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The County of London Northern District Coroner's Office was based at Saint Pancras Coroner's Court, Camley Street, NW1.

The coronership is an ancient county office concerned originally with pleas of the crown within the county. By 1689 the Coroner's duties had been reduced to the holding of inquests in cases of death under circumstances of suspicion and committing to trial persons against whom verdicts of murder or manslaughter had been returned by the inquest jury. Coroners were also empowered to hold inquests over 'treasure trove' and wrecks.

Under an Act of 1752 (26 Geo II c29) coroners were paid 20/- for every inquisition held and 9d for every mile travelled to view a body. These fees were paid out of the County rates by order of the justices. Coroners returned accounts of inquests held, usually in the form of a list, giving also the mileage travelled and total sum due, which were approved for payment, in Middlesex, by an Accounts Committee. Sometimes inquisitions and witnesses' depositions were returned instead of or in addition to the account.

Coroners were elected by county freeholders (except in certain liberties) and held the office for life. By the Local Government Act 1888 the power to appoint Coroners was transferred to the new County Councils.

Counties were usually divided into districts with a Coroner assigned to each. Sometimes, however, Coroners did act in the district of another Coroner. Coroner's districts changed in size and extent over time, often due to increased population and changes in local government boundaries.

London: The County of London was formed in 1889. At first there was no change to the existing Middlesex Coroners Districts now included, in part, within the new County. However, in 1892 the County was finally divided into districts which took in the former Middlesex parishes plus some from the former counties of Surrey and Kent. The new districts were: Eastern; Western; South Western; North Eastern; Central; Southern; Penge; South Eastern; and four franchise districts: Westminster; Duchy of Lancaster (Savoy/Clapham); Tower Liberty and Borough of Southwark.

In 1894 there were minor boundary changes to the Eastern, North Eastern and Central Districts. In 1900 Penge was transferred to Kent. 1912 saw further boundary changes between districts.

In 1930 the districts were reduced to six: Western; Eastern; Southern; Central; Northern; South Eastern; plus Southwark and Tower Liberty. In 1940 this was reduced to five, absorbing the franchise districts: Western; Northern; Eastern; South Western and South Eastern. In 1943 four districts were formed: Western, Southern; Eastern; Northern. These were reduced in 1956 to Western, Northern, Southern.

For a guide on how to use Coroners' Records and information about access to confidential records please see the hard copy guide in the Information Area or consult a member of staff.

The County of London Southern District Coroner's Office was based at Saint George's Churchyard, Borough High Street, SE1.

The coronership is an ancient county office concerned originally with pleas of the crown within the county. By 1689 the Coroner's duties had been reduced to the holding of inquests in cases of death under circumstances of suspicion and committing to trial persons against whom verdicts of murder or manslaughter had been returned by the inquest jury. Coroners were also empowered to hold inquests over 'treasure trove' and wrecks.

Under an Act of 1752 (26 Geo II c29) coroners were paid 20/- for every inquisition held and 9d for every mile travelled to view a body. These fees were paid out of the County rates by order of the justices. Coroners returned accounts of inquests held, usually in the form of a list, giving also the mileage travelled and total sum due, which were approved for payment, in Middlesex, by an Accounts Committee. Sometimes inquisitions and witnesses' depositions were returned instead of or in addition to the account.

Coroners were elected by county freeholders (except in certain liberties) and held the office for life. By the Local Government Act 1888 the power to appoint Coroners was transferred to the new County Councils.

Counties were usually divided into districts with a Coroner assigned to each. Sometimes, however, Coroners did act in the district of another Coroner. Coroner's districts changed in size and extent over time, often due to increased population and changes in local government boundaries.

London: The County of London was formed in 1889. At first there was no change to the existing Middlesex Coroners Districts now included, in part, within the new County. However, in 1892 the County was finally divided into districts which took in the former Middlesex parishes plus some from the former counties of Surrey and Kent. The new districts were: Eastern; Western; South Western; North Eastern; Central; Southern; Penge; South Eastern; and four franchise districts: Westminster; Duchy of Lancaster (Savoy/Clapham); Tower Liberty and Borough of Southwark.

In 1894 there were minor boundary changes to the Eastern, North Eastern and Central Districts. In 1900 Penge was transferred to Kent. 1912 saw further boundary changes between districts.

In 1930 the districts were reduced to six: Western; Eastern; Southern; Central; Northern; South Eastern; plus Southwark and Tower Liberty. In 1940 this was reduced to five, absorbing the franchise districts: Western; Northern; Eastern; South Western and South Eastern. In 1943 four districts were formed: Western, Southern; Eastern; Northern. These were reduced in 1956 to Western, Northern, Southern.

For a guide on how to use Coroners' Records and information about access to confidential records please see the hard copy guide in the Information Area or consult a member of staff.

