The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. The Publications Department produced materials for these projects in physical science, physics, chemistry and biology at different levels.
The Secondary Science Section of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project was concerned with the preparation of material for pupils in secondary schools aged between 13 and 16 who were unlikely to be entered for O-level papers in science. The work was based on the ideas of the Schools Council Working Paper Number I. The scheme was built around eight major themes: the interdependence of living things; the continuity of life; the biology of man; harnessing energy; extension of sense perception; movement; using materials; and the earth and its place in the universe. Each theme consisted of several 'fields' of study, and teachers were encouraged to choose their own 'routes' to determine the emphasis and timetabling of each theme. In the spring term of 1966 a small-scale feasibility trial was conducted in 15 schools, with emphasis on the suitability of pupils' material. Full-scale development trials started in 53 schools in September 1967. The organiser of the Secondary Science course was Hilda Misselbrook, assisted by Mr L G Smith as consultant and two observers, Dr J K Brierley and Mr T R Jenkyn (both Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools).
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. The renamed Chelsea College was formally incorporated into the University of London in 1971. Chelsea merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985. The Registry was responsible for the organisation and audit of academic and educational provision throughout the College, most notably in overseeing examinations and academic assessment, and by way of organising ceremonies and graduations.
In 1969 a proposal for the development of an integrated science scheme for 13 to 16 year old pupils was accepted by the Schools Council and a development grant allocated. The impetus for this Project had been provided by the Nuffield Combined Science Scheme, designed for 11-13 year old pupils. Dr William C Hall and Brian Mowl were appointed to organise and direct the Project, which was based at the Centre for Science Education, Chelsea College. The Project 'brief' was to produce an integrated science course suitable for the top twenty percent of the ability range, leading to a special GCE O-level examination with double certification. The course required about one fifth of the school timetable for a period of three years. The stated overall aims of the SCISP scheme were: to help the pupils develop intellectual skills which would be particularly useful if their careers were science based; to give priority to developing those skills over the teaching of facts; to develop and change pupil attitudes to science, society and their own education; and to encourage pupils to make critical and sceptical analyses of their own work and that of scientists and technologists. Trials of the SCISP scheme began in September 1970 in 21 schools in the London, Birmingham and Northern Ireland regions, the Phase 1 trials schools. On successful application by SCISP for an increase in its grant, 10 more schools were able to join the project from September 1971, the Phase 2 trials schools. During Phases 1 and 2 schools tested trials versions of the SCISP course materials and pupils took examinations for the qualification. In September 1973 the trials period ended and Phase 3, the 'dissemination' phase, began. From that date the final version of the SCISP course was taught in hundreds of schools. For co-ordination of Phase 3, England, Wales and Northern Ireland were divided into 15 areas. A co-ordinator was appointed for each area to organize SCISP schools and liaise with the national project co-ordinator. The SCISP team was aided in administration, management, planning and development of the Project by a consultative committee, consisting mainly of persons involved in science education in universities, colleges, schools, the Department of Education and Science, industry and the Schools Council. The SCISP GCE O-level was administered by the Associated Examining Board for all boards. Successful candidates received two O-level grades, Integrated Science A, which focused on pattern finding, and Integrated Science B, which focused on problem-solving. The double certificates were to stand in lieu of the normal separate science grades. The examination included a teacher-assessed element which was regularly discussed and standardized, and a paper was prepared giving SCISP criteria for the teacher assessment of pupil attitudes and value judgements. The SCISP course was called Patterns. An inventory of 86 patterns and concepts in science (contained in the Teacher's Handbook) formed the basis of the course - the nearest equivalent to a syllabus. The course texts represented one way of teaching those patterns and concepts, and were based on three large-scale organizing patterns used by scientists: buildings blocks, energy, and interactions. Background books were also prepared to provide further, optional, reading to parts of the Patterns texts. 'Trials' versions of the Patterns manuals (for pupils, teachers and technicians) and background books were produced and tested by Phase 1 and 2 trials schools. These schools forwarded comments and criticisms on the texts to the SCISP team. The final revised versions of the Patterns manuals and background books were published in 1973 and 1974, and were used after the trials stage had ended. In the late 1970s work began on the preparation of a new set of SCISP books, Exploring Science. This series was aimed at pupils in the average to lower range of ability. In 1974 and 1975 a Project survey revealed that over three quarters of the participating schools had developed a CSE Mode 3 examination based on the philosophy and structure of SCISP. Further research by SCISP into the extent of, and reasons for, these developments led to the setting up of the SCISP 16+ Working Party in 1977. During the late 1970s and early 1980s the Working Party devised a Mode 3 CSE examination model based on the SCISP O-level, and incorporating a revised Patterns inventory. A report outlining their ideas for an examination model was published in 1979.
Classes in Physics and Electrical Engineering were made available at the South-Western Polytechnic from 1895. The two disciplines were separated in 1906 and in 1918 the Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering were transferred to Battersea Polytechnic. An Engineering Science course in Electronics was reintroduced in 1967 at the successor to the South-Western/Chelsea Polytechnic, Chelsea College of Science and Technology. This Department of Electronics then merged with King's College London Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering in 1985. It is now known as the Department of Electronic Engineering, and is part of the Division of Engineering within the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering at King's College London.
