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Labour Party Clapham Labour Party London Labour Party

The Clapham Labour Party was formed in 1918, three years after the formation of the London Labour Party. Prior to that date it had been a branch of the Independant Labour Party.

These papers were originally those of John Rose Battley F.R.S.A., J.P., member of the Clapham Labour Party and President in 1939. He was also a member of the London County Council. In 1936-37 he was nominated for the London Labour Party Executive Committee Local Trade's Councils and Labour Parties section and he was the first Labour Parliamentary Candidate for the Clapham Labour Party in 1940. Battley owned Battley Brother Printers business in Queenstown, established in 1923. This company undertook the majority of the printing work for the Clapham Labour Party during Battley's involvement with it and still exists today.

Hymen Morris , pupil at the Jews' Free School

The Jews' Free School (now JFS Comprehensive) is the largest Jewish school in Britain. It was founded by Moses Hart, who paid for the restoration of the Great Synagogue where the school opened as a Talmud Torah for 15 boys in 1732. It was originally a charity school for orphaned boys with priority given to those of German parentage. By 1788 the school had moved to Houndsditch and in the late 1790s moved again to Gun Square where the number of pupils increased in 21. In the nineteenth century Dr. Joshua Van Oven found a permanent site for the school in Bell Lane.

Between 1880 and 1900, one third of all London's Jewish children passed through its doors - by 1900 it had some 4,000 pupils and was the largest school in Europe. The School provided these children with a refuge from poverty, a religious and secular education and in the spirit of the times anglicised them. Famous pupils from this time include Barney Barnato, Bud Flanagan, Alfred Marks and the novelist Israel Zangwill. The school enjoyed the patronage of the Rothschilds and had for 51 years a headmaster called Moses Angel. Angel was probably the most influential figure in Jewish education in the nineteenth century and a great advocate of "anglicising" his pupils. They were, he said "ignorant even of the elements of sound; until they had been Anglicised."

The school remained there until 1939 when it was evacuated to Ely. The Bell Lane building was destroyed during enemy action and after the Second World War the school remained closed untilk a new site was found on the Camden Road. In 1958 the school reopened as JFS Comprehensive.

Invalids Magazine Album

The Invalids Magazine Album was edited by the sisters Gladys E. Dickinson (1885-1979) and Violet A. Dickinson, daughters of a dealer in oriental porcelain, who lived in Hampstead, the Isle of Wight and Little Bower Farm at Molash near Canterbury.

The enterprise was highly organised: with the involvement of subscribers and contributors, an album of stories, poems, pictures, and literary criticism was created every couple of months. The sisters, Gladys and Violet Dickinson, acted as editors, as well as contributing material themselves. They apparently took over from their friend Lettice Pelham Clinton. The albums were called the I.M.A. (Invalids Magazine Album), and the two editors laid down strict rules about deadlines for articles and subscriptions, and particularly for how long readers were allowed to keep them before sending them on the next subscriber.

As laid down in November 1903:
1) All members must be invalids, or delicate, and need only contribute 3 times a year.
2) Anyone may have the magazine sent to them on payment of 1 shilling and 6 pence a year, towards expenses. They need not then contribute.
3) Anyone else may belong, if they will contribute to every number, they will be called contributors.
4) Everyone else, whether Members, Contributors, or Subscribers, MUST OBEY the following rule - Everyone may keep the magazine for 2 days, inclusive of day of receipt. They must then forward it to the next address on the Postal List, having first voted for their favourite contributions, and written dates of receipt and despatch beside their name and address. They must also send a post-card to the Editor, to notify her of these dates, as that is the only way in which the magazine can be traced if lost.
5) If the magazine is kept over time, a fine of 1 pence per day will be imposed.
6) Everyone is asked to criticise, on the pages set apart for criticisms. (non members may criticise also).

The albums were posted to subscribers, not just locally in Hampstead, the Isle of Wight or Somerset, but also to Cornwall, Surrey, Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Scotland, Ireland and even, at one point, to Dresden in Germany. The magazine was so popular with contributors that in 1904 they decided to split it into two parts - a senior and junior version which would go out alternate months. Violet remained as senior editor, and Gladys became editor of the Junior IMA.