The Greater London Western District Coroner's Court was based at Hammersmith Coroner's Court, 77 Fulham Palace Road, W6. The jurisdiction of the court covered the boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Ealing, Hammersmith, Hillingdon, Hounslow and Richmond.

The coronership is an ancient county office concerned originally with pleas of the crown within the county. By 1689 the Coroner's duties had been reduced to the holding of inquests in cases of death under circumstances of suspicion and committing to trial persons against whom verdicts of murder or manslaughter had been returned by the inquest jury. Coroners were also empowered to hold inquests over 'treasure trove' and wrecks.

Under an Act of 1752 (26 Geo II c29) coroners were paid 20/- for every inquisition held and 9d for every mile travelled to view a body. These fees were paid out of the County rates by order of the justices. Coroners returned accounts of inquests held, usually in the form of a list, giving also the mileage travelled and total sum due, which were approved for payment, in Middlesex, by an Accounts Committee. Sometimes inquisitions and witnesses' depositions were returned instead of or in addition to the account.

Coroners were elected by county freeholders (except in certain liberties) and held the office for life. By the Local Government Act 1888 the power to appoint Coroners was transferred to the new County Councils.

Counties were usually divided into districts with a Coroner assigned to each. Sometimes, however, Coroners did act in the district of another Coroner. Coroner's districts changed in size and extent over time, often due to increased population and changes in local government boundaries.

For a guide on how to use Coroners' Records and information about access to confidential records please see the hard copy guide in the Information Area or consult a member of staff.

The Manor of Fulham was held of the Bishop of London from the year 691. It covered all of what is now Hammersmith and Fulham, Acton, Ealing and Finchley.

Fulham Infirmary began life as the Fulham Union Infirmary in 1884 and was based in St Dunstan's Road. At the beginning of World War One, wounded soldiers from the Ypres battleground were brought to Fulham. In 1915 the War Office took over the workhouse and Infirmary - as it did with several other Poor Law institutions - and they became the Fulham Military Hospital. In 1925 it was renamed St Christopher's Hospital but one month later the decision was reversed and the name became 'Fulham Hospital' (not to be confused with the Fulham Hospital in Seagrave Road, which had become the Western Fever Hospital in 1885).

Information from Lost Hospitals of London http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/index.html, accessed July 2015.

This circuit was formed in 1936 by an amalgamation of Walham Green Church from the Chelsea (ex-Wesleyan) Circuit with the Fulham (ex-United Methodist) Circuit, which included Walham Grove Church, Munster Road Church, Bethel Chapel and Ebenezer Chapel. Munster Road transferred to the Chiswick and Munster Park Circuit in 1943; Ebenezer and Bethel were closed following war damage during the Second World War. Walham Green Church was condemned as unsafe and closed in 1965. It was resolved that the congregations at Walham Green and Walham Grove should unite to form the Fulham Central Methodist Church, which would meet at Walham Grove until new premises were ready. Fulham Central Methodist Church was opened in June 1971.

The Hammersmith Literary and Scientific Society was founded in November 1887. Meetings were held in the Vestry Hall Broadway. Its first President was Major General Goldsworth.

Until 1834 Hammersmith was a hamlet within the parish of Fulham, the mother church being All Saints. In 1629 the leading inhabitants of Hammersmith, including the Earl of Mulgrave and Nicholas Crispe, successfully petitioned the Bishop of London for a chapel of ease to be built. The chapel was concentrated by Bishop Laud, later Archbishop of Canterbury, on 7 June 1631, and a perpetual curacy was established. In 1834 Hammersmith became a distinct and separate parish and the chapel of St Paul became the parish church.

In 1978 proposals were implemented for a Local Ecumenical Project in Hammersmith. On the closure of the Broadway United Reform church building St Paul's became the home of a united congregation of Anglican and United Reform Church members.

From the seventeenth century the Hammersmith "side" of the parish was administered separately from the Fulham "side"; each side appointing its own officers and levying its own rates. The Hammersmith curate kept his own registers of baptisms marriages and burials but the entries were also recorded in the registers of All Saints Fulham until 1834.

By the 1860s the chapel was too small for its congregation and a public subscription was raised to restore and enlarge the building. The West London Observer of 20 February 1864 reported the proposed alterations which were completed in the following year. In 1882 plans were drawn up for a new church on the same site. It was built in stages the first section being consecrated on 13 October 1883. Major road construction in the second half of the twentieth century resulted in the loss of part of the churchyard the church hall and St Paul's Church Schools which were relocated to Worlidge Street.

Wandsworth Circuit was created in 1864 out of the old Hammersmith Circuit. It comprised churches in Putney, Wandsworth High Street and Wandsworth Bridge Road. In 1951 it was renamed the Wandsworth and Fulham circuit and was joined by Methodist churches in Munster Park and Fulham. In 1968 a new church was opened in Roehampton. The circuit closed in 1969 and the constituent churches redistributed to the Hammersmith, Richmond and Hounslow, and Broomwood and Clapham circuits.