A social studies course was first introduced in 1941 at the then Chelsea Polytechnic to help train Red Cross and civil defence workers for social work after the war. This led to the creation in 1970 of the Department of Sociology and Psychology that aimed to cover work in social and behavioural sciences, including a postgraduate course in Social Work Studies and a two-year MSc course, which also led to the Certificate of Qualification in Social Work. The Department Sociology and Psychology was closed at the end of 1983.
The collection was established in 1985 by Liz Ward, Librarian at Chelsea College, the result of increasing demand by students for documentation recognising the contribution to British art by artists of African-Caribbean, Asian and African descent. It has grown naturally as a part of the library's collection.
Born in Tokyo in 1967, Mariko Mori graduated from Chelsea College of Art, London in 1992, before moving to New York to participate in the Whitney Independent Study Program. Her multimedia art comprises photographs, videos and video installations. She has had solo shows at Art and Public (Geneva, 1993), Shiseido Gallery (Tokyo, 1995), American Fine Arts (New York, 1995), the Centre National d'Art Contemporain (Grenoble, 1996) and the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg, 1999).
Chelsea College of Art & Design has its origins in the South-Western Polytechnic, which was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea in 1895 to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women were held in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. Art was taught from the beginning of the Polytechnic, and included design, weaving, embroidery and electrodeposition. Instruction in design especially adapted to various industries was an early feature of teaching in art at Chelsea. The South-Western Polytechnic became Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London.
At the beginning of the 1930s the interests of the school of art began to widen, including courses in craft training. Teaching began to cover commercial design, with courses including package design, block-printed fabrics, knotted rugs, painted furniture and typographical lay-out introduced between 1931 and 1938. Fine art courses appeared, with a sculpture department founded under the Principal, H S Williamson. Notable teachers in the School of Art have included Henry Moore, Graham Sutherland, Lawrence Gowing, Norbert Lynton and Patrick Caulfield. On 1 January 1957 the college was designated a College of Advanced Technology, and became known as Chelsea College of Science and Technology. The School of Art was separated and became independent. In 1964 the School of Art merged with the Regent Street Polytechnic School of Art to create a new Chelsea School of Art in purpose built premises at Manresa Road, directly managed by London County Council. Courses were reorganised leading to the new Diploma in Art and Design in Painting and in Graphic Design and Sculpture. Under the first head of the new institution, Lawrence Gowing, an option programme was introduced encompassing workshops on experimental music, poetry, artists' books, psychoanalysis, philosophy and anthropology. A basic design course pioneered by Victor Pasmore and Richard Hamilton developed to become the basis of the College's foundation course. An MA in Fine Art was introduced in 1974.
Hammersmith College of Art and Building was founded in 1891 by Francis Hawke, with the establishment of a few evening classes to prepare students for science and art certificates. In 1904 the school was taken over by London County Council and a new building erected at Lime Grove, which opened with an extended curriculum in 1908. A trade school for girls was erected on the same site in 1914. From the outset the College had a tradition of training and education in art closely associated with the building professions and craft. A new building was opened in 1930. Hammersmith College merged with Chelsea College of Art in 1975.
In January 1986 Chelsea School of Art became a constituent college of the London Institute, formed by the Inner London Education Authority associating its art schools and specialist colleges of printing, fashion and distributive trades into a collegiate structure. In 1989 the School was renamed Chelsea College of Art & Design. New courses since 1989 include a BA in design, an MA in History and Theory of Modern Art, and an MA in the Theory and Practice of Public Art and Design for the Environment.
A Department of History and Philosophy of Science was established at University College London when the study of the history of science became popular during the 1950s. The first students were admitted to Chelsea College of Science and Technology in 1964 and a Department was created in 1966. It was transferred to King's College London when Chelsea and King's merged in 1985 and in 1993 became part of the Department of Philosophy in the School of Humanities.
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. The renamed Chelsea College was formally incorporated into the University of London in 1971. Chelsea merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985.
A Liberal Studies Department was first introduced at Chelsea College of Science and Technology in 1958 in order to fulfil a requirement for more broadly based technical qualifications by providing courses in film, music, architectural appreciation, literature, history of science, modern languages and sociology that were open to all students of the College. Liberal Studies changed its name to the Department of Humanities in 1967 and introduced a postgraduate Diploma in Modern Cultural Studies. It also organised extra-curricular activities such as music recitals, drama productions and poetry readings. Its functions were taken over by the Faculty of Arts at King's College when Chelsea and King's merged in 1985.
Chelsea College became a School of the University of London in 1966. Originally founded in 1891 as the South-Western Polytechnic, later Chelsea Polytechnic (1922), the college became a designated college of advanced technology (as Chelsea College of Science and Technology) in 1957. In 1966 the college became a School of the University of London, and in 1971 the renamed Chelsea College was formally incorporated into the University of London. Following the merger in 1985 with King's College London and Queen Elizabeth College, the personnel functions of all three colleges were integrated in a single department which took responsibility for the staff and reported to the College Secretary.
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and provided teaching to a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. The renamed Chelsea College was formally incorporated into the University of London in 1971. Chelsea merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985. The Registry was responsible for the organisation and audit of academic and educational provision throughout the College, most notably in overseeing examinations and academic assessment, and by way of organising ceremonies and graduations.
Chelsea Hospital for Women was founded in 1871 for the treatment 'of diseases peculiar to women'. The Hospital was initially situated at 178 King's Road, Chelsea, where it had eight beds for inpatients. Two of its founders, Dr Thomas Chambers and Dr James Aveling, became the first physicians to the hospital. Initially the main object of the charity was to provide treatment for ladies of limited means, whose 'social positions and refined sympathies' precluded them from entering the general hospitals. Although they could not afford expensive and prolonged medical treatment at home, they were expected to pay a minimum fee of a guinea a week towards the expenses of the Chelsea Hospital for Women. Poor, respectable women were admitted free of charge if they could obtain a subscriber's letter. The Duchess of Albany opened a new and larger hospital containing 63 beds, situated in Fulham Road, in 1883. This was followed in 1890-1891 by the building of a convalescent home at St Leonard's-on-Sea.
The development of the hospital was interrupted in 1894 and 1895 by a series of disputes between the Board of Management, members of the medical staff, and the medical press. A Committee of Enquiry chaired by Lord Balfour investigated allegations that hospital staff had carried out unnecessary and dangerous operations upon poor patients. In consequence ten of the medical staff resigned. Some, but not all, of the medical officers were reappointed by the governors. This led to a campaign in the medical press culminating in fresh elections of the medical staff in January 1895. The new surgeon to inpatients, Mr O'Callaghan, quickly proved to be so difficult to work with that the governors with the backing of the rest of the medical staff relieved him of his duties.
In 1911 Earl Cadogan gave a site in Arthur Street, Chelsea for a new and larger hospital. This opened on 11 July 1916 with 95 beds. The nurses' home was completed in 1924. The following year 'Pay Wards' were introduced. Eighteen beds were set aside as a 'Paying Floor' for patients able to pay £5.5s a week as well as fees to their medical officers. The east block wards were enlarged in 1933. This was followed in 1938-1939 by further extensions to the hospital and nurses' home that increased the accommodation to 126 beds, including a wing of six single rooms. At the same time a new heating system was installed. In 1939 Arthur Street was renamed Dovehouse Street.
In 1940 the hospital was designated Class 1A in the Emergency Hospital Service Scheme whereby 60 beds were placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Health for civilian casualties. In September 1940 the danger from air raids caused the evacuation of the top floor of the hospital thereby further reducing the number of beds. In 1939 some patients from Chelsea Hospital for Women were transferred to the convalescent home at St Leonard's but in 1940 this had to be closed because of the threat of invasion. Between 1940 and 1945 some patients from Chelsea Hospital for Women were treated at South Middlesex Hospital, Isleworth.
Despite suffering damage in an air raid in April 1941, Chelsea Hospital came through the War relatively unscathed. In 1948 it became part of the National Health Service and was designated a teaching hospital. It shared a Board of Governors with Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, Hammersmith. In 1988 the former Chelsea Hospital for Women in Dovehouse Street ceased to be used for hospital purposes. All functions were transferred to the Queen Charlotte's site in Goldhawk Road.
Chelsea Hospital for Women was founded in 1871 for the treatment 'of diseases peculiar to women'. The Hospital was initially situated at 178 King's Road, Chelsea, where it had eight beds for inpatients. Two of its founders, Dr Thomas Chambers and Dr James Aveling, became the first physicians to the hospital. The Duchess of Albany opened a new and larger hospital containing 63 beds, situated in Fulham Road, in 1883. This was followed in 1890-1891 by the building of a convalescent home at St Leonard's-on-Sea. In 1911 Earl Cadogan gave a site in Arthur Street, Chelsea for a new and larger hospital. This opened on 11 July 1916 with 95 beds. The nurses' home was completed in 1924. Despite suffering damage in an air raid in April 1941, Chelsea Hospital came through the War relatively unscathed. In 1948 it became part of the National Health Service and was designated a teaching hospital. It shared a Board of Governors with Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, Hammersmith. In 1988 the former Chelsea Hospital for Women in Dovehouse Street ceased to be used for hospital purposes. All functions were transferred to the Queen Charlotte's site in Goldhawk Road.
In 1739 Sir Richard Manningham, the leading man-midwife of his day, established some lying-in wards in a house adjoining his residence in Jermyn Street. This was the first general lying-in hospital in Britain. In 1752 the hospital moved to Saint Marylebone became known as the General Lying-In Hospital and was established as a teaching hospital. In 1929 an isolation hospital for women suffering from puerperal fever was established on Goldhawk Road, Hammersmith. It was intended that this become part of an enlarged hospital with the Queen's Lying-In Hospital, called Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital. The main hospital building were constructed between 1937 and 1939 and in 1940 the Queen's Lying-In Hospital moved in from Marylebone. After the end of the Second World War Queen Charlotte's started negotiations with the Chelsea Hospital for Women with the object of forming a combined school for teaching obstetrics and gynaecology to postgraduate students. This co-operation was recognised under the newly formed National Health Service through the creation of Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital Management Committee. The hospitals were also in the separate Regional Hospital Board for London Teaching hospitals.
With NHS reorganisation in 1974 Queen Charlotte's became part of the Postgraduate Teaching Regional Health Authority, further recognition of the teaching work done by the hospital. It was in a District Health Authority of its own. In 1982 further reorganisation linked Queen Charlotte's and Hammersmith Hospital's under one Regional Health Authority. This followed the plans, in 1976, to move Queen Charlotte's to the Hammersmith Hospital site on Du Cane Road. In 1988 the long connections between the Chelsea Hospital for Women and Queen Charlotte's were consolidated through the merger of the two hospitals. Since 1994 Queen Charlotte's and the Hammersmith Hospital have formed the Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust. Queen Charlotte's Hospital relocated to the Hammersmith Hospital site at the end of 2000.
Chelsea Hospital for Women was founded in 178 King's Road, 1871; moved to Fulham Road, 1883; moved to Dovehouse Street, 1916; in co-operation with Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital formed a combined postgraduate teaching school, 1946, this subsequently became the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Chelsea Hospital for Women was closed in 1988.
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. Chelsea was formally incorporated into the University of London in 1971 and merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985.
Pharmacy classes were introduced around 1896 in the Chemistry section of the Technical Department at the South Western Polytechnic. Instruction for examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain commenced in 1922 when the Chelsea School of Pharmacy was opened in the re-named Chelsea Polytechnic. Courses suitable for the Assistants' Examination of the Society of Apothecaries were also introduced. Chelsea became the first institution to offer a University of London recognised degree in Pharmacy from 1926. The rapid expansion of teaching occasioned the opening of a separate Department of Pharmacy in 1933. When Chelsea and King's merged in 1985, the department became part of the Faculty of Life Sciences. From 1991 this was part of the Health Science division of the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences, and from 1998 part of the School of Life Sciences.
Materia medica and therapeutics were subjects taught from the inception of King's College. A Department of Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics was created in 1901, superseded by the Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry and Pharmacology in 1954. Pharmacology emerged as an independent department at King's College in 1965. Practical pharmacy classes were held in the Medical Department of King's from around 1871, and from around 1896 in the Chemistry section of the Technical Department at the South-Western Polytechnic (later Chelsea College which merged with King's in 1985), and instruction for the examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain commenced in 1922 when the Chelsea School of Pharmacy was opened. Chelsea became the first institution recognised by the University of London to offer a degree in Pharmacy with the first graduate in 1926. The rapid expansion of teaching in pharmacy at Chelsea occasioned the opening of a pharmacognosy laboratory in 1927 and the creation of a separate Department of Pharmacy in 1933. Distinct departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Pharmacy, had emerged by 1957. Post-merger, the Departments of Pharmacology and of Pharmacy were part of the Faculty of Life Sciences, and the Biomedical Sciences and Health Sciences Divisions of the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences from 1991. The Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics has been part of the School of Biomedical Sciences, and Pharmacy part of the School of Life Sciences, since 1998.
The South-Western Polytechnic was opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895, to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women comprised study in domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art and music. It changed its name to Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students of the University of London, and this relationship was later formally recognised when the Polytechnic, now reconstituted as Chelsea College of Science and Technology, was admitted as a School of the University in 1966. The renamed Chelsea College was formally incorporated into the University of London in 1971. Chelsea merged with King's and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985. The Registry was responsible for the organisation and audit of academic and educational provision throughout the College, most notably in overseeing examinations and academic assessment, and by way of organising ceremonies and graduations.
The Department of Chemistry traces its origin back to the opening of the South-Western Polytechnic in 1895. Chemistry was initially taught in day classes within the School of Science for Boys and Girls, the Technical Day College for Men and in evening classes. Known as the Chemical Department, it included a metallurgical and pharmaceutical section. In 1927 the Chemical Department was re-named the Department of Chemistry within what was then Chelsea Polytechnic. The work of the department was very diversified and in 1933 the School of Pharmacy became a separate department and in 1939 Metallurgy was transferred to Battersea Polytechnic. Work was seriously disrupted during World War Two and, as in World War One, some of the laboratories were given over for emergency use. In subsequent years, the numbers of full-time students increased rapidly as grant-holding servicemen enrolled and the numbers of full-time research workers also increased. The Polytechnic was designated a College of Advanced Technology in 1957. Changes were made to the constitution of the Board of Governors to provide greater representation to industrial and professional activities. Work below the standard of University degrees including Intermediate teaching was discontinued and the College was renamed Chelsea College of Science and Technology. The Department of Chemistry introduced a sandwich course leading to graduate membership of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, which was discontinued in 1961. In 1966 the College was admitted as a School of the University of London and was renamed Chelsea College. It merged with King's College London and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985 to create King's College London (KQC).
Classes in Physics and Electrical Engineering were made available at the South-Western Polytechnic from 1895. The two disciplines were separated in 1906 and in 1918 the Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering were transferred to Battersea Polytechnic. An Engineering Science course in Electronics was reintroduced in 1967 at the successor to the South-Western/Chelsea Polytechnic, Chelsea College of Science and Technology. This Department of Electronics then merged with King's College London Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering in 1985. It is now known as the Department of Electronic Engineering, and is part of the Division of Engineering within the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering at King's College London.
The South-Western Polytechnic (later Chelsea Polytechnic/College) Department of Physics and Mathematics was divided into two separate departments in 1907. Until 1918-1919, much of the work conducted by the department was ancillary to the Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. These departments were then transferred to Battersea Polytechnic. The Department of Mathematics subsequently developed courses for the General and Special degrees of the University of London. During the Second World War, scientific research development stimulated the need for mathematical education, and shortly after the war, advanced courses were introduced at the request of physicists of the EMI Research Laboratories and GEC Research laboratories that developed into lecture courses for the MSc degree of the University of London. Mathematics teaching was transferred to King's College when King's and Chelsea merged in 1985.
The Chelsea Water Works Company was established by letters patent in 1723 "For the better supplying the City and Liberties of Westminster and parts adjacent". Under Royal Warrants of 1725 two ponds in Green Park were converted into reservoirs and a third reservoir was constructed in the Walnut Tree Walk, Hyde Park. The supply to these reservoirs was obtained from a system of small canals extending from the north of Victoria Station to the Thames at Chelsea.
Its expansion was initially assisted by its ability to supply the royal palaces, a responsibility which also forced it in 1742 to introduce an atmospheric pumping engine after severe shortages during the winter of 1739-40, the first economically successful steam pumping engine in London.
In 1809 it obtained powers to take water direct from the Thames (as the other companies already did) but the source was particularly polluted and liable to turbulence. This led the Company's chief engineer, James Simpson, to introduce the slow sand filtration system in 1829, a system still in use in 1974.
The deterioration in the quality of the water supply resulted in the company closing its works and moving from the tideway. In 1856, following the enforcement of the 1852 Metropolis Water Act, a new intake, filter beds and a pumping station were opened at Seething Wells, Surbiton. The filtered water was pumped to service reservoirs on Putney Heath. Water continued to be drawn at Surbiton until 1877 when an intake and four reservoirs were opened at Molesey, the water being pumped from here to Surbiton for filtration.
The Cheslea Water Works Company was the smallest of the Metropolitan water undertakings acquired by the Metropolitan Water Board in 1904, following the Metropolis Water Act of 1902.
Early water supply to the city of London came directly from wells and rivers. However, as early as 1236 the fresh water supply was dwindling as the number of residents in the city increased; and works began to bring in fresh water from outside the city. The water brought in by pipes and conduits was free to all, although trade use was taxed. Warders or Keepers were appointed to manage the conduits; financed by local taxes. On special occasions such as coronations the conduits were made to run with wine.
The era of free water gave way to the era of commercial supply with the foundation of the New River Company (1612) and the London Bridge Waterworks (1581). Chelsea Waterworks Company was founded in 1723, and in 1746 laid the first iron water main (pipes were previously made of wood or lead). The Southwark Water Company was founded in 1760, the Lambeth Water Works Company in 1785, the Vauxhall Water Company in 1805, the West Middlesex Waterworks Company in 1806, the East London Waterworks Company in 1807, the Kent Waterworks Company in 1809 and the Grand Junction Waterworks Company in 1811.
From the 1820's concern was expressed over the quality of the water supply, which was heavily polluted, leading the Chelsea Waterworks Company to introduce sand filtration. Others were slow to follow and London began to suffer the first of many cholera outbreaks. The Poor Law Commissioner's Sanitary Report of 1842 described the woeful sanitary conditions of London's poor, and recommended a constant water supply to every house. In 1849 Doctor John Snow published his pamphlet explaining that cholera was water-borne, and impetus was provided for reform and renewal of London's water supply, especially provision of clean water and a constant supply. However as many Members of Parliament were also shareholders of the water companies, it took a long time for reforming bills to be passed, and those that did get passed were either ignored or did not go far enough in their reforms.
It was not until 1902 that the Metropolis Water Act was passed, leading to the creation of the Metropolitan Water Board. This took over eight private water companies, taking over the New River Company headquarters on Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell. The board was made up of 66 delegated members, 14 from the London County Council, 31 from the Metropolitan Borough Councils and City Corporation, and 21 from the authorities of localities outside the water companies' areas. From 1907 widespread reservoir and waterworks building was carried out.
From 1974 the administration of the Metropolitan Water Board was transferred to the new Thames Water Authority. In 1989 Thames Water became a private company and set up a principal operating subsidiary, Thames Water Utilities Limited, to supply water and sewerage services.
Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, built the first steam locomotive for a railway, in 1804. The Manchester to Liverpool railway of 1830 was the first to convey passengers and goods entirely by mechanical traction. By 1852 nearly all the main lines of the modern railway system in England were authorised or completed.
Chemindex Limited was acquired by Butterworth and Company (Publishers) Limited in the 1950s and continued to publish its titles but under the Butterworth imprint.
This company was registered in 1914 in Chenderiang Valley, Perak, Malaya. In 1952 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) replaced Bright and Galbraith as agents / secretaries. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited ceased to act as agents / secretaries in 1967. In 1973 Chenderiang Tin Dredging Limited changed its name to CTD Resources Group Limited.
Countess Brasova (1888-1952) was born Natalia Sergeevna Cheremtevskaia, the daughter of a Moscow lawyer. Before she was twenty she had married twice, to Sergei Manmontoff, with whom she had a daughter and after their divorce to Liolucha Wulfurt, an army captain. Shortly after her marriage to Wulfurt, Chermemtevskaia met and began an affair with the Colonel in Chief of her husband's regiment, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, the younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1910 their son was born, Cheremtevskaia later obtained a divorce from Wulfurt and in 1911 she married the Grand Duke. As a result of their morganatic marriage the couple were banished from Russia by the Tsar and. spent two years in exile. They lived in England and travelled around Europe before the First World War began and the couple were allowed to return to Russia.
Eventually the Tsar recognised their marriage and gave Cheremtevskaia the title of Countess Brasova. As she was not of royal blood Countess Brasova was not entitled to hold any imperial title. In March 1917 as the Russian Revolution began, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in favour of Grand Duke Michael. The Grand Duke held the throne for only two days before he too abdicated, ending imperial rule in Russia. The Grand Duke and Countess Brasova were imprisoned by the new Bolshevik Government. Countess Brasova was released and left Russia with her children in 1919. Grand Duke Michael disappeared, later it was learnt that he had been executed in June 1918. Countess Brasova settled first in England and later in Paris where she lived in increasing poverty until her death in 1952.
Asen St. Kovachev-Chernomorski is believed to be the author of this essay. In 1943 he was librarian of the University of Sofia Library, Bulgaria. The essay is concerned with the Bulgarian literary figure Chernorizeta Khrabur, in legend a pseudonym for King Simeon.
Born, St Albans, 1914; student with General Electric Company Research Laboratories, 1932-1936; at the same time studied at Northampton Polytechnic, London, BSc, 1936, MSc, 1940; research staff of General Electric Company, 1936-1945; attached to the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern, 1939-1945; Lecturer, Manchester University, 1945; Lecturer, Imperial College, 1947; Reader in Telecommunication, Imperial College; Professor of Telecommunication, Imperial College, 1958; Marconi International Fellowship, 1978; died, 1979.
Publications:On Human Communication (MIT Press, Wiley, 1957); World Communication: Threat or Promise (Wiley, 1971); The Age of Access: Information Technology and Social Revolution (completed by Dr W E Edmondson); numerous scientific papers on theory of electric circuits, telecommunication principles and the psychology of speech and hearing.
William Cheselden was born in Somerby, Leicestershire, in 1688. He probably attended the free grammar school in Leicester. In 1703 Cheselden became apprenticed for 7 years with James Ferne, surgeon in London. He also studied anatomy under William Cowper. He completed his apprenticeship, and passed the final examination of the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1711. He started a successful course of thirty-five lectures on anatomy, comparative anatomy, and animal economy (physiology), combined with indications for surgical operations, publishing the syllabus in 1711. He was appointed assistant surgeon at St Thomas's Hospital in 1718, and was made a principal surgeon within a year, enabling him to develop his own operative techniques, especially for bladder stone extraction. He was also appointed surgeon for the stone at the Westminster Infirmary and St George's Hospital. His methods had a good record of success. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in 1711. His reports in the Transactions of the Royal Society included an examination of a skeleton in a Roman Urn at St Albans in 1712, and the restoration of sight in a thirteen year old boy in 1728. Cheselsden, as well as being known for successful lithotomies, was also well known as an eye surgeon. He was appointed surgeon to Queen Caroline in 1727. He resigned his hospital appointments in 1737, to take up the post of resident surgeon in the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. Cheselden was involved in the negotiations towards the separation of surgeons from barbers. He was admitted to the court of assistants of the Barber-Surgeon's Company in 1739, he became an examiner in surgery and by 1744 was renter warden. In 1745 the Company of Surgeons was established with John Ranby as master and Cheselden as senior warden. He died in 1752.
Tuberculosis/Chest Diseases Care Committees seem to have been formed by a number of organisations in East London, including the Metropolitan Boroughs of Hackney and Bethnal Green, Poplar, Stepney and Shoreditch, c1940s-1980s. A Chest Clinic Care Committee covered the work taking place in a number of boroughs c1970s-1980s. This collection also includes surviving records of Caplin House, an organisation for the treatment of homeless alcoholic TB patients.
Chest Components Limited was registered in 1941 as a private company. It was formed by Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) and other members of the Plywood Chest Association (CLC/B/179) to manufacture fittings for plywood tea chests in Colombo. For historical notes concerning shareholdings in the Company see Ms 37392.
According to the London Post Office Directory of 1930, E G and J W Chester, solicitors, were based at 86 Newington Butts, Newington, SE11. Their names are given as Jn [John] Woodroffe Chester and Jn [John] Granado Chester.
John Chesterman was closely involved in the formation of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) in 1970, and the production of the Gay International News, which preceded Gay News. The GLF began life in a basement room at the London School of Economics on 13 October 1970. Though without a formal structure, the movement grew rapidly for the next few years and undertook a great number of consciousness-raising activities, such as demonstrations, debates and the establishment of a new gay press.
Born, 1923; educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham; London School of Economics; worked for National Fire Service and Royal Air Force, 1939-1945; stood as an unsuccessful Labour candidate in Warwick and Leamington, 1945, Bromsgrove, 1950, 1951; life member of the Labour party; Student and Overseas Secretary, International Union of Socialist Youth, 1947-1951; Chairman, National Association of Labour Student Organisations, 1947; Whip and Member of the Policy Committee, London County Council, 1952-1965; involved with investigation of the slum landlord Perec (Peter) Rachman in Notting Hill, after rent protests and demonstrations, [1950s]; Member, Board of Visitors, Hewell Grange Borstal, 1950-1952; Chairman, Managers of Mayford Home Office Approved School, 1952-1958; Labour Adviser, Tanganyika Government and Chairman, Territorial Minimum Wages Board, 1961-1962; Labour Adviser, Mauritius Government and Chairman, Sugar Wages Councils, 1962-1965; Council member, 1965-1976 and Chairman, 1967, 1968, 1970-1974, War on Want; Director, Notting Hill Social Council, 1968-1977; National Committee, UK Freedom from Hunger Campaigns, 1969-1976; Executive Board, Voluntary Committee on Overseas Aid and Development, 1969-1976; Member, ILEA Education Committee, 1970-1977; Chairman, World Development Political Action Trust, 1971-1975; Alderman, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, 1971-1977; Chairman, Mauritius Salaries Commission, 1973-1977; Member, Court of Governors, London School of Economics, 1973-1978; South Metropolitan Conciliation Committee, Race Relations Board, 1975-1977; Warden, Toynbee Hall, 1977-1987; Vice-Chairman, Toynbee Housing Association, 1977-1986; Governor, Tower Hamlets Adult Education Institute, 1978-1991; Governor, City and East London College, 1978-1991; Chairman, Mauritius Government Enquiry into position of families without wage earners, 1981; OBE, 1987; Government Salaries Commissioner, Mauritius, 1987-1988; Chairman, Tower Hamlets ILEA Tertiary Education Council, and Member Tertiary Education Board, 1987-1991; Asha East London Education Project, 1986-1991; Advisory Committee member, Queen Mary College project to expand further and higher education taken up by East London youth, 1987-1991, Chairman, Spitalfields Heritage Centre, 1987-1991; Executive Member, Tower Hamlets Training Forum and Workshops, 1986-1991 and Tower Hamlets Education and Careers Centre, 1986-1991; Member, Education Committee, Tower Hamlets Association for Racial Equality, 1986-1991; Social Affairs Consultant, Kumagai Gumi UK, 1987-1991; OBE, 1987; died, 1991.
Publications: contributor to Statutory Wage Fixing in Developing Countries (ILO), 1968; contributor to International Labour Review.
Mr Cheung was a seaman working onboard a cargo ship since 1943, as a result of which he had been to the London Docklands on several occasions. During the Second World War when sea transportation was disrupted, Cheung spent a number of years in India. After the War he left the cargo ship he was working on in order to settle in London. He worked in a number of Chinese restaurants in London before retirement.
Yick-Kwan Cheung was a member of the Chinese community in London.
Michel Chevalier was born in Limoges in 1806. He was educated at the École Polytechnique in Paris. From 1830 to 1832 he was editor of the Saint-Simonian newspaper Le Globe, and was imprisoned for 6 months after the group and newspaper were banned. In the late 1830s his career in industry became successful. He became Professor of Political Economy at the Collège de France aged 35. Later in life, Chevalier became a politician: he was elected a député for Aveyron in 1845 and appointed a senator in 1860. He was also one of the architects of the Cobden-Chevalier free-trade treaty between France and the United Kingdom. He died in Montpellier in 1879.
Hugh Chevins, 1898-1975, grew up in Retford, Nottinghamshire. He worked on a number of papers before joining the Daily Telegraph in 1934, where he remained until his retirement in 1960, working as news editor for a short time, and later as industrial and labour correspondent. He was one of a group of industrial and labour correspondents who raised the profile of industrial journalism during the 1930s, and a founder member of the Labour and Industrial Correspondents' Group.
Michel Chevereul was educated at the Collége de France, and elected a Member of the Académie des Sciences in 1826. He was Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, and Director form 1860 to 1879. He is mainly famous for his work on the composition of animal fats and saponification. He was elected FRS in 1857.
Born, 1852, educated King's College, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh University, graduating, 1875; after a brief visit to Vienna, appointed House-Surgeon to Joseph Lister, Professor of Clinical Surgery at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and also appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in Edinburgh University, 1876-1877; Lister's first House Surgeon, King's College Hospital, 1877; Extra-Sambrooke Surgical Registrar, 1878; Assistant Surgeon and Teacher of Practical Surgery, 1880; Surgeon with Care of Out-Patients, 1887; Surgeon and Teacher of Operative Surgery, 1889; Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, 1902; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1894; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1879; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1888, 1890-1892; President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1914-1916; Civil Consulting Surgeon to British forces during the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902; Consulting Surgeon to the Royal Navy, 1915; Knight Commander, Order of St Michael and St George, 1916; elected Member of Parliament for the University of Edinburgh and St Andrews, 1917; Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities, 1918-1922; Died, 1932.
Publications: translated Robert Koch, Investigations into the etiology of traumatic infective diseases (London, 1880); Antiseptic surgery, its principles, practice, history and results (Smith, Elder and Co., London, 1882), that was derived from his thesis for the Jacksonian prize awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons, 1881; Manual of the antiseptic treatment of wounds (Smith, Elder and Co., London, 1885); Suppuration and septic diseases (Y. J. Pentland, Edinburgh and London, 1889); translated Carl Flugge, Micro-organisms, with special reference to the etiology of the infective diseases (London, 1890); The objects and limits of operations for cancer (Bailliere and Co., London, 1896); On the treatment of tuberculosis diseases in their surgical aspect (J. Bale and Co., London, 1900); Tuberculosis diseases of bones and joints, their pathology, symptoms, and treatment (London, 1911); Lister and his achievement (Longmans and Co., London, 1925), the first Lister Memorial Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, 1925.
For biographical information on Professor Chibnall, see Who's Who. These interviews contain further information on his life and career.
Pavel Vasilievich Chichagov (1767-1848) was the son of a Russian admiral and arctic explorer, Vasili Yakovevich Chichagov and his British wife. He entered the Russian navy at the age of 15, became rear-admiral in 1796 and Minister of Marine in 1802. In 1812 he took command of the army in Turkey and the Government of the Danube Principalities. He was recalled from this post with his army to cut off the retreat of the French army led by Napoleon. This aim was achived with a great victory at Beretsina in November 1812. After Beretsina, Chichagov retired and spent the remainder of his life in England and France.
Born 1917; educated at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Devon; served with Royal Navy, 1936-1961; commissioned Midshipman, 1936; service on HMS LONDON, 1 Cruiser Sqn, Mediterranean Fleet, 1936-1938; acting Sub Lt, 1938; Promotion Course, Portsmouth, 1938; Sub Lt, 1938; served on HMS IMOGEN, 3 Destroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet, 1939; service in World War Two with the Home Fleet and the Western Approaches Command, 1939-1945; qualified as signal communications specialist, 1942; service on HMS OFFA, Battle of the Atlantic, 1942-1943; served on HMS BELFAST, 1943-1945; sinking of the German battlecruiser SCHARNHORST, Battle of North Cape, 1943; shore bombardment of Normandy coast, France, for D Day, Operation NEPTUNE, Jun 1944; Lt Cdr, 1944; served on HMS UKUSSA, Royal Naval Air Station, Katukurunda, Ceylon, 1946-1947; Signal Division, Admiralty, 1947-1949; Cdr, 1951; posted to HMS PRESIDENT, 1952-1954; commanded HMS CONTEST, 1955-1956; Joint Tactical School, Malta, 1957; HMS PHOENICIA, 1958-1960; served as Sea Cadet Corps Officer, 1961, retired 1961; Defence Correspondent for the Statist, 1962-1967; regular contributor of articles to Navy magazine, 1962-1977, member of the Bow Group Standing Committee on Defence, 1982. Publications: Co-authored with John Arbuthnot Ducane Wilkinson, MP, The uncertain ally. British Defence Policy, 1960-1990 (Gower, Aldershot, 1982); British Defence, a blueprint for reform (Brassey's, London, 1987).
Born, 1875; Educated at Notting Hill High School, following by University College London, graduating BSc; Awarded an 1851 Exhibition to study bacteriology in Vienna and Munich, and also in Liverpool; Appointed (against considerable opposition as a woman) to the Jenner Memorial Research Studentship at the Lister Institute, London, 1905; work with (Sir) Charles J Martin at the Lister Institute on the process of disinfection, 1905-1908; War work on tetanus antitoxin and serum diagnosis of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery, 1915; Secretary of the Medical Research Council Accessory Food Factors Committee, 1918-1945; With colleagues at the Lister, travels to Vienna under the auspices of the Accessory Food Factors Committee to investigate nutritional deficiencies, leading to the discovery of the roles of ultraviolet light and administration of codliver oil in preventing rickets, 1919-1922; Returns to the Lister, continues studies on nutritional factors, 1922; Secretary of the League of National Health Section Committee on the Physiological Bases of Nutrition, 1934-1937.
Moves with the Lister Institute Division of Nutrition to Sir Charles Martin's house in Cambridge, work on nutritive value of bread, flour and potatoes, 1939-1945; founder member of the Nutrition Society, 1941; Retires, becomes member of governing body of the Lister Institute, 1945; President of the Nutrition Society, 1956-1959; died, 1977.