Contributors include:
'Vita';
Dickinson, Cedric;
Dickinson, Frank Leslie;
Dickinson, Gladys Evelyn;
Dickinson, Violet A.
Dicksee, Amy;
Dicksee, Dorothy;
Dicksee, Harold J.H.
Dicksee, Maurice;
Dicksee, Phylis M.
Dohrman, John;
Dohrman, Margery;
Duke, Kathleen (Kittens);
Elmsall, Gertrude;
Finnemore, Elaine;
Finnemore, Ethelwyn;
Finnemore, Gordon;
Finnemore, Hilda;
Fitch, W.E.
Hart, Dick;
Hillyard Swinstead, Eulalia;
Hillyard Swinstead, Valerie;
Hoste, Daisy;
Hoste, Pansy;
Hoste, Violet;
Huxham, Gertrude;
Lanyon, Doctor;
Lely, Effie;
Lely, Eileen;
Lely, Enid;
MacKintosh, Will;
Miller, Alice;
Nicholson, Alianor (Pussums);
Pelham Clinton, Lettice;
Pollexfen, Ruth;
Rogers, Hetty;
Shead, Beatrice Irene (Queenie);
Skinner, Lionel;
Snell, Hester;
Starke, Oscar;
Storer, Violet;
Straith, Eileen L.
Thompson, Gwen;
Touch, Edith M.
Trendelburg, Paul G.
Vaughan Stevens, Dudley;
Vaughan Stevens, Muriel;
Vaughan Stevens, Ruth;
Walker, B.E. Rain;
Warren, Miss;
West, Eric;
Young, Madelaine.

R M Holborn and Sons , tea and coffee merchants

R M Holborn and Sons are listed in the 1935 Post Office Directory as wholesale tea, coffee and cocoa dealers based at Crutched Friars, EC3, Mincing Lane House, Eastcheap, EC3 and 11 Lehman Street, E1.

Parish of Hendon , Church of England

Originally, tithes were payments in kind (crops, wool, milk, eggs and so on) comprising an agreed proportion of the yearly profits from farming, and made by parishioners for the support of their parish church and its clergy. From early times money payments began to be substituted for payments in kind, a tendency further stimulated by enclosures, particularly the Parliamentary enclosures of the late 18th century. Enclosures were often made in order to improve the land and its yield, and had they proceeded without some arrangements respecting tithes, the rectors, vicars and lay owners of the tithes would have received an automatically increased income, as indeed they did when cultivation was improved without preliminary enclosure. One object of the Enclosure Acts was to get rid of the obligation to pay tithes. This could be done in one of two ways: by the allotment of land in lieu of tithes, or by the substitution either of a fixed money payment or of one which varied with the price of corn (hence the name corn rents applied to payments in lieu of tithes). The limits of the land allotted, or of the land charged with a money payment, were generally shown on a map attached to the Enclosure Award.

Statutory enclosure was a purely local affair, prompted by local landowners. Although much of the country was covered, in 1836 tithes were still payable in the majority of parishes in England and Wales. In 1836, the government decided to commute tithes (that is, to substitute money payments for payments in kind) throughout the country. The Bill received Royal Assent on 13 August 1836; three Tithe Commissioners were appointed, and the process of commutation began. Although the Tithe Act 1836 is a long and complicated piece of legislation, the underlying principle was the simple one of substituting for the payment of tithes in kind corn rents of the same sort as were already payable in many parishes under the authority of a local Enclosure Act. These new corn rents, known as tithe rentcharges, were not subject to local variation, but varied according to the price of corn calculated on a septennial average for the whole country. Existing corn rents were left unaffected: they continued to be paid according to the varied provisions of the local Acts which created them. The initial process in the commutation of tithes in a parish was an agreement between the tithe-owners and landowners or, in default of agreement, an award by the Tithe Commissioners. Generally the next stage was the apportionment of payments, and the substance of the preceding agreement or award was then recited in the preamble of the instrument of apportionment.

In most cases, the principal record of the commutation of tithes in a parish under the Tithe Act 1836 is the Tithe Apportionment. Most apportionments follow the general pattern set out in the instructions which were issued at the time. The standard form of apportionment contains columns for the name(s) of the landowner(s) and occupier(s) (because until the passing of the Tithe Act 1891 the payment of tithe rentcharge was the owner's liability); the number, acreage, name or description, and state of cultivation of each tithe area; the amount of rentcharge payable, and the name(s) of the tithe-owner(s). The apportionment opens with a preamble reciting the names of the tithe-owners, the circumstances in which they owned the tithes, and whether the amount of rentcharge to be apportioned was the subject of an agreement between the landowners and the tithe-owners or of a compulsory award made by the Tithe Commissioners. The preamble usually contains, too, statistics as to the area and state of cultivation of the lands in the tithe district; the extent of the land subject to tithes and of lands, if any, exempt on various grounds from payment of tithes; and the area covered by commons, roads and so on. It concludes with a statement showing the respective numbers of bushels of wheat, barley and oats which would have been obtained if one-third of the aggregate amount of rentcharge had been invested in the purchase of each of those commodities at the prices prescribed by the Tithe Act 1837. The detailed apportionment of the aggregate tithe rentcharge then follows. A rentcharge is set out against each unit of charge, termed a tithe area. The amount of the charge is the par value, not the amount actually paid, which varied from year to year. The annual value of tithe rentcharge was ascertained and published yearly, and tables were issued from 1837 onwards which enabled the precise payment due to be calculated for the par value of any amount of rentcharge.

Source: The National Archives Domestic Information Research Guide Number 41: Tithe Records (available online).

John Alfred Groom was a London engraver and evangelical preacher, who became concerned with the plight of the poverty-stricken and often disabled girls and women who sold flowers and watercress in the streets around Farringdon Market. His work with them began when he founded the Watercress and Flower Girls' Christian Mission in 1866. A permanent home for the mission was found in Harp Alley and Lord Shaftesbury became its first president. Religious services were held at Foresters' Hall until its destruction in 1890, after which John Groom purchased Woodbridge Chapel, Clerkenwell.

Taking inspiration from the trend for imported handmade flowers, John Groom set up a factory in Sekforde Street, close to the Woodbridge Chapel, where disabled girls could work at making artificial flowers and thus make a living for themselves. The girls lived in houses in Sekforde Street, rented by John Groom. Further factories were subsequently built in Woodbridge Street and Haywards Place. The name of the charity was changed to John Groom's Crippleage and Flower Girls Mission in 1907.

Rising inner London rents forced the charity's council to purchase a large estate in Edgware in 1931 and the whole operation moved there in 1932. In 1965 Edgware opened its doors to male residents. The charity's name changed again in 1969 to John Groom's Association for the Disabled and in 1990 to John Groom's Association for Disabled People.

John Groom was also very concerned for the welfare of deprived and orphaned children. He bought a house at Clacton-on-Sea and built others around it and his orphanage opened in 1890. During World War II the older children from Clacton were evacuated to Davenport House, Shropshire, with the babies being sent first to Edgware and then to Farncote House, Wolverhampton. After the war the older children moved into a new home at Pilgrim's House, Kent, and the babies moved to the new Cudham Hall, also in Kent. In 1956 Charnwood, near Chislehurst was purchased to provide a family children's home with room for 12 children. Thorpe Bay Children's Home was added to the list in 1951 when John Grooms took over a children's convalescent home at Stamford Hill House. The charity's work with children finally ended in 1979.

John Grooms expanded its work with housing for the disabled during the early 1970s, with John Groom's Housing Association becoming a registered charity in its own right. The association's developments have included flats in Princess Crescent, Finsbury Park (1973), Dolphin Court, which was built on the site of the Thorpe Bay Children's Home (1984) and John Grooms Court, Norwich (1989).

The charity has also developed the idea of special holidays for the disabled, with hotels in Minehead and Llandudno, and self-catering caravans and bungalows. It has also been involved with a special Brain Injuries Rehabilitation Unit, Icanho, Stowmarket, Suffolk and the HOPE Nursery at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire which provides horticultural employment and therapy for disabled workers.

In 2007 John Groom's merged with the Shaftesbury Society to form Grooms-Shaftesbury with 'a vision of working with people and communities affected by poverty and disability, helping them to maximise their potential', becoming one of the UK's largest Christian charities.

Bornat , Charles , 1909-2000 , architect

Charles Bornat was born in 1909 and attended the Bartlett School of Architecture. The dissertation was written as part of his undergraduate degree. He later practised as an architect and died in July 2000.

Turtle , Sylvia , fl 1980-1990 , amateur photographer

These sketches and photographs were taken by Sylvia Turtle in the 1980's and 1990's as part of a photography course and also because of her interest in the Clerkenwell area and its development over the years.

DeClermont and Donner became a limited company in 1938 when it merged its business at 27 Saint Thomas Street, SE1 with a company called The South India Export Company, which they owned. The object of the new company was, in the words of its Memorandum and Articles of Association, "To carry on business as tanners, curriers and leather dressers, and as manufacturers, importers and exporters of and dealers in leather, chamois, leather-cloth, hides, skins, shagreen, artificial leather, oilcloths, linoleum, leather coats, leggings, linings, gloves, purses, boxes, trunks, suitcases, portmanteaux, fancy goods, bags, saddlery, boots and shoes, hose, washers, belting, flax, hemp, jute, manilla, balata, rubber, cotton, artificial silk, baises, wool and any other commodities..." It had interests in the Middle East - Aden and Ethiopia; and South India. Later, subsidiary companies also acted as hide and skin merchants, leather and paint manufacturers and crude drug merchants.

Middlesex Victoria Fund , charity for the aid of prisoners

The Middlesex Victoria Fund was created by the Justices of the Middlesex Sessions in 1892, primarily to aid discharged prisoners and the wives and families of discharged prisoners convicted at the Middlesex Sessions.

The fund was administered by trustees, the first ones being Sir Ralph Littler Q.C., R. Loveland-Loveland, and Lieutenant Colonel Harfield. In addition two auditors were appointed at the Easter Sessions, when the funds accounts were presented to the Court. The Court could, at its discretion, direct that donations be sent to specified institutions. Subscriptions were collected from Middlesex Justices.

By the 1950's the fund no longer needed to collect subscriptions as it was felt that the income derived from investments was sufficient to meet all reasonable demands on the fund. It was the practice for the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the Court to approve an application, usually from a probation officer, for a grant for a specific purpose in individual cases, for such things as arrears of rent and mortgage; removal expenses; recovery of clothes from pawnbrokers; or purchase of clothing for an expected child. Cheques were given to the probation officers to dispose of as they thought best. Grants were also occasionally made towards legal assistance in bastardy appeals.

While the main object of the fund was to render individual help, this assistance was usually given after various forms of Public Assistance had been exhausted and careful enquiries made.

The charity wound up its affairs in 2001 and transferred its remaining assets to the City of London Sheriffs' and Recorder's Fund.

Taylor Walker and Co Ltd , brewers

The Stepney Brewery was founded in London by Salmon and Hare in 1730. In 1796 John Taylor bought Richard Hare's share in the business and was joined by Issac Walker in 1816 when the business became known as Taylor Walker.

In 1889 the business moved from Fore Street, Limehouse, London where it had been since circa 1823, and a new brewery was built at Church Row, Limehouse, London named the Barley Mow Brewery. Taylor Walker and Company Limited was registered as a limited liability company in 1907.

Taylor Walker took over numerous other breweries and related companies, notably, the Victoria Wine Company Limited in 1929 and the Cannon Brewery Company Limited in 1930. Taylor Walker was itself acquired by Ind Coope Limited, Romford, Essex and Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire in 1959 and became known as Ind Coope (East Anglia) Limited. The brewery ceased to brew in 1960.

Cannon Brewery Co Ltd

Cannon Brewery Company Limited was established by Rivers Dickinson at 192 St John Street, Clerkenwell, London around 1720. It was named the Cannon Brewery in 1751. The company has operate under various names. By 1798 it was trading under the name John Richard and Rivers Dickinson and by 1818 as John Dickinson. The brewery was run by Gardner and Company by 1823 and known as William and Philip Gardner from 1828/9.

By 1863 the business was owned by George Hanbury and Barclay Field and in 1876 it became the Cannon Brewery Company. It was registered as a limited liability company in January 1895.

The Cannon Brewery Company Limited acquired Holt and Company, Marine Brewery, Radcliffe Road, East Ham, London (established circa 1823) in 1913 and Clutterbuck and Company, Stanmore Brewery, Stanmore Hill, Harrow, Middlesex (established circa 1773) in 1923. The Taylor Walker and Company Limited, Limehouse, London acquired the Cannon Brewery Company Limited in 1930 and it became known as Ind Coope (London) Limited in 1960. The brewery ceased to brew in 1955.

Prince Brindley Ltd , wine and spirit merchants

Prince Brindley Limited was a subsidiary of R P Brindley and Company Limited of 37 Camp Road, Leeds. R P Brindley and Company were wine and spirit merchants and owned a large bottling plant near Leeds. It appears that the Victoria Wine Company purchased majority shares in Prince Brindley Limited in 1966, when the registered office of the latter changed to 1 Ballards Lane, Finchley, London, N3; the same address as the Victoria Wine Company.

Company number: 709591.

Churchill and Williams Ltd , wine importers

Groot Constantia Wines Limited, importers of South African wine, were incorporated in 1938 with a registered office at 89 Upper Thames Street, EC4. Their registered office changed to River Plate House, Finsbury Circus, in 1939 and they began to work with a wine shippers and agents, Williams and Bertram Limited, who were based at the same address. In 1944 Williams and Bertram went into liquidation and was purchased by Groot Constantia Wines, who changed their name to Churchill and Williams Limited.

Lings of London Ltd , wine merchants

According to an advert in the Times newspaper of November 1st 1948, Lings of London Limited were a "West End wine merchant" based at "5 Avery Row, Brook Street, London, W1".

Matthew and Son Limited of Cambridge were described in Kelly's Directory as "grocers, provision and wine and spirit merchants". Their registered office was 20 Trinity Street but they had branches throughout Cambridge. The company became a subsidiary of William Perry Wine Merchants Limited which was purchased by the Victoria Wine Company Limited (see LMA/4434/P).

M Milne Ltd , beverage retailer

M Milne Limited was based in Edinburgh. It is possibly the same company as, or associated with, M Milne Off Licences Limited.

P G Ward and Co Ltd

P G Ward and Company were incorporated on 7 October 1944. Their registered office was at Kilver Street, Shepton Mallett, Somerset.

Winchester Brewery Co Ltd

The Winchester Brewery Company Limited operated the Winchester Brewery, founded before 1812. In 1923 the Company and its 108 licenced houses were taken over by brewers Marston, Thompson and Evershed Limited of Burton on Trent. The Brewery was closed in 1927 and used as a bottling plant until 1969.

Meux's Brewery Co Ltd

The Horseshoe Brewery was founded before 1764 and was situated at 269 Tottenham Court Road, London. The business was purchased by Sir Henry Meux after a dispute at his previous business, Reid, Meux and Company, resulted in him leaving. The Horseshoe Brewery had previously been managed by Blackburn and Bywell.

The brewery traded under the name Henry Meux and Company. Sir Henry Meux the Second ran the brewery after the death of his father in 1841 until 1878 when Henry Bruce Meux and Lord Tweedmouth took over management and renamed the company Meux's Brewery Company Limited which was registered in 1888.

In 1921 operations were transferred to the Nine Elms Brewery, Nine Elms Road, Wandsworth which was the premises of Thorne Bros Limited, acquired by Meux in 1914. The Nine Elms Brewery was renamed the Horseshoe Brewery and the old Horseshoe Brewery was closed.

The company acquired Burge and Company Limited, Victoria Brewery, Victoria Street, Windsor, Berkshire in 1931 and Mellersh and Neale Limited, Reigate, Surrey in 1938. In 1956 Meux's Brewery merged with Friary, Holroyd and Healy's Breweries Limited, Guildford, Surrey, to form Friary Meux Limited.

Meux's Brewery Company Limited went into liquidation in November 1961 and the Horseshoe Brewery ceased to brew in 1964.

Claude-General Neon Lights , neon light manufacturers

Claude-General Neon Lights was launched by the General Electric Company in 1930, in partnership with the French inventor Georges Claude. According to the Times of 1 July 1931, General Electic Company reported at their Annual General Meeting that "this company occupies itself with the production and sale of luminous gas discharge devices for advertising and other purposes. Already the Air Ministry have placed important contracts through the G.E.C. with Claude-General for Neon Beacons, and the company is also carrying out a large contract for the Croydon Aerodrome for luminous devices connected with the safe landing of aeroplanes during fog". By 1939 Claude-General was described at the G.E.C AGM as the "leading company in the electrical sign world".

In 1960 the name changed to Claudgen Limited. Further name changes: Lloydsecond Limited in 1992; The Tetley Visitor Centre Limited 1993; Tetley's Brewery Wharf Limited 2000; became Leeds Wharf Limited which was dissolved in 2009.

Manor of Harmondsworth

Prior to the Norman Conquest in 1066, Earl Harold Godwinson, later King Harold, was Lord of Harmondsworth manor. William the Conqueror gave the manor to the Benedictine Abbey of Holy Trinity, Rouen in 1069. In 1086 the manor of 'Hermondesworde' had three mills and was valued at £20. In 1391, William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester purchased the estate to provide revenue for his newly-founded College of Saint Mary in Winchester. In 1544, Henry VIII compelled the College to exchange Harmondsworth for other property. The manor was then granted by the Crown in 1547 to Sir William Paget (born circa 1505, died 1563), of Staffordshire, together with the manor of Drayton.

Sir William Paget increased his possessions under Edward VI and was granted Beaudesert, Staffordshire, the principal family seat. Paget was created Baron Paget of Beaudesert, by the Earl of Warwick when Paget deserted the Duke of Somerset as his advisor. Under Mary I, Paget became a member of the Privy Council, but under Elizabeth I he was excluded from the Queen's Council due to his support of Catholicism. On his death in 1563, he had lands in West Drayton, Harmondsworth and Iver, and estates in Staffordshire, Buckinghamshire, Kent, Shropshire, and property in London. His lands in Harmondsworth included the lesser manors of Puryplace, Malinglawe, Luddyngton, and Barnarde.

Sir William Paget, the first Lord Paget of Beaudesert, married Ann Preston and had four sons and six daughters. His eldest son Henry became second Lord Paget and died 1568. Henry's brother Thomas became third Lord Paget. Thomas was also a strong supporter of the Catholic faith and was named by Mary Queen of Scots in the Babington Plot against Elizabeth I. Thomas and his brother Charles were attainted for treason in 1587 and their property was confiscated by the Crown. The manors of Drayton and Harmondsworth was granted for life by Elizabeth I to her favourite Sir Christopher Hatton who was made Chancellor in 1597.

Thomas Paget, the third Lord Paget died in exile in 1590 and was succeeded by his only son William (born 1572, died 1629). William accepted the Protestant faith, was knighted, and went to Cadiz with the Earl of Essex in 1596. On this return he secured Government posts, and the honours and lands lost in 1587 were restored to him by James I, following Sir Christopher Hatton's death in 1603. The manor continued under the Paget family until the 18th century when it was sold by the Earl of Uxbridge.

On the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986, the functions of its Architect's Department's Historic Buildings Division were handed over to the London Region of English Heritage.

The division was involved with the refurbishment, repair and general maintenance of buildings within the Greater London area which were deemed as being of historic or architectural significance. English Heritage continued this work after 1986.

In addition to these responsibilities, English Heritage is involved with the statutory listing of historic and architecturally significant buildings, and also with town planning and civic design.

The school was founded by John Roan (c 1600-1644) of Greenwich, son of John Roan, a Sergeant of the Scullery to James I in the Palace of Placentia. In 1640, Roan was appointed Yeoman of His Majesty's Harriers. During the Civil War he was arrested for trying to obtain recruits for the King's Army and as a prisoner of war, he was 'stripped of all he had and in great necessity and want, ready to starve'. His brother Robert would not come to his aid, and his release was eventually obtained by a friend, Richard Wakeham.

In John Roan's Will, drawn up in March 1643, he left his property first to his wife Elizabeth, then to the daughters of Richard Wakeman during their lifetimes, and then to the founding of a school for 'poor town-bred children of Greenwich', 'up to the age of fifteen', wearing a school 'uniform and badge', and undertaking 'reading, writing and cyphering'. Roan's motives for founding a school may be attributed to his having died childless, his only son having been buried 'an infant' at Saint Alfege Church, Greenwich in 1624.

The Will also named the Vicar, the Churchwardens and the Overseers of the Poor of Saint Alfege, Greenwich as the Trustees. They were the forerunners of the School Governors (known as the Feoffees) of the Roan Charity (later Roan Schools Foundation), who managed the Roan Estate and appointed the School Master. The first Chairman of the Governors was Dr Thomas Plume.

Charitable bequests to the school included gifts by Sir William Hooker, Lord Mayor of London. The Charities Commissioners met in 1677 following the death of the last of the Wakemans named in the Will, to decide on the use of bequests to the poor of Greenwich. It was agreed that they be used for the building of a school, and that the Roan Estate would maintain it under the terms of the Will. The school began as the Grey Coat School or Roan's Charity school, and was opened for the education of boys in 1677-1678.

During the 18th century revenues of the Roan Estate grew dramatically. In the thirty years after 1775, the rentals trebled and by 1814 the Estate could afford to educate and clothe 100 boys. The first school building was surrendered to Greenwich Hospital in 1808 and a new school, paid for by the Hospital, was built in 1809 in Roan Street to accommodate 120 boys.

In 1814 Reverend George Mathew, Vicar and Chairman of the Governors proposed that the Roan Estate should make a contribution towards the education of girls in Greenwich. A decree was issued by the Master of the Rolls that £130 of the revenue of the Roan Estate was to be paid towards the maintenance of a school for girls. In January 1815 the National School of Industry was opened and became the forerunner of the Roan School for Girls.

In 1838 there were 200 boys. The demand for education grew and the Governors opened two branch schools at the junction of Old Woolwich Road and East Street. By 1853, the four Roan Charity schools were educating 630 boys and girls.

The Elementary Education Act 1870, aimed at putting education within the reach of all children, had a great impact on the Roan Schools. The School Board for London established by the Act began to lay its plans for new buildings and the Endowed Schools' Commissioners drew up a scheme of school closure and transfer of the boys and girls to the Board's two new schools built in 1877: one for 300 boys in East Street (later renamed Eastney Street) and one for 300 girls in Devonshire Road (later renamed Devonshire Drive), and the name was changed to the Roan Schools. The reorganisation was to give 'a superior education of the character usually given in the best middle class schools', and introduced a Headmaster for the boys' School and Headmistress for the girls' school, who were allowed to appoint assistant teachers, admit pupils and establish a curriculum.

As demand for accommodation grew, the boys' school moved to Maze Hill in 1928 and an extension was built at the Girls' school in 1937. The Roan Schools came to the forefront of London's Grammar Schools with modern purpose built buildings extra provision made for the sciences, library and games.

During the Second World War staff and pupils were evacuated for four years from 1939 first to Ticehurst, Flimwell and Stonegate, Kent, later to Rye and Bexhill, Sussex and a third move in June 1940 (for three years) to Ammanford and Llandebie, South Wales. During this time the South East London Emergency School was established by the London County Council in the Roan Girls' building. Pupils' fees were abolished under the Education Act 1944 and the junior school was closed.

In 1977, an agreement was made between the Inner London Education Authority and Roan Foundation Governors for the amalgamation of the Roan School for Boys, the Roan School for Girls and Charlton Secondary School for Boys and establishment of a new mixed comprehensive school, the John Roan School in 1980. New buildings were built at Westcombe Park Road in 1981 and last pupils in the former Roan Grammar School buildings were transferred in 1984.

The Inner London Education Authority was abolished in 1990 and from this time is managed by Greenwich Borough Council as a mixed comprehensive for 11 to 18 year olds and in 2002 there were 1,082 pupils. Their web site in 2003 was www.thejohnroanschool.co.uk/ .

North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board

The North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board was one of the original 14 Hospital Boards and 35 Teaching Hospital Boards established in 1948. It reported directly to the Ministry of Health and was responsible for health services in north east London and Essex. In 1974 a reorganisation of the National Health Service resulted in Regional Hospital Boards being replaced by Regional Health Authorities and the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board was replaced by the North East Thames Regional Health Authority. The new Regional Health Authorities reported to the Department of Health and Social Security and ultimately Parliament.

London Liberal Federation x London Liberal Party

The London Liberal Party (LLP) was formed in October 1943, having been established in 1903 as the London Liberal Federation. It originally served as the coordinating body for Liberal Associations within the County of London and now fulfills the same function across Greater London. An annual subscription fee is paid by each member association, with further income generated by a range of fund raising activities. This revenue supports the LLP's various tasks, which include the selection of candidates and all other aspects of election campaigning.

Bloomsbury Book Auctions , antiquarian book auctioneers

Bloomsbury Book Auctions was founded in March 1983 by three former employees of Sotheby's. Lord John Kerr (chairman and head of the new auction house) was a known figure in the book trade and had been for eighteen years head of Sotheby's book department; Frank Herrmann (in charge of Bloomsbury's financial and marketing requirements) was a director in charge of Sotheby's overseas operations, and a publisher and author in his own right; and David Stagg (Managing Director and organiser of the sales) who had worked for many years at Sotheby's Hodgson's Rooms in Chancery Lane and subsequently run the 'fast' book sales at the Aeolian Hall.

The company was set up as Kerr Herrmann and Stagg Limited trading as Bloomsbury Book Auctions. The premises of the new auction house were initially in the basement of Frank Herrmann's own house at 6a Bedford Square, and sales were held in local hotels. Within a year it was obvious that larger premises which could include a sales room on site were needed, and in August 1984 the business moved into 3/4 Hardwick Street, originally a four storey toy warehouse in Islington.

Bloomsbury Book Auctions was the first book auction house to be established in London for over 150 years; and was the only one at the time which concentrated exclusively on selling antiquarian books and manuscript material. It specialised in books, manuscripts, atlases, maps and prints, and was particularly interested in the sale of working libraries of an academic or specialist nature. With such specialisation and a high reputation in the book trade its success was almost immediate. Buyers and sellers came from all over the world. In 1993 tenth anniversary celebrations were held; five years later the business was sold by the original directors. The auction house continues to trade, although from March 2004 the name changed to Bloomsbury Auctions Limited, another move was made to Maddox Street in Mayfair, and the scope of items to be sold was expanded.

Whitbread and Co Ltd , brewers

Samuel Whitbread (1720-96) of Cardington, Bedfordshre, was apprenticed in 1736 to John Wightman, a leading London brewer. In 1742 he entered into partnership with Godfrey Shewell and Thomas Shewell and acquired the Goat Brewhouse on the corner of Whitecross Street and Upper Old Street in the City of London about a quarter of a mile north of where the main brewery was to become established in Chiswell Street. They traded as Godfrey Shewell and Company and by 1749 were producing 18,000 barrels of beer a year and owned 14 public houses. As well as beer, the brewery also sold its surplus yeast and spent grains from which most of the Capital's bread was made along with much of the gin. This was in addition to almost of London's livestock that were feed on brewer's grain.

Godfrey Shewell left the partnership upon his marriage in 1748. Thomas Shewell and Whitbread acquired the Chiswell Street site, known as the King's Head Brewhouse (previously The Eagle and Child, in 1750 with the acquisition of a leasehold interest on the south side of Chiswell Street extending from Whitecross Street to the Brewery gate. He built a large porter brewery (porter being strong, black beer, made from coarse barley and scorched malt). The Goat Brewhouse, Old Street, was retained to brew pale and amber beer (pale ale is brewed with lightly roasted malt, compared to the highly roasted malts used to brew porters). Thomas Shewell retired in 1761 when Whitbread bought him out for £30,000.

Additions were made to the Chiswell Street Brewery in 1758 with the cooperage, a house for the head cooper, stables and a retail beer shop being built. The Porter Tun Room was constructed in 1760 along with a new storehouse and in 1790 land was bought on the north side of the street back to Cherry Tree Alley extending in some places to Whitecross Street.

Production at the Brewery was greatly enhanced by the introduction of steam power when Whitbread purchased a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1785 to grind malt and pump water to the boilers. This enabled the Brewery to increase production and by 1787 the output reached 150,280 barrels. Samuel Whitbread died in 1796 by which time the Brewery was producing 200,000 barrels of beer a year and was described as the best in London. Although the introduction of steam power at Whitbread's saved much labour, the brewery still employed around 200 men and 80 horses.

Brewing required a huge amount of money and the market of hops was volatile. The time delay between the buying of hops and the selling of the beer also imposed severe restrictions on the cash flow of the business. This situation was further exacerbated by the need for the Brewery to support publicans. The Company established its own maltings located in Dereham, Whittington and King's Lynn in the county of Norfolk and also grew their own hops in the Weald of Kent at Beltring and Stilstead farms and Paddock Wood with a growing area of over four hundred acres.

After the death of Samuel Whitbread I the Brewery was run by Samuel Whitbread II (1758-1815) and his father's executors until 1799 when a partnership made up of Samuel Whitbread II, Richard Sangster, clerk, Joseph Yallowley, clerk, (both executors of Samuel Whitbread I's Will) and Timothy Brown, banker, was formed. The terms of the partnership freed Whitbread from attending personally to any business. They were joined by Joseph Goodman, Jacob Whitbread (Samuel's cousin) and Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, banker in 1800. Timothy Brown left the partnership in 1810 after an accounting dispute.

At the start of the eighteenth century the majority of the Brewery's trade was with free houses with 392 licensed victuallers in London and two hundred spread throughout the rest of the country. Along with these freehouses there were also twenty-nine leaseholds. In 1812 the business amalgamated with that of Martineau and Bland of the Lambeth Brewery, King's Arms Stairs, Lambeth, adding a further 38 leaseholds to the list bringing the total number to 91. The Lambeth Brewery closed down and the stock of beer, horses and the larger part of the machinery and utensils were transferred to the Chiswell Street Brewery. The managing partners at this time were Robert Sangster, Michael Bland, John Martineau and Joseph Martineau. By 1889, when the Company was formed from the partnership, the number of licensed houses controlled and served by the Brewery totalled many hundreds.

After Samuel Whitbread II's death in 1815 (he committed suicide by cutting his throat with a razor), a new partnership was formed comprising two new partners, William Wilshere and John Farquhar. John Martineau, Joseph Martineau and Michael Bland were the managing partners. William Henry Whitbread (1796-1879), the second son of Samuel Whitbread II, joined the partnership in 1819, along with Samuel Charles Whitbread (1796-1879), his younger brother. Richard Martineau joined the partnership in 1828 as a junior partner and John Cam Hobhouse (later Lord Broughton, son of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse) became a partner in 1831.

John Martineau died in 1834 "being seized with apoplexy {he} had fallen in to the vat" in the Porter Tun Room. The jury returned a verdict of "death by the visitation of God". Charles Shaw Lefevre (MP 1830-57, later Viscount Eversley, son-in-law of Samuel Whitbread II) joined the partnership in 1840. This partnership ran for twenty years. William Whitbread (d 1879), the second son of Samuel Charles Whitbread, and John Martineau became partners in 1860, followed by F Lubbock in 1875, Samuel Whitbread III (1830-1915) in 1879, and W H Whitbread, second son of Samuel Whitbread III, in 1885.

After Viscount Eversley died in July 1889 the business was registered as a limited liability company, Whitbread and Company Limited, with Samuel Whitbread III as chairman. Brewery business had been conducted by partnerships for ninety years, the total number of partners during this period being thirty, seven of whom were members of the Whitbread family.

Throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century the Brewery expanded purchasing additional land and buildings on the north side of Chiswell Street. A tunnel under the road connected the cellars on both side of the street that occupied around five acres of space underground and the total length of the beer mains in the Brewery stretched from between two and a half to three miles. Along with the rooms normally associated with a brewery, research and control laboratories had also been built following inspiration by Louis Pasteur who undertook research at the Brewery in 1871. By 1905, at the height of production when the brewery was at its fullest extent, the freehold area of Chiswell Street was over five acres.

Production at Chiswell Street rose rapidly again with the success of bottled beer which began in 1868 following a reduction on the duty on glass. The new bottling stores were located in Worship Street, Finsbury but bottled beer proved so popular that the bottling stores had to move to larger premises at 277 Gray's Inn Road in 1869. By the middle of 1889 the Brewery was producing 336,000 barrels up to nearly 700,000 barrels by mid-1900 with profits equalling £205,000. To meet the demand for bottled beers depots were opened in Lewisham, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Weston Rise, Cardiff, Manchester, Totteham, Newcastle, Poole, Hull, Leicester, Nottingham and Kingston and a new headquarters office was opened at 27 Britannia Street, London, in 1900. The first overseas depot in Brussels established in 1904, expanding to include Antwerp in 1906 followed by Liege in 1910, Paris in 1912 and Ghent in 1913. By the time the depot in Ghent was in operation more than half of the brewery's output of close to one million barrels was being bottled.

Circumstance and legislation brought in during the Great War saw production limited to 18 million barrels at the start of 1917 and then halved by March to less than a third of pre-war output. By 1918 production had fallen to 400,000 barrels and was only 100,000 barrels higher eighteen years later. Over 1000 Whitbread employees had enlisted in the War and 95 were killed either in action or from wounds sustained.

Following the purchase of the Forest Hill brewery in the early 1920s, Whitbread began experimenting with brewing 'bright' beer where the beer was matured and filtered before bottling to prevent sedimentation. The technique was a success and rolled out to the whole Whitbread brand. In the 1920s Whitbread also introduced the Double Brown which was designed to rival Guinness and was almost a recreation of Whitbread's original porter.

In the mid-1920s Whitbread was experiencing a slump in trade. Sales were down overall by an average of 34%, twice that experienced by the trade as a whole. In response Sydney Nevile, the managing director, decided upon an avid advertising campaign using popular celebrities such as Gertie Lawrence and Ronald Squire and hired a publicity manