, P H Mitchiner and A H Whyte, J & A Churchill: London, 1943; and articles to professional journals.

The Mitchison family came from Northumberland. William Mitchison, whose will was dated 24 March 1817, owned the Benwell estate, Northumberland, and property in Newcastle-on-Tyne. This descended in turn to his two sons. Anthony, described as formerly of Wood Street, Cheapside, London, silk manufacturer, but late of Sunbury, died unmarried in 1836, aged 51 years, and was buried at Hampton. John the elder is described in a deed of 1834 as late of Gutter Lane, silk manufacturer, now of Sunbury. He owned property in Shoreditch, Islington, Soho and the City of London in the 1820's, although no draft or original deeds of these transactions are included in this accession. There are likewise no early deeds for the Manor Estate, Sunbury, which he probably purchased about 1828, and property in Lambeth which was acquired by him or his son, William Anthony Mitchison the elder. In 1839 he was operated on by Sir Astley Cooper, but, unfortunately, the shock of the operation rendered him temporarily insane. He eventually recovered his senses but the management of the estates, until his death in 1856, fell largely to his son, William Anthony the elder. By this time his elder surviving son, John Mitchison, the younger, was insane, though not certified as such until an inquiry in 1864 (ref: ACC/1156/69-71, 73-4).

After his father's death, William Anthony managed the estate on behalf of his brother John, whose Committee he became, his sister Juliana, who was domiciled in France, and himself, and acquired property in Kensington, Sunbury, Harmondsworth and elsewhere. William Anthony succeeded to John's estate in 1899, and on his death in 1900 left the estates to his three surviving sons, the Revd. Richard Stovin Mitchison, Herbert Sturges Mitchison and Arthur Maw Mitchison. They reached an agreement about the division of the estates between them (ref: ACC/1156/39), the properties being jointly managed until this could be effected. The Benwell and Sunbury Manor estates were sold, in 1903 and 1902-21 respectively, as were several other properties. The records end in the 1920's.

The Mitchisons inherited estates in Withern, Lincs., from the Stovin family (ref: CC/1156/178). Richard Henry Stovin bequeathed his estates to Richard Stovin Maw, eldest son of his deceased half-sister, Margaret. These lands were subsequently left mortgaged and in trust to his daughters, Catherine Sturges Maw, who died unmarried in 1902, and Harriett Jane Stovin Maw, who married William Anthony Mitchison the elder. The Withern Estate was sold by her sons in 1918-19 (ref: ACC/1156/167-177). Harriett and Catherine Maw were also beneficiaries under the will of their uncle, Joseph Sturges (d.1875), who set up a trust for the benefit of his nieces and nephews (ref: ACC/1156/190).

Born in Bucharest, Rumania, in 1888; educated at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1912-1914; undertook war work at the Romanian Legation in London, the Foreign Office and the War Office, 1914-1918; Member, Labour Party Advisory Committee on International Affairs, 1918-1931; Editorial Staff, Manchester Guardian, 1919-1922, with special responsibility for foreign affairs; Assistant European Editor, Economic and Social History of the World War, sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1922-1929; Visiting Professor, Harvard University 1931-1933; Dodge Lecturer, Yale University, 1932; Nielsen Research Professor, Smith College, 1951; Member, British Co-ordinating Committee for International Studies, 1927-1930; Professor in School of Economics and Politics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, 1933-1939 and 1946-1956; Member, Foreign Research and Press Service, Foreign Office, 1939-1942; Adviser on International Affairs to Board of Unilever & Lever Brothers Ltd, 1943-1962; Member, Executive Committee, Political and Economic Planning; died 1975. Publications: The functional theory of politics (Robertson, for the LSE, 1975); American interpretations; four political essays (Contact Publications, London, 1946); The effect of the War in south eastern Europe (Yale University press, 1936); Food and freedom (Batchworth Press, London, 1954); Greater Rumania: a study in national ideals (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1917); The land and the peasant in Rumania: the War and agrarian reform, 1917-1921 (Oxford University press, London, 1930); Marx against the peasant: a study in social dogmatism (George Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1951); The problem of international sanctions (Humphrey Milford, London, 1925); The progress of international government (Allen and Unwin, London, 1933); The road to security (National Peace Council, London, 1944); Rumania, her history and politics (1915); A working peace system (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1943); World unity and the nations (London, 1950).

This company was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

Active from the late 17th century, the Mocatta family went into partnership with the Goldsmids in 1779 in the businesses of banking and bullion broking and dealing. They have had London offices at Grigsby's Coffee House, Threadneedle Street; 61 Threadneedle Street; King's Arms Yard; Throgmorton Avenue; and Finsbury Circus.

Dr Alfred Model (1906-1979) was a general practitioner in Stockport, Cheshire.

Modern Law Review was established in 1937; its main objectives were to promote legal education, and the study of law, arts and sciences of interest to those involved in the study or practice of law; aims met through the publication of the law review, the organisation of lectures (including the annual Chorley lecture), seminars, scholarships and prizes that support legal education and scholarship. The Journal is one of Europe's leading scholarly journals and publishes original articles relating to various areas of law, book reviews, case analysis, recent legislation reports; activities undertaken by the Editorial Committee which is overseen and supported by an Editorial Board.