The Hammersmith Circuit was constituted in 1969 by the union of Askew Road Church and Old Oak Church, both of which had formerly belonged to the Bayswater Circuit, Munster Park Church from the Wandsworth and Fulham Circuit, and Rivercourt Church and Shepherds Bush Road Church, which had previously formed the Rivercourt and Shepherds Bush Road Circuit.

The medieval diocese of Rochester consisted of Kent west of the Medway. It was divided into the rural deaneries of Rochester, Dartford and Malling, which together formed the archdeaconry of Rochester. The rural deanery of Shoreham was a peculiar jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury. The boundaries of the diocese were radically changed in 1845 when the rural deaneries of Dartford, Malling and Shoreham, with the except for a few parishes, were absorbed into the diocese of Canterbury, and the rural deanery of Rochester with a few neighbouring parishes were joined with the counties of Essex and Hertfordshire to form a new diocese of Rochester. There were further boundary alterations in 1877, when Essex and Hertfordshire were formed into the new diocese of St. Albans, and Rochester comprised the north-western part of Kent together with London south of the Thames. In 1905 the London section of the diocese was separated to form a new diocese of Southwark and the boundaries between the diocese of Canterbury and Rochester adjusted so that since that date the diocese has covered roughly the same area as that which it covered in 1845.

The Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Church of England Diocese of Rochester is the second oldest Cathedral Foundation in England and was founded in 604 by Bishop Justus. The present building was built in 1077 by Bishop Gundolf, who also designed the Tower of London and Rochester Castle.

Parishes in east and mid Surrey in the Dioceses of London and Winchester were transferred to Rochester in 1878.

Enfield was the second-largest parish in Middlesex, covering 12,460 acres. The boundaries of the parish were marked by Cheshunt, Northaw, South Mimms, Monken Hadley, East Barnet and Edmonton, and by the river Lea.

By 1691 each of the four wards of the parish had a representative churchwarden. Vestry meetings were held monthly, usually in a room at the church, chaired by the vicar. From around 1580 an overseer of the poor was also appointed for each ward, and a beadle was appointed from 1750. The workhouse was situated at Chase Side although some of the poor were farmed out and children were apprenticed. A surveyor of highways is first mentioned in 1705 and by the end of the century there was a surveyor for each ward. In 1836 Enfield joined Edmonton Poor Law Union and used their facilities; the workhouse at Chase Side was converted into a school.

The church of Saint Andrew is situated on Market Place, at the centre of Enfield. The building dates to the 14th and 15th centuries but has been heavily restored over the years, and was extended in 1824.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 241-243 (available online).

Sunbury on Thames parish covered 2,658 acres in 1930. It was bordered by the River Thames, the River Ash and a lesser stream. In 1908 the parish was enlarged to include Feltham Hill, Shepperton, Littleton and some of Hampton.

The Vestry of Sunbury was usually composed of between 6 and 12 people, responsible for poor relief and other parish business. 5 cottages were used as poor-houses in addition to a larger house used as a workhouse.

The church of Saint Mary stood on the south side of the village. Parts of the medieval church survive; the whole building was restored in 1863.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962).

The parish of Pinner was originally a chapelry within the parish of Harrow which was a peculiar of the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1546 the advowson and tithes passed to Christ Church, Oxford. Pinner was served by the Vicar of Harrow or his curate. During the 17th century benefactions of land established an income for a curate at Pinner. Although Pinner achieved some measure of independence from Harrow by the end of the 17th century, it was not until 1766 after a grant from the Queen Anne's Bounty, that Pinner became an independent parish.

A chapel was in existence at Pinner by 1234-40 and the plan and part of the North East wall of the Church may be 13th century. However, most of the building dates from the early 14th century as the chapel was rebuilt before its consecration in 1321. The tower was added in the 15th century and alterations and repairs were carried out in the 19th and earlier 20th centuries. The renovation of 1880 was carried out by JL Pearson.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971). Available online.

Cranford parish covered around 737 acres, surrounded by the Crane river, Hounslow Heath and the Bath Road. In 1930 the civil parish became part of the urban district of Hayes and Harlington. The Cranford Vestry appears to have been a small body, usually attended by 3 to 5 persons and meeting twice a year. Their major concerns were rates, poor relief and the election of parish officers, including churchwardens, an overseer, surveyors and a constable. A small workhouse was constructed in 1776. A parish council was formed in 1895 and was largely concerned with election of parish officers and the disposal of sewage.

A priest is first mentioned at Cranford in 1086. The advowson was held by the Knights Templars and the Hospitallers, and subsequently by the king. The church of Saint Dunstan is small; the chancel and tower date from the 15th century, while the nave was destroyed by fire in 1710 and rebuilt in 1716. Restorations were carried out in 1895.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962). Available online.

The parish of Edgware lay on the northern boundary of Middlesex, covering 2,089 acres before 1931. The old parish was bordered on the north by Elstree, on the west by Little Stanmore, and on the east by Hendon. At various times the parish has also included parts of Little Stanmore and Elstree. The church is first mentioned in the mid 13th century, when it was stated to be appropriated to the use of the Knights Hospitallers. From the 14th century the advowson belonged to the owner of the manor of Edgware Boys. The church of Saint Margaret is situated on Station Road near the junction with High Street. The earliest surviving parts of the building date to the 15th century and has been rebuilt several times during its history, in 1763, 1845 and 1908, with enlargements added in 1927.

The parish vestry, first mentioned in 1817, was concerned mainly with poor relief which took the form of allowance payments as there was no workhouse. Able-bodied poor were set to work in gravel pits or on road maintenance.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 151-166. Available online.

The parish of Hanworth is situated to the east of Feltham. The church of Saint George stands near the ruins of Hanworth Castle. The first recorded mention of the church is dated 1293. The advowson was a grant of the manor, while the living is a rectory. Adam de Brome, the founder of Oriel College, Oxford, was rector of Hanworth in 1315.

From: 'Spelthorne Hundred: Hanworth', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton (1911), pp. 391-396. Available online.

The parish of Laleham was situated in the county of Middlesex, although it was later transferred to Surrey. Land at Laleham was granted to Westminster Abbey by King Edward the Confessor. It is probable that the Abbey was responsible for building Laleham Church. Laleham was a vicarage in the gift of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster until 1448 when it became a chapel of ease to Staines. The small tithes were settled on the Vicar of Staines who was to provide a fit chaplain. After the dissolution of the monasteries the livings of Staines and Laleham were granted by the King to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. In 1649, 1660 and 1663 Sir Thomas Reynell, Lord of the Manor of Laleham, presented to the vicarage of Laleham, but by 1683 it was once more a chapel of ease to Staines. In 1858 Laleham became a district perpetual curacy. The Earls of Lucan had purchased the Manor of Laleham in 1803 and in 1883 acquired the patronage of the living.

The parish of Stanwell was situated in the west of Middlesex. It is bordered by Staines, the River Colne, East Bedfont and Hounslow Heath. In 1930 the parish was 3,934 acres in size. The first endowment of a church in Stanwell was probably in 1204. By around 1250 the rectory of Stanwell had become a sinecure, and by 1254 there was a vicarage. In 1415 the advowson was given to Chertsey Abbey. This was surrendered to the Crown in 1537 and the advowson has remained the property of the Crown since then, although it was often leased out. The oldest parts of the church of Saint Mary date to the 13th century, while further additions date to the 14th century and restorations were carried out in 1863. The graveyard was mentioned in 1337 but was closed for burials in 1895. The church ran missions in Hithermoor Road and West Bedfont.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 33-49. Available online.

Christ Church in West Green has its origins in services held in Willow Walk School from 1882, to spare residents the difficult journey to Saint Ann's Church on Hanger Lane (now St Ann's Road). In 1884 a temporary church was erected until 1888 when the permanent church building was consecrated. A parish hall was opened in 1893.

From: 'Tottenham: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 348-355. Available online.

It is presumed that the church at Cowley was founded by Westminster Abbey, which held the manor of Cowley. The advowson therefore descended with the manor until 1924 when it was granted to the Bishop of London. The parish served the same area from the 12th century until 1865 when parts of the parish became part of the new parish of Saint Andrew, Hillingdon. In 1884 an area of Hillingdon was transferred to Cowley parish. The church of Saint Laurence dates in part to the 12th century, with extensions of 1780.

From: 'Cowley: Church', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 175-176. Available online.

This parish was originally formed out of the parish of Barnet and was within the Diocese of St Albans. The records were deposited by the Vicar of St Paul's Church, New Southgate, as the parishes were united and St Michael's Church closed in 1972. St Paul's became the parish church for the united parish. The church was demolished in 1973.

St John's parish was united with St Bartholomew, Stamford Hill in September 1975. St John's Church was declared redundant and was subsequently demolished. It was replaced by St John's Worship Centre which served as a mission church in the parish of St Bartholomew, Stamford Hill. In April 1980 St John's Worship Centre was transferred to the parish of Holy Trinity, High Cross, Tottenham.

The church of Saint Ann's has its origins in Sunday afternoon services held at the Hermitage school on Hanger Lane (now St Ann's Road). In 1860 the church was founded near the school, and in 1861 it was assigned a parish largely taken from the parish of Holy Trinity church. The advowson of the church rested with a private benefactor, Fowler Newsam, who paid for the school and the church; although his daughter left the advowson to the chapter of Saint Paul's Cathedral. The building was large and richly decorated; attended mostly by businessmen and their families. The church opened several mission halls and a soup kitchen to assist the poor of Tottenham.

From: 'Tottenham: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 348-355. Available online.

The church of All Saints, East Finchley, was constructed in 1891 on Durham Road, on land donated by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. A consolidated chapelry was assigned in 1900, combining Holy Trinity and Saint James's, Muswell Hill. From 1900 the church was a vicarage, the Bishop of London was patron. A church hall was added in the 1930s.

From: 'Finchley: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980), pp. 82-86. Available online.

The church of All Saints at Edmonton is first mentioned in records between 1136 and 1143. It was granted to Walden Abbey from 1136 till 1538; and thereafter was granted to Saint Paul's Cathedral. A vicarage was endowed by 1189 with a small plot of land and small tithes; and the advowson descended with the rectory. Two daughter churches were given parishes in 1851 due to overcrowding at the Edmonton church. Several mission churches were established as the population in the suburbs increased, many of which became separate parish churches, including Saint Mary's in 1883, Saint Peter's in 1898, Saint Michael's in 1901, Saint Aldhelm's in 1903, Saint Stephen's in 1907, Saint Martin's in 1911, and Saint Alphege's in 1954. The church building incorporates stonework from the 12th century, although most of the building dates to the 15th and early 16th centuries. The churchyard contains the tombs of writer Charles Lamb (d. 1834) and his sister Mary.

In 1615 Sir John Weld of Southgate erected a small chapel on his own land for the use of his family and local people. It was consecrated in 1615 on condition that all users took Easter communion at All Saints church and that the vicar of Edmonton should consent to baptisms and marriages there. The chapel was assigned a district chapelry in Southgate in 1851. The chapel was demolished in 1862 and replaced in 1863 by Christ Church, Southgate.

The church of Saint Paul, Winchmore Hill, was built in 1828 as a chapel of ease to All Saints, Edmonton. The bishop of London authorized marriages to be performed there in 1838 but the chapter of Saint Paul's Cathedral would not allow it to become a parish. In 1851, however, Winchmore Hill became a district chapelry.

From: 'Edmonton: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 181-187. Available online.

The church of Holy Trinity, Winchmore Hill, began as a mission church founded by Saint Paul's Church, Winchmore Hill, in 1903. Holy Trinity became a district chapelry in the patronage of the vicar of St. Paul's in 1913. A permanent church building was constructed in 1907.

From: 'Edmonton: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 181-187. Available online.

The Welcome Charitable Institute was founded in 1882 to provide assistance to women and girls working in factories in the City. From 1967 to 1982 it was known as the Welcome Fellowship. It was dissolved in 1982. From 1882 to 1940 the Institute had premises in Jewin Street; after the destruction of these premises by enemy action in 1940, it worked from a number of addresses in the northern part of the City. The Institute maintained a holiday home at Littlehampton, Sussex, from 1911 to 1962.

Tothill Fields was the name given to an open area between Westminster Abbey and Millbank. Tournaments were held there by kings living in the Palace of Westminster. Later the fields were used for cattle, growing food, horse racing, military parades, and bear baiting. A fair was held there every year. Duels were often fought here, and public punishments and executions held. The area was also used for burial pits during the plague. The fields were not developed until the 1830s.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

Barnard's Inn was one of the Inns of Chancery, possibly originally established to train medieval Chancery Clerks. By the 15th century the Inns were taken over by students, solicitors and attorneys, functioning as preparatory schools for those wishing to be called to the Bar. Barnard's Inn was established in 1435. The Inn became defunct and the premises sold in 1892.

The extra-parochial place of Barnard's Inn was co-terminous with the Inn of Chancery of the same name (on the south side of Holborn in Farringdon Without Ward). It was constituted a civil parish in 1858.

Early Commissioners of Sewers were solely concerned with land drainage and the prevention of flooding, not with the removal of sewage in the modern sense. In 1531 an Act of Sewers was passed which set out in great detail the duties and powers of Commissioners and governed their work until the 19th century. Gradually a permanent pattern emerged in the London area of seven commissions, five north and two south of the Thames, with, after the Great Fire, a separate commission for the City of London. The London commissioners had more extensive powers than those in other parts of the country; they had control over all watercourses and ditches within two miles of the City of London as well as newly constructed drains and sewers. After 1800 the London commissioners also obtained powers to control the formation of new sewers and house drains.

Letters Patent for the Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers were issued in 1554. Its minutes begin in 1570 and it was the earliest of the London Commissions to be established on an organised basis. The area of its jurisdiction ran from East Molesey in Surrey to the River Ravensbourne, and included Lambeth, Southwark, Bermondsey, Newington, Deptford, Rotherhithe, Clapham, Battersea, Camberwell, Vauxhall, Wandsworth, Putney, Barnes, Kew, Lewisham, Walworth, Kennington, Nine Elms, Peckham and New Cross. The area of jurisdiction remained the same throughout the three centuries during which it functioned. It is worth pointing out that the areas listed above are no longer in Surrey and Kent but are part of Greater London.

Serjeants' Inn was an extra-parochial place, constituted a civil parish in 1858. The civil parish was co-terminous with the inn of the same name in the City of London, south of Fleet Street. There was a separate and unrelated Serjeants Inn in Chancery Lane, which was not extra-parochial.

The Rolls Liberty constituted the Middlesex part of the parish of Saint Dunstan in the West (P69/DUN2), situated around Chancery Lane. A chapel is first recorded here in 1232, known as the Rolls Chapel from 1377. It was constituted as a separate ecclesiastical parish, known as Saint Thomas in the Liberty of the Rolls, in 1842; and as a civil parish, in 1866. The chapel became part of the Public Record Office building, now the library of King's College London. The chapel survives and includes some monuments.

Saint Martin's le Grand was a monastery and college, founded in 1068. The monks were granted the right to hold their own court by Henry II. The monastery was supressed in 1540. Nothing remains of the building.

Saint Saviour's Poor Law Union was formed in February, 1836. Its constituent parishes were Saint Saviour's and Christchurch, both in Southwark. Saint Saviour's Workhouse was situated on Marlborough Street.

The School Board for London was set up under the Public Elementary Education Act of 1870 for the whole of the 'metropolis', the latter being defined as the area coming within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works. The School Board was closed in 1903 and its powers passed to the London County Council.

The Church of the Holy Trinity in Siena served the local English speaking Protestant community. It was founded in the 1850s and closed in 1965 when the building was sold.

In 1556 the manor was held by Thomas Hyde. The court leet, which was held on Thursday in Whitsun week, belonged to the honour of Berkhampstead, and had jurisdiction over the tithings of Long Marston, Betlow, Dunsley Grove cum Pendley, Wigginton, Northcote cum Lyghe, Drayton Beauchamp, Gubblecote cum Cheddingdon, and Aldbury cum Helpusthorp. Each tithing had its own constable.

From: 'Parishes: Aldbury', A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2 (1908), pp. 143-148.

The manor of Lambeth was held by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The manor house is known as Lambeth Palace.

The manor of Sticklepath was in the parish of Sampford Courtenay, Devon.

In the Domesday book the manor of Stepney is described as part of the demense lands of the Bishop of London. In 1550 Bishop Ridley gave the manor to King Edward VI, who granted it to Lord Wentworth, and it subsequently passed to the Earls of Cleveland. The manor then passed to the Colebrooke family.

The manor of Worcesters was established in 1298 from land granted to the son of the Lord of Enfield. In 1550 it was granted to Princess Elizabeth, who, as Queen, granted it to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury.

The Deputies were the elected representatives of every congregation of the Presbyterian, Independent and Baptist denominations of Protestant Dissenters, within a ten mile radius of London. They evolved as a formal body to press for the repeal of the Test and Corporations Acts and "to take care of the civil affairs of Dissenters".

The Deputies appear to have originated at a general meeting of Protestant Dissenters held on 9 November 1732 at which a committee was appointed to consider an appeal to Parliament for the repeal of the Test and Corporations Acts. A meeting on 29 November 1732 recommended that every congregation of the three denominations appoint two deputies to form an assembly, and in January 1736 it was proposed that the deputies should be elected annually. This resolution became fully effective in January 1737, when 21 of these elected representatives were chosen to form a committee to deal with the main business of the year.

German Lutherans worshipped in the City of London at the Church in Austin Friars 'of the Germans and other Strangers' from 1550, and in 1672 they obtained from Charles II letters patent enabling them to build their own church, with the power to appoint ministers and hold services according to their own customs, on the site of the Holy Trinity Church (destroyed during the Great Fire), Trinity Lane. The inaugural service was held in December 1673, although baptisms were registered from 1669, and a church, rebuilt and extended in 1773, remained there until 1871. In that year it was bought and demolished by the Metropolitan Railway Company who were then building Mansion House station close by. The congregation then built a new church on a site in Alma (later Ritson) Road, Dalston, installing fittings such as the altar-piece and organ taken from the old church.

The church was founded in 1648 by Rev George Cokayn. On his ejection from St Pancras Soper Lane in 1660, he moved with a number of the congregation to Redcross Street and again in 1692 to Hare Court. In 1857 the church merged with the St Paul's Congregational Church, Canonbury. It is now Harecourt United Reformed Church.

A Congregational church was founded in Nightingale Lane in about September 1662, under the ministry of the 'Rev Mr Slaughter'. It continued on the same site until at least the late 18th century.

The Order of Friars Minor was founded by Saint Francis in 1209 and is usually known as the Franciscan Order. The Order first came to England in 1224 and were known as the 'greyfriars'.

Syon Abbey was founded in 1415 by Henry V. It was a Brigittine monastery (the Order of the Most Holy Saviour was founded in 1370 by St Birgitta of Sweden and is usually known as the Brigittine order). The first site was in Twickenham but it moved to Isleworth in 1431. Henry VIII took over the monastery in 1534 and since 1594 it has been the site of Syon House, home of the Percys, Dukes of Northumberland.

The City and Guilds of London Institute was constituted in 1878 following negotiations between representatives of the City Corporation and of several of the livery companies of London who were called together by the Lord Mayor of London from as early as 1872 (for minutes of these meetings see Ms 22000) to consider the promotion and improvement of technical education both in London and nationally. However, although certain individual livery companies took unilateral action to promote specific technological projects, it was not until 1877 that a provisional general committee of livery company members was appointed, together with an executive committee, to prepare a scheme for a national system of technical education with the advice of men eminent in the fields of education and industry.

In 1878, the executive committee recommended the establishment of a central institution for advanced instruction and research in science and technology, the development of local trade schools, the provision of examinations in technical subjects to encourage the spread of technical instruction throughout the country and the grant of financial aid to existing institutions holding classes in relevant subjects.

These recommendations were implemented as follows:

1) TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS: The examinations in technical subjects previously organised by the Society of Arts since 1873 were taken over and extended by the Institute under the aegis of the Examinations Department, renamed the Department of Technology in 1902.

2) FINSBURY TECHNICAL COLLEGE: In 1879 the Institute established evening classes in applied chemistry and physics in rooms rented from the Middle Class School in Cowper Street, Finsbury (also known as the Cowper Street schools). The success of these classes necessitated the erection of a new building, which was formally opened in 1883 as Finsbury Technical College. It acted as a prototype for technical institutes throughout the country, providing day and evening classes in technical subjects until its closure in 1926. From 1921 to 1926 it was managed by a delegacy appointed by the Institute.

3) SOUTH LONDON TECHNICAL ART SCHOOL: South London Technical Art School began as an extension of Lambeth Art School in Kennington Park Road, which had been founded in 1854. In 1878, the Institute leased nos. 122 and 124 Kennington Park Road, to which it added additional studios, and established classes in applied art. The art school was renamed the Kennington and Lambeth Art School in 1933 and the City and Guilds Art School in 1937. Additional premises were purchased at 118 and 120 Kennington Park Road in 1933. Administrative and financial control of the Art School was transferred to a charitable trust company, the City and Guilds of London Art School Ltd, in 1971.

4) THE CENTRAL INSTITUTION: The Central Institution was formally opened in 1884 in Exhibition Road, South Kensington, on land leased from the Commissioners of the exhibition of 1851, following considerable dispute concerning its possible location. It was renamed the Central Technical College in 1893 and the City and Guilds College in 1911. In 1907 a government departmental committee appointed by the Board of Education proposed the establishment at South Kensington of an institution or group of associated colleges of science and technology for the provision of highly specialised instruction, incorporating the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines and the Institute's Central Technical College. The charter of incorporation of this new institution, named the Imperial College of Science and Technology, was granted in 1907. Provision was made for five representatives of the Institute to serve on the governing body of Imperial College, which was admitted as a school of the University of London in 1908. In 1911, a delegacy was appointed by the Institute to manage the City and Guilds College. Although incorporated under the name of City and Guilds College, the College was known as the City and Guilds (Engineering) College from 1911 until 1935 to emphasise its status as an engineering college.

5) LEATHER TRADES SCHOOL: In 1889 the Institute took over the running of the Leather Trades School, Bethnal Green and provided financial support for the school in conjunction with the Leathersellers' and Cordwainers' Companies and the Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association. In 1909 the Leathersellers' Company withdrew its support and, after lengthy negotiations, the Cordwainers' Company assumed sole responsibility for the School which was renamed the Cordwainers' Technical College in 1913.

6) GRANTS: Financial aid was granted by the Institute to other institutions holding classes in technical subjects, for example the British Horological Institute, Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women.

7) HEAD OFFICE: The Head Office of the Institute was situated at Gresham College until 1958, when it moved to 76 Portland Place. Since 1996 it has been based at 1 Giltspur Street.

The school was established in 1806 by Rev. Richard Povah in St James Duke's Place, for the education, clothing and instruction in trades of both boys and girls. From at least 1817 the school was based at 5 Mitre Square, Aldgate, although until 1818 it was known as the St. James Duke's Place School of Instruction and Industry. The school was funded by voluntary susbscription, although the premises at Mitre Street were leased from the Corporation of London, who maintained the property. The school was wound up in 1845/6.

The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council. Coleman Street Ward adjoins Broad Street Ward on the east and south, Bassishaw Ward on the west and Cheap Ward on the south.

The school was established by subscription in 1718 for boys and girls, and used premises in Little Swan Alley and Copthall Avenue in the parish of St Stephen Coleman Street. In 1786 a school-house for girls was built by subscription in Crosskey Court, London Wall, on ground belonging to the parish of St Stephen Coleman Street. The schools for boys and girls were both subsequently administered by the National Society.

Sir John Cass was born in Rosemary Lane, in the parish of St Botolph Aldgate, on 20 February 1660/1, son of Thomas and Martha Cass. Thomas Cass was a master carpenter at the Tower of London, but in 1665 the Cass family moved to Grove Street in Hackney and where Thomas acquired considerable land. John Cass was involved in Hackney affairs, becoming a select vestryman in 1699, but became wealthy as a City of London merchant. He was a colonel in the Orange Regiment of the City militia by 1707 and was elected as an MP for the City in 1710 and served until 1715. He was knighted in 1712. Cass was elected as Alderman for the Portsoken Ward three times in 1710, but was rejected by the Court of Aldermen for his Jacobite tendencies until 1711. He remained Alderman until his death in 1718 and served as Sheriff in 1711-12. His father had been master of the Carpenter's Company and he used the Company to enter City politics; he bought his way to the mastership in 1711 by paying 11 years quarterage and fines for the three subordinate offices he had not filled. In 1713 he transferred to the Skinners' Company (one of the great twelve which perhaps suggests Mayoral ambitions) and was master of that company in 1714. He was married to Elizabeth (perhaps nee Franklin), but they had no children. In 1709 he made a will which mentioned his intention to build a school for the poor children of the ward. This school was built in a room over the passage between the porch and south gate of St Botolph Aldgate and opened in 1710.

When John Cass made his first will in 1709 he endowed his intended school with his property in Althorne and West Tilbury, Essex and Bromley by Bow and Hackney, Middlesex. Thereafter he bought land in Poplar Marsh and Stepney, Middlesex, but he died in 1718 while signing his second will which added this land to the endowment. The land in Poplar and Stepney went to his heirs-at-law, but his widow Elizabeth maintained the school until her death in 1732. Thereafter Valentine Brewis, deputy of Portsoken Ward, had Cass's second will proved and kept the school until he died in 1738. The vestry of St Botolph Aldgate started a suit in Chancery in 1742, but it was only in 1748 that a Chancery scheme emerged for the charity and 21 trustees were appointed. The school was then re-established, in rooms above Aldgate. The charity's income derived largely from the rents of the lands left by Sir John Cass. In 1847 its annual income was £2,300; in 1868 £5,300. The largest property holding was in South Hackney where in 1817 it was estimated to be c 87 acres around Grove Street, Well Street and Well Street Common. Another 13 acres at the south end of Grove Street lay in Bethnal Green and the trustees held c 50 acres in Hackney Marsh.

The income from estates increased in the later 19th century, particularly from the Hackney estate which was let on short building leases from 1846. The rising income led to pressure for reform of the charity, both from Hackney residents who wanted to establish another Cass school there, and from the Charity Commissioners. The trustees disliked the Commissioners' proposals and successfully resisted them until 1894 when a Charity Commission Scheme (approved in 1895) provided for the establishment of a Technical Institute. The Sir John Cass Technical Institute was built in Jewry Street and opened in 1902. The Charity Commissioners' scheme also reorganised the charity into a Foundation with governors replacing the trustees previously appointed for life. The scheme also led to the establishment of a Sir John Cass Hackney Technical Institute, at Cassland House, with three of the Foundation's governors on the Board. This institute was taken over by the London County Council in 1909. Various ward schools and St Botolph Aldgate Parochial School amalgamated with the Cass School at the beginning of the 20th century. The records of these schools prior to amalgamation were deposited with the Sir John Cass's Foundation archive.

The Charity Commissioners' Scheme of 1895 provided for a technical institute for the east of the City, to be managed by a committee of the Board of Governors of the Sir John Cass's Foundation and to be funded by the Foundation. Classes began in January 1902 and the Institute Building in Jewry Street (shared with the Cass School till 1908) was formally opened in June of that year. The building was extended in 1934.

Both day and evening classes were offered at the Institute; both full-time and part-time students could also become members of the Institute. Fees were reduced for ex-pupils of the Cass School. The Institute's name was changed in 1950 to Sir John Cass College, then in 1971 the College amalgamated with the City of London College and King Edward VII Nautical Institute to become the City of London Polytechnic and in 1990 the Polytechnic, with the London College of Furniture, became London Guildhall University. In 2002 this became London Metropolitan University.

The school was established in 1713 by voluntary subscription and minutes of trustees and subscribers survive from that date (Ms 31167). The school was held in Leg and Ball Alley, London Wall and was amalgamated with the Cass School in 1907.

The Red Coat School, Stepney, has had various names including Stepney Parish Day Schools, Stepney Church School and the Charity School in the Hamlet of Mile End Old Town. It was established in 1714 by voluntary subscription for the clothing and education of a limited number of boys born within Mile End Old Town. The school-house was built on Stepney Green (though the boys were separately housed in Mile End Road for some time). In 1944 the school merged with the secondary department of the Cass School to become the Sir John Cass's Foundation and Red Coat School in Stepney Way.