Modern Poetry in Translation (MPT) was launched in 1965 by joint editors and owners Daniel Weissbort and the poet Ted Hughes. Its policy was to overcome language barriers and enable English-speakers to benefit from previously untranslated poets from other countries, finding talented poets and matching them with translators. The launch of MPT came at a time of increasing interest in international poetry and a flourishing of translation. Literal translations (word for word) were favoured over parallel equivalents, as revealing the poetry of the original and the individuality of the poet rather than the translator. The initial emphasis was on post-war Eastern European poets, many of whom were hardly known in Britain at the time but have since become world famous, including for example Vasko Popa, Miroslav Holub and Zbigniew Herbert. The scope of MPT quickly expanded to cover poetry from all over the world. Many issues were devoted to the detailed study of poetry from a single country, planned several years in advance to allow time to gather and translate the poetry and set up specialised distribution lines to the countries. The magazine was also concerned with debate about the art of translation, publishing special articles and a 'Theory Issue' (MPT 41-42). A long association developed with distinguished translators such as Anne Pennington and Stanley Kunitz, whilst a host of others wrote to offer their services. Issues 1-6, 1965-1969, were published by Cape Golliard, and issues thereafter were published independently. Owing to increasing absorption in his own work, Hughes withdrew from editorship, and by 1971 Daniel Weissbort was sole editor, working with advisors who possessed specialist knowledge of a particular language, and guest editors for some issues. In the 1970s MPT developed a close association with the International Writing Program (IWP) at the University of Iowa, USA, and in 1973 Daniel Weissbort accepted a position in its teaching faculty. Many IWP students contributed to MPT and in 1974 an entire issue was produced from their work. Small circulation, difficulty in reaching the American market and rising printing costs dogged MPT throughout its 18-year history. Despite subsidies from the Arts Council of Great Britain, the magazine often found it difficult to pay its contributors, although some translators refused payment. In 1982 Daniel Weissbort was treated for cancer and withdrew from the editorial demands of the magazine. It was decided to produce MPT annually as a yearbook in collaboration with Carcanet Press. Hughes agreed to write the introduction. A volume was published in 1983 as the first of what was intended to be an annual series, but in 1986 it was relaunched under Anvil Press as Poetry World, with a wider remit aiming to include poetry not just from the modern age. For further information see the introduction by Daniel Weissbort to MPT Year Book (1983) (Ref: MPT1/39) and the introductions by Daniel Weissbort and Ted Hughes to Poetry World (Ref: MPT1/41). MPT was revived under the aegis of the Department of French, King's College London, with Professor Norma Rinsler and Daniel Weissbort as editors, in a new series begun in 1992.

Born in Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland, 1795; moved to England, 1813; under-gardener at High Leigh, near Liverpool; came under Methodist influence; moved to the employment of James Smith, a Scottish nonconformist, near Manchester, 1815; appointed London Missionary Society (LMS) missionary, ordained at Surrey Chapel, and sailed to South Africa, 1816; arrived at Cape Town, 1817; travelled in southern Africa, 1818; gained fame for his conversion of a bandit, Jager Afrikaner, on the northern frontier; visited Cape Town and married Mary Smith (1795-1871), sister of the missionary John Smith, 1819; they worked together among the Tswana; Moffat accompanied the deputation of the Rev John Campbell on his visit to the interior, 1820-1821; travelled in southern Africa, 1823-1825; settled at Kuruman (which was to become an important mission station), 1826; visited Mzilikazi (Moselekatse), chief of the Ndebele (Matabele), 1829; visited Cape Town to publish his version of St Luke's Gospel and elementary books in the Tswana (Sechuana/Bechuana) language, 1830; returned to Kuruman, 1831; proposed a mission among the Ndebele, 1835; visited towns on the Yellow and Kolong Rivers, 1836; attempts to print his Tswana version of the New Testament in Cape Town proved abortive and he sailed to England to publish it, 1839; a pioneering linguist, his Tswana translations - which also included Pilgrim's Progress and hymns - were important in the growth of Christianity in southern Africa; met David Livingstone in London, 1840; returned to Kuruman, 1843; made a long tour to the interior, 1854; completed the Tswana version of the Bible, published at Kuruman, 1857; visited the Ndebele to arrange a mission, 1857; returned to Kuruman, 1858; travelled to Cape Town to meet new missionaries appointed to the interior and returned with them to Kuruman, 1858; accompanied the missionaries to Inyati in Matabeleland, 1859; the trip resulted in the establishment of an LMS mission near Bulawayo; returned to Kuruman, 1860; undertook no further long treks; with his wife, returned to England for health reasons, 1870; Doctor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh, 1872; received a testimonial, 1873; attended Livingstone's funeral, 1874; remained active in promoting foreign missions; retired from public speaking, 1878; died at Leigh, Kent, 1883; buried in Norwood cemetery. Publications include: Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (1840 and subsequent editions).

The Moffats' children included Mary (1821-1862), who married the missionary David Livingstone (1813-1873) in 1844, and John Smith Moffat (1835-1918), also an LMS missionary in southern Africa, who published The Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat (1885).

Senegal, West Africa, was a French colony until its independence in 1960. The French established a trading port at the mouth of the Senegal river in 1638 and founded Saint-Louis in 1659. Gorée Island, which had previously been occupied by the Portuguese and the Dutch, was claimed by the French in 1677, and served as an outpost for slave trading until the abolition of slavery in 1848. Slaves, gum arabic, ivory and gold were exported from Senegal by Europeans throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Albréda was a trading settlement founded by the French on the north bank of the Gambia river in 1681.

John Chassar Moir was the first Nuffield Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Oxford, a post he held from 1937 to 1967. At University College Hospital, London, he and Dr Harold Ward Dudley had isolated the new drug ergometrine, responsible for the traditional clinical effects of ergot, which was rapidly and universally adopted for the prevention of haemorrhage after childbirth, and he had written a thesis on rotation of the foetus in childbirth for which he gained his MD and a gold medal from Edinburgh University. At Oxford, he built up the Radcliffe Infirmary, studied the use of diagnostic x-rays in obstetrics, and made an outstanding contribution to gynaecological surgery, the repair of vesico-vaginal fistulae. He was for several years the co-editor and for the sixth edition sole editor, of Munro-Kerr's well-known textbook Operative Obstetrics. He became president of the obstetrics and gynaecology section of the Royal Society of Medicine, and in 1974 was made an honorary fellow. Further biographical details can be found in the obituaries in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet.

John Chassar Moir was the first Nuffield Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Oxford, a post he held from 1937 to 1967. At University College Hospital, London, he and Dr Harold Ward Dudley had isolated the new drug ergometrine, responsible for the traditional clinical effects of ergot, which was rapidly and universally adopted for the prevention of haemorrhage after childbirth, and he had written a thesis on rotation of the foetus in childbirth for which he gained his MD and a gold medal from Edinburgh University. At Oxford, he built up the Radcliffe Infirmary, studied the use of diagnostic x-rays in obstetrics, and made an outstanding contribution to gynaecological surgery, the repair of vesico-vaginal fistulae. He was for several years the co-editor and for the sixth edition sole editor, of Munro-Kerr's well-known textbook Operative Obstetrics. He became president of the obstetrics and gynaecology section of the Royal Society of Medicine, and in 1974 was made an honorary fellow.

Silas Modiri Molema was born c1891, in Mafeking, South Africa. He attended the Lovedale Institution and the University of Georgia, qualifying in medicine in 1919. In 1921 he returned to Mafeking to work as a doctor. From the 1940s he was involved in the African National Congress, and was elected National Treasurer in December 1949. He resigned in 1953. He died in 1965.

His publications included The Bantu Past and Present: An Ethnographical and Historical Study of the Native Races of South Africa (1920); Montshiwa 1815-1896: BaRolong Chief and Patriot (1966); and Chief Moroka: His Life, His Country and His People (1987).

Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth (1828-1925) was a prolific writer, and published works on politics, economics, decimal and metric measurements and engineering. He published Molesworth's textbook of bi-metallism (E & F N Spon, London) in 1886.
Sir Robert Giffen (1837-1910) was an economist and statistician who published The case against Bimetallism (G Bell and Sons, London) in 1892. Bi-metallism involved the coining of both silver and gold and making them legal tender at a fixed ratio.

On the 29th June 1936, Molins Machine Company Limited and its subsidiary company, The Thrissell Engineering Company Limited, established The Molins Pension Fund for their male Staff Employees.

History of Molins from their website (accessed Oct 2009): "Molins history has been one of leadership in world markets through inspired innovation, precision engineering of great quality and the highest standards of customer service. The company had its beginnings in Cuba. Jose S Molins began making cigars and hand rolling cigarettes in Havana in 1874. He then moved to America, and moved again to London. In 1911 his two sons, Harold and Walter, devised a machine that could make almost any kind of packet from cigarette packs to large cartons for tea. The Molins Machine Company was founded in 1912. In 1924 the first cigarette maker (the Mark 1) was patented and by 1928 was running at 1,000 cigarettes per minute. Also in 1928 the Thrissell Engineering company (later to become Masson Scott Thrissell) was acquired. In 1931 the Company opened a site in Richmond, Virginia, in the heart of the US tobacco industry."

"During the Second World War the company focused on armaments, following which Molins was awarded the Medal of Freedom by the President of the United States. The business boomed in the post war years and in 1950 the Saunderton site, near High Wycombe, was opened."

"The 1950s saw the introduction of the hinge-lid pack, which was originally invented and patented by Walter's son, Desmond Molins, in 1937. The hinge-lid pack was a major step forward from the previous soft packs, which allowed cigarettes to be damaged, and was used by Philip Morris in 1954 to relaunch the Marlboro brand: it was instantly successful and Marlboro sales increased 50 fold. Molins started to expand overseas with the first agent for the Far East in Hong Kong, a factory in Behala near Calcutta and in 1960 a factory in Sao Paolo, Brazil."

"The 1970s were a period of diversification. The company acquired the Langston Corporation in 1974, a manufacturer of corrugated board machinery. By combining Langston with Masson Scott Thrissel, the Molins group became a major supplier of corrugating and paper converting machinery. This business was subsequently divested in 1998."

"In July 1976, the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. The 1980s, however, were a difficult time for the group. No longer a private company and with a high sales and achievement record, Molins proved to be an attractive proposition for speculative "corporate raiders". This period saw many senior management changes and a series of battles to fight off predatory take-over bids. The company emerged stronger and more focused. The mid-1990s saw a period of acquisition, spurred on by the excellent profitability of the Tobacco Machinery division. The company began a strategy of developing a packaging machinery business by organic growth and by acquisition. In November 1994, Sandiacre Packaging Machinery Ltd., a leading manufacturer of vertical from fill and seal equipment, based in Nottingham, was purchased. The business of Rose Forgrove, which was acquired in 2001, was integrated into Sandiacre's Nottingham facility. Sandiacre Rose Forgrove was subsequently sold in 2006. Molins ITCM, an R and D centre originally established in Coventry in 1985 to aid the existing businesses develop new products, began to develop its own products with the introduction of the pyramid tea bag machinery, which was followed by the rapid introduction of a number of tea bag machines for Unilever. In October 1996 family firms H.J. Langen of Toronto, Canada and its sister company Langenpac N.V. of the Netherlands were acquired by Molins. For half a century Langen has supplied machinery for cartoning, case packing and palletising, now including robotic top load applications, for a diverse range of consumer products, pioneering packaging solutions for a variety of household brand names."

"The late 1990s saw the group significantly reorganise its tobacco machinery business, following a major reduction in demand for original equipment. The division re-established a strong emphasis on the servicing and support of its customer base. As part of its drive towards being a more efficient organisation, a business in Plzen, Czech Republic, was purchased in 2000 to manufacture and assemble tobacco machinery parts and machines."

"In 2000 Molins made a significant strategic move by acquiring the business of Filtrona Instruments and Automation, the world leader in the development, assembly, selling and maintenance of process and quality control instruments for the cigarette industry and also for packaging machinery in certain niche markets. The business, now called Cerulean, operates from its UK headquarters in Milton Keynes as well as other offices around the world."

"As part of the further development of its scientific services activities, Molins acquired Arista Laboratories of Richmond, Virginia in February 2002. Arista is a world leading, fully independent smoke constituent analytical facility and provides its services to cigarette manufacturers and regulatory authorities. In December 2002 Molins acquired the smoke analysis business of LGC Ltd (the Laboratory of the Government Chemist) in Teddington, London, to form the basis of Arista Laboratories Europe, which subsequently relocated to purpose-built premises in Kingston-upon-Thames."

"In 2003 Molins acquired Sasib (based in Bologna, Italy), a manufacturer of packing machinery for the tobacco industry, although this business was subsequently sold in 2006."

"Today, Molins retains major positions in a number of market areas. Through the businesses that make up its three divisions, those of Packaging Machinery, Tobacco Machinery and Scientific Services, Molins continues to provide leading engineering solutions and service to a wide range of multi-national and local customers."

None given.

Born 1893; educated at Corrig School and the at Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland; commissioned Royal Army Medical Corps, 1915; Medical Officer, 2nd Bn, Sherwood Foresters, France and Belgium, 1916-1918; MC, 1918; acting Maj 1918; Capt 1919; Maj 1927; served North West Frontier of India (Mohmand), 1933; acting Lt Col 1940; served with 8th Army in North Africa, 1941-43; Lt Col 1941; Col 1946; Brig 1947; temp Maj Gen 1948; CB 1950; Maj Gen 1951; retired 1953, died 1982.

Evgenii Semenovich Mollo (1904-1985), military historian and artist was born in Ufa, Russia. He left Russia to settle in Britain in 1922, where he worked as a cinema decorator, wartime camouflage specialist and engineer.

Eileen Molony (1914-1982) was a BBC television producer involved in the production of a wide range of programmes, particularly in the areas of travel, natural history, education and child development. She produced the television series The Expanding Classroom which was first broadcast in 1969 and intended to provide an insight into schools which were implementing some of the recommendations of the Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education, Children and Their Primary Schools, 1967 (The Plowden Report). The schools covered in the programmes included Ashton County Primary School, Worcestersire; Eveline Lowe Primary School, London; Ashley Down Junior School, Bristol; Devizes Road Primary School, Salisbury, Wiltshire; Delves Infants' School, Walsall, Staffordshire; Fernwood Primary School, Nottinghamshire; Huntingdon Primary School, Nottinghamshire; Milford Primary School, Nottinghamshire; Portlans Primary School, Nottinghamshire; Green Meadow Primary School, Swindon, Wiltshire; and Eynsham County Primary School, Oxfordshire.

Dental student at the Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago.

Lieutenant Thomas Howard Molyneux led an expedition from the HM SPARTAN to examine the course of the Jordan and and the valley through which it runs and to measure the depth of the Dead Sea, 1847.

This company, established as the Licensed Victuallers and General Fire and Life Assurance Company in 1835 and renamed Monarch Fire and Life Assurance Company in 1836, provided insurance both in the United Kingdom and overseas.

It was acquired by Liverpool and London Fire and Life Insurance in 1857, at which time its address was 4 Adelaide Place. This company became a subsidiary of Royal Insurance Company in 1919.

David Henry Monckton was born in 1829. He studied at King's College Hospital, where he became an Associate. From 1850-1852 he became a Student of Human and Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, and acted as Hunterian Professor. He practised at Rugeley, Staffordshire. He was Physician to the Staffordshire General Infirmary, Medical Officer of Health to the Lichfield Rural District, and Surgeon to the Rugeley Convalescent Home, District Hospital, Provident Dispensary and Sister Dora Convalescent Hospital. Monckton carried out a post-mortem examination on Mr Cook, one of the victims of William Palmer MRCS, and gave evidence at the trial in 1856. This was reported in the Illustrated Times. He moved to Maidstone, Kent, and became Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the Maidstone County Volunteer Medical Staff Corps. He died in 1896.

Edward Henry Cradock Monckton was born in 1812. He worked for the East India Company in Bengal before retiring to Fineshade Abbey in Northamptonshire. He died in 1878.

Frida, daughter of Adolf Meyer Loewenthal of Cologne, born c1847; married in 1866 her cousin Ludwig Mond (born in Cassel, 1839; came to England, 1862; prominent manufacturing chemist and philanthropist; Managing Director of Brunner, Mond & Co Ltd); two sons (Sir Robert Ludwig Mond, 1867-1938, chemist, industrialist, and archaeologist; Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, 1868-1930, industrialist, financier and politician); homes at the Hollies, Farnworth, near Widnes, then Winnington Hall, near Northwich, and latterly the Poplars, Avenue Road, Regent's Park London, the Palazzo Zuccari, Rome, and Combe Bank, near Sevenoaks; widowed, 1909; member of the Council of the English Goethe Society; endowed a Goethe Scholarship Fund of the Goethe Society, 1911; friend of Sir Israel Gollancz; died 1923; a benefactor of King's College London; also endowed a British Academy lectureship and prize on Anglo-Saxon and English.

Kingston upon Hull (also known as Hull) is a city in Yorkshire. In 1619, the merchants of Hull erected an Exchange in High Street, on the site now occupied by the Corn Exchange. This building was abandoned by the merchants about 1780, and was solely occupied by Customs authorities until 1855, when their lease expired. It was then pulled down and the present Corn Exchange erected.

The Mondcivitan Republic was initiated by Hugh Schonfield in 1956, at which time it was known as the Commonwealth of World Citizens. The republic was conceived as a 'servant-nation', a nation without territory, whose citizens across the world would work to promote peace and unity in the aftermath of World War II. The Mondcivitan Republic British Isles South East Community was based in Camden, London in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and was largely organised by Peter Deed. The Republic ran a craft shop, housing association and a school from its headquarters in Delancey Street; it also had its own national bank and currency (the 'Mondo').

None available.

A Robert Jarratt Money was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1891-1949, this may be the same person as Robert I Money.

Publications: 'The Hindiya Barrage, Mesopotamia' by Robert I. Money, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Sep., 1917), pp. 217-222.

R M G Moneypenny retired as Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Labour, Housing and Social Services in Ceylon on 24 November 1958. No other biographical details are available.

Katherine Monk was born on 2 Jan 1855. She commenced nursing at the Hospital for Incurables, Edinburgh, in 1874, and attended nursing lectures and classes at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. In 1878, she became a Probationer Nurse at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, obtaining the Certificate of Proficiency in 1879. She undertook private nursing at St Bartholomew's Hospital for a number of years, before taking up the post of Night Sister at King's College and Charing Cross Hospitals, both of which were under the direction of the Sisterhood of St John's, in 1883. Later that same year, Monk was appointed Ward Sister at Charing Cross Hospital. In 1884 she was appinted Sister Matron at King's College Hospital.
Monk resigned from King's College Hospital in July 1885 in consequence of the difficulties between the St John's Nurses and the Hospital authorities. With the withdrawal of the Sisterhood of St John's House for King's, Monk was again appointed as Sister Matron, commencing on 5 Aug 1885. She quickly introduced new nursing staff to the hospital, reorganised the Nursing Department and founded the Training School for Nurses.
Monk was a founding member of the Committee of the Royal Pension Fund for Nurses, inaugurated in 1887, and was also one of two Civil Matron's appointed on Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service Advisory Board for the improvement and reorganization of Military Hosptials. She was Also appointed to the Council of the Red Cross Society.
She took an active role in the work of the KCH Building Committee of the new Hospital, 1904. However, following a severe illness in 1905, she resigned as Sister Matron and left King's in May 1906. She died on 20 Feb 1916, at Southampton.
The Monk Memorial Prize Fund was raised as a memorial. It is awarded to the nurse who obtains first place in the examinations of nursing staff.

Miss Clara Sibbald Peddie, daughter of Dr Alexander Peddie of Edinburgh, was appointed as Home Sister, Apr 1888, having trained at the Nightingale School of St Thomas's Hospital. Sister Sibbald was superintendent of the Nurses' Home. She died suddenly following and operation in 1895.

Born 1840; educated St Paul's School, London; career in the Board of Trade, 1856-1901, ending as Assistant Secretary to the Finance Department; contributor to the Academy, the Magazine of Art, and the Saturday Review; published volumes of poetry; died 1901.

Publications: preface to The life and works of Joseph Wright (Bemrose and Sons, London, 1885) by William Bemrose; preface to A concise history of painting (1888) by Mrs Charles Heaton; introduction to Exhibition of drawings in water colour by A W Hunt (London, 1897); introduction to Exhibition of drawings and studies by Sir Edward Burne-Jones (London, 1899); introduction to Exhibition illustrative of the French revival of etching (London, 1891); introduction to Catalogue of coloured Chinese porcelain exhibited in 1896 (London, 1896); introduction to Catalogue of Blue and White Oriental porcelain exhibited in 1895 (London, 1895); introduction to Historical catalogue of the collection of water colour drawings by deceased artists (Manchester, 1894); A dream of idleness and other poems (London, 1865); A few words about Hogarth; A history and description of Chinese porcelain (Cassell and Co, London, 1901); A question of honour (London, 1868); The British contemporary artists (Heinemann, London and New York, 1899); Corn and poppies (E. Matthews, London, 1890); In the National Gallery (A.D. Innes and Co, London, 1895); Joseph Mallord William Taylor (Sampson Low and Co, London, 1929); Life of Leigh-Hunt (London, 1893); Masterpieces of English art (London, 1869); Nonsense rhymes (R Brimley Johnson, London, [1902]); Pasiteles the Elder, and other poems (R. Brimley Johnson, London, 1901); Pictures by Sir C Eastlake (London, [1875]); Pictures by W Etty (London, [1874]); Pictures of Sir Edwin Landseer (London, [1877]); Sir Edward J Poynter, President of the Royal Academy, his life and work (J.S. Virtue and Co, London, [1897]); The Christ upon the hill: a ballad (Smith, Elder and Co, London, 1895); The earlier English water colour painters (Seeley and Co, London, 1890); The life and works of Sir John Tenniel (1901); The National Gallery: the Italian Pre-raphaelites (Cassell and Co, London, 1887); The studies of Sir Edwin Landseer (London, 1877); The Turner Gallery (London, [1878]); The works of J.H. Foley (London, [1875]); The works of Sir Edwin Landseer (London, 1879); Turner: a sketch of his life and works (Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882); Verses: to Our Sovereign Lady Queen Victoria, June 22, 1897 (London, 1897).

Alexander Monro, secundus, was born in Edinburgh in 1733. He was the third son of Alexander Monro, primus, (1697-1767), Professor of Medicine and Anatomy at Edinburgh University. From an early age Alexander was designated as his father's successor as Professor of Medicine and his father took his education very seriously. Monro secundus' name first appears on his father's anatomy class list in 1744. The following year he matriculated in the Faculty of Arts at Edinburgh University. He began attending medical lectures in 1750. In 1753, still a student, he took over the teaching of his father's summer anatomy class and at his father's instigation was named joint Professor of Medicine and Anatomy in 1754. He graduated MD in 1755, and then went on an anatomical grand tour, studying in London with William Hunter, and in Berlin with Johann Friedrick Meckel. He matriculated on 17 Sep at Leiden University and became friends with Albinus. His tour was interrupted when his father's recurring illness brought him home to take up the duties of the professorship in 1758. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1759. In the 50 years he taught at Edinburgh University Monro secundus became the most influential anatomy professor in the English speaking world, lecturing daily from 1 to 3pm, in the 6-month winter session. He spent every morning preparing for his class anatomical specimens from his own extensive collection. When the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh attempted to institute a professorship of surgery Monro acted vigorously to protect his chair, protesting to the town council against such a step. He succeeded in 1777 in having the title of his own professorship formally changed to the Chair of Medicine, Anatomy and Surgery, preventing the establishment of a course of surgery in Edinburgh for thirty years. The anatomical research which secured Monro's posthumous medical reputation was his description of the communication between the lateral ventricles of the brain, now known as the foramen of Monro. He first noted it in a paper read before the Philosophical Scoiety of Edinburgh in 1764. Monro was a member of the Harveian Society (a medical supper club), secretary to the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, a manager of the Royal Infirmary, and district commissioner for the city of Edinburgh. He married Katherine Inglis on 25 September 1762, and they had two daughters and three sons. The eldest son Alexander Monro tertius (1773-1859), succeeded his father as Professor of Medicine, Anatomy and Surgery. Monro secundus died in 1817.

The Monro family of Hadley were a cadet branch of the Munro baronets of Foulis. They settled in London in the late seventeenth century, providing a series of distinguished doctors who ran Bethlem Hospital throughout the following century, when the care of lunatics was far from fashionable. They also owned two private asylums, Brook House, Clapton, and the Palace, Much Hadham (ACC/1063/049-057 and 164-5).

James, the second son of Dr John Monro (1715-1791), entered the East India Company's service, becoming captain of an East Indiaman, and most of this archive consists of letters written by himself, his sons and his grandsons. Apart from those of Captain James himself there is a series from his eldest son James, who became a writer with the East India Company in 1806; from his son Edward who went to India; another group of papers relating to his son George, a midshipman who was killed in action on board the "Menelaus" in 1812; and numerous other letters and papers relating to this same generation of the family.

The youngest son of James's first marriage, Cecil Monro (1803-1878), entered the law, eventually becoming chief registrar of the Court of Chancery, and it was he who finally inherited the family home which Captain James had bought at Hadley. He was an antiquarian of some repute, editing The Letters of Queen Margaret of Anjou for the Camden Society in 1863; he was zealous in collecting details of his family history, which he incorporated into a "Family Book" (ACC/1063/001). There are also several documents relating to the disputed entail created by Sir Harry Munro of Foulis in 1776, which probably owe their preservation to Cecil Monro. The latter married Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Knight Erskine of Pittodrie, Aberdeenshire, which accounts for the presence of a few documents relating to that estate.

The largest group of letters are those written by Cecil's three sons, Cecil James (1833-1882), Charles (1835-1908), and Kenneth (1818-1862). The letters to their parents began when they were at preparatory school, and in the cases of Cecil and Kenneth continue until their respective deaths. All three were sent to Harrow and their letters at this period throw a vivid light on school life in the early Victorian era (ACC/1063/966-1146). Both the older boys went on to Cambridge, but Kenneth, who was not academically inclined, joined the Army and his letters continue from various camps in England and then from Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was posted in 1857 (ACC/1063/257-579). The climate there undermined his health and he returned home to die of consumption at Hadley, aged 24.

The rest of the letters centre round his eldest brother Cecil, who read classics and Mathematics at Cambridge and then read for the Bar. Before he could take up a career, symptoms of the family consumption manifested themselves in him too, and dictated that his winters be spent abroad in the more salubrious climates of Madeira, North Africa, or the south of France. His letters home to the family are full of the trials of an invalid expatriate: the difficulties of obtaining suitable lodgings, the vagaries of climates, the dependence upon unreliable mails from home, and the intolerable boredom. He was not, however, self-pitying, and the last-named problem he tackled by teaching himself languages, writing articles, and corresponding with learned men on a variety of subjects (including theology, classics, philosophy, mathematics physics, linguistics and politics). His correspondences included J. C. Maxwell, professor of experimental physics at Cambridge; Darwin's son-in-law Richard Litchfield; William Donkin, professor of astronomy at Oxford; C.M Ingleby, the Shakespearean critic; and Charles Tawney, registrar of Calcutta University. He spent the last years of his life at Hadley, a semi-invalid, dying in 1882 four years after his father. The letters virtually cease at this date, but there are a few written to Charles, the last just before his death in 1906.

Montagu, Edward, first earl of Sandwich, KG, (1625-1672), army and naval officer and diplomat, was born at Barnwell, Northamptonshire, on 27 July 1625, the second but eldest surviving son of Sir Sydney Montagu (c 1571-1644) of Hinchingbrooke, Huntingdonshire. Montagu was an MP for Huntingdonshire and groom of the bedchamber to James I.

In October 1655, he was appointed to the admiralty committee and later general at sea on 2 January 1656. This was a position he shared with Robert Blake whose illness led to Cromwell's need for another trusted authority in the fleet, thus securing Montagu's elevation. The fleet under Montagu and Blake sailed on 15 March 1656 and took command in the first-rate Naseby. Successfully reconnoitring Tangier, Tetuan and Gibraltar the Naseby returned home and on 17 July Montagu commanded the fleet to support the attacks on Dunkirk and Mardyke. In 1659 Montagu took command of a fleet set for the Baltic, finding forces of Charles X of Sweden at Copenhagen and redirecting his efforts to persuade the Dutch to remain peaceful and not intervene. However Montagu withdrew upon hearing the fall of Richard Cromwell. He was appointed to the council of state on 23 February and made general at sea jointly with Monck on 2 March 1660; appointed to the admiralty commission on 3 March.

Montagu's critical involvement in the landing of the royal party at Dover on 25 May 1660 led to his being made an earl, choosing Sandwich for his title on 12 July 1660, later a knight of the Garter. In the Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1665-1667, he fought at the Battle of Lowestoft and later defeated at the Battle of Vagen. He was re-appointed in 1672 at the start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War he was appointed Vice- Admiral of the Blue serving in the ROYAL JAMES. He was killed at the Battle of Solebay, his ship destroyed by a group of fire ships. He was laid to rest at Westminster Abbey on 3 July 1672 after a state funeral beginning along the River Thames as part of decorated barges sailing from Deptford. Interestingly, Montagu was the first cousin of the father of Samuel Pepys.

Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, KG (1625-1672), army and naval officer and diplomat, was born at Barnwell, Northamptonshire, on 27 July 1625, the second but eldest surviving son of Sir Sydney Montagu (circa 1571-1644) of Hinchingbrooke, Huntingdonshire. Montagu was MP for Huntingdonshire and groom of the bedchamber to James I. In October 1655 he was appointed to the admiralty committee and later general at sea (2 January 1656). This was a position he shared with Robert Blake whose illness led to Cromwell's need for another trusted authority in the fleet, thus securing Montagu's elevation. The fleet under Montagu and Blake sailed on 15 March 1656 and took command in the first-rate NASEBY. Successfully reconnoitring Tangier, Tetuan and Gibraltar the NASEBY returned home and on 17 July Montagu commanded the fleet to support the attacks on Dunkirk and Mardyke. In 1659 Montagu took command of a fleet set for the Baltic, finding forces of Charles X of Sweden at Copenhagen and redirecting his efforts to persuade the Dutch to remain peaceful and not intervene. However Montagu withdrew upon hearing the fall of Richard Cromwell. He was appointed to the council of state on 23 February and made general at sea jointly with Monck on 2 March 1660; appointed to the admiralty commission on 3 March. Montagu's critical involvement in the landing of the royal party at Dover on 25 May 1660 led to his being made an earl, choosing Sandwich for his title on 12 July 1660, later a knight of the Garter. In the Second Anglo-Dutch War 1665-1667 he fought at the Battle of Lowestoft and later defeated at the Battle of Vagen. He was re-appointed in 1672 at the start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War he was appointed Vice- Admiral of the Blue serving in the ROYAL JAMES. He was killed at the Battle of Solebay, his ship destroyed by a group of fire ships. He was laid to rest at Westminster Abbey on 3 July 1672 after a state funeral beginning along the River Thames as part of decorated barges sailing from Deptford. Interestingly, Montagu was the first cousin of the father of Samuel Pepys.

John Montagu took his seat in the House of Lords in 1739 and in 1744 was appointed one of the Lords of the Admiralty. He represented the United Kingdom at the negotiations leading to the conclusion of peace in 1748. He then became First Lord of the Admiralty 1748 to 1761, for a brief period in 1763 and again from 1771 to 1782, after which he held no further public office. A selection of his papers were published by Sir George Barnes and Commander J.H. Owen, 'The private papers of John, Earl of Sandwich 1771-1782' (Navy Records Society, 1932-1938, 4 volumes). There is a biography by George Martelli, 'Jemmy Twitcher, a life of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich' (London, 1962).

Born, 1713; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1750; died in Padua, Italy, 1776.

Montagu took his seat in the House of Lords in 1739 and in 1744 was appointed one of the Lords of the Admiralty. He represented the United Kingdom at the negotiations leading to the conclusion of peace in 1748. He then became First Lord of the Admiralty, 1748 to 1761, for a brief period in 1763 and again from 1771 to 1782, after which he held no further public office. A selection of his papers were published by Sir George Barnes and Commander J.H. Owen, The private papers of John, Earl of Sandwich 1771-1782 (Navy Records Society, 1932-1938, 4 vols). There is a biography by George Martelli, Jemmy Twitcher, a life of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (London, 1962).

The Company dates its origins from 1885 when Lord Charles William Augustus Montagu joined the firm of Wilson Brown and Montagu, stock brokers, of 5 Angel Court, City of London. The present company is an amalgamation of Shaw Loebl and Co and Montagu Stanley and Co, an amalgamation which took place in 1952.

It was taken over by the Save and Prosper Group in 1985-1986.

Born 1916, educated at Bedford School, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and Cambridge University. Commissioned, Royal Engineers, 2nd Lt, 1936, Lt 1939, British Expeditionary Force, France, 1939-1940; acting Capt 1940; commanded 101 Troop, Special Service Brigade (Commando Special Canoe Troop), 1940-1942, (later Special Boat Section of the Special Service Brigade) ; DSO, 1942; acting Maj 1942, specially employed as Lt Cdr, R N, in command of MF Flotilla of submersible craft, 1942-1945; Capt 1944; General Staff Officer Middle East Land Forces, 1946-1947; acting Lt Col, 1947; Staff College, 1947; Technical Staff Course, 1948-1949; Technical Staff Officer and Military Commanding Officer, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, 1949-1952; Maj 1949; Officer Commanding Royal Engineer Squadron and Regiment, Hong Kong and Korea, 1952-1954; General Staff Officer, War Office, 1954-1957; Lt Col 1956, Commandant, Royal Engineers, British Army of the Rhine, 1957-1960; Col 1959; Assistant Director of Development, War Office, 1960-1961, Brig 1962, Brig, General Staff, War Office, 1962-1963, Imperial Defence College, 1963-1964; Brig, Headquarters Middle East, Aden, 1964-1965; retired 1965; died 1979.

Stephen Monteage was an accountant at the South Sea House and the Custom House.

Sir Moses Haim Montefiore: born in Leghorn (Livorno, Italy), 1784; eldest son of Joseph Elias Montefiore, a Jewish merchant of Italian descent whose father had settled in London, by Rachel, daughter of Abraham Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta, of an ancient family of Spanish Jews; educated in London; married Judith (1784-1862), second daughter of Levi Barent Cohen, 1812; spent some time in a mercantile house; acquired for £1,200 the right to act as a broker on the London Stock Exchange, where the number of Jewish brokers was limited to twelve; rapidly amassed a fortune; retired from much of his business, 1824; retained some business interests, but devoted himself to the service of the Jewish race at home and abroad; on his way to Jerusalem, visited Egypt and had a private audience with Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, 1827; became a member of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and was active in the struggle for emancipation; President of the Board of Deputies, 1835-1874; chosen sheriff of London and was knighted when Queen Victoria visited the Guildhall, 1837; submitted a scheme for establishing Jewish colonies in Syria to Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, but despite the Sultan's promise to give it favourable consideration it fell through, 1839; intervened on behalf of some Jews who had been arrested and tortured at Damascus for using Christian blood for religious rites and, as head of a deputation from the English and French Jewish communities, pleaded the prisoners' cause before Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, convincing him of their innocence and obtaining their release, 1840; proceeded to Constantinople and obtained from the Sultan a firman, placing Jews on the same footing as other aliens throughout the Ottoman empire, 1840; on his return to England, was presented to the Queen, who granted him the privilege of bearing supporters to his arms with `Jerusalem' inscribed in Hebrew characters; the Jewish community recognised his services by appointing a day of thanksgiving; when Tsar Nicholas of Russia issued an order for the removal into the interior of Jews domiciled on Russia's western frontier areas near Germany and Austria in 1844, Montefiore made representations to the Russian ambassador, Count Brunnow, which resulted in its suspension; on its threatened reissue, Montefiore was admitted by the Tsar to a private audience in St Petersburg and obtained its abrogation, 1846; toured Eastern Russia and made notes of the condition of the Jewish population, which he communicated to the Russian ministry; created baronet, 1846; following a revival of anti-Semitic feeling in Syria in 1847, Montefiore obtained a private audience with Louis-Philippe whom he asked, as protector of the Christians in Syria, to repress the agitation, which was granted; prominent in the collection and distribution of the relief fund for victims of the Syrian famine, 1855; founded a girls' school and hospital in Jerusalem, 1855; became involved in the celebrated Mortara case in which a Jewish child in Bologna was secretly baptised by his Catholic nurse and subsequently removed from his parents by the papal police and placed in a convent to be educated as a Christian, an affair which created a panic among the Jewish population in Italy and aroused indignation elsewhere, 1858; since remonstrances addressed to the papal government were ineffective, Montefiore attempted a personal appeal to Pope Pius IX in Rome, which was refused, and although the Pope consented to receive Montefiore's petition through Cardinal Antonelli he remained inflexible, 1859; raised funds for the relief of Jewish refugees brought to Gilbraltar by apprehension of war between Spain and Morocco and for Christian survivors of the massacre of the Lebanon, 1860; visited Constantinople and obtained confirmation by the new Sultan, Abdul-Aziz, of all firmans granted by his predecessor in favour of the Jews, 1863; in response to an outbreak of anti-Semitic fanaticism in Tangier, travelled on HMS Magicienne from Gibraltar to Mogador and, under an escort provided by the Sultan, crossed the Atlas desert to Morocco, where the Sultan issued an edict placing the Jews upon an equal footing with his other subjects, 1864; went to Syria, distributing alms to the victims of a plague of locusts and cholera epidemic, 1866; visited Bucharest and interceded with Prince Charles on behalf of the persecuted Jews of Moldavia, and was well received by the prince, but was threatened by a mob which he managed to quieten, 1867; carried to St Petersburg an address from the British Jewish community congratulating Tsar Alexander II on the bicentenary of the birth of Peter the Great, 1872; made a seventh and final pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 1875; spent his later years in comparative seclusion at his seat, East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate, where he died, 1885; a strict Sephardic Jew, orthodox in his religious opinions and observance; on his death without issue the baronetcy became extinct. See also Lady Montefiore, Private Journal of a Visit to Egypt and Palestine by way of Italy and the Mediterranean (privately printed, London, 1836); Meyer ben Isaac Auerbach and Samuel Salant, An Open Letter addressed to Sir M Montefiore ... on the day of his arrival in ... Jerusalem. Together with a narrative of a forty days' sojourn in the Holy Land ... by Sir M Montefiore (Wertheimer, Lea & Co, London, 1875); Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore: comprising their life and work as recorded in their diaries from 1812 to 1883, ed L Loewe (2 volumes, Griffith, Farran & Co, London, 1890; facsimile edition introduced by Raphael Loewe [1983]). Dr Nathaniel Mayer Montefiore: born, 1819; second son of Abraham Montefiore and his second wife Henrietta Rothschild; nephew of Sir Moses Haim Montefiore; married Emma (1819-1902), daughter of Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1850; had issue Alice, Leonard (1853-1879), Charlotte, and the biblical scholar and philanthropist Claude Joseph Goldsmid (1858-1938); Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh; died, 1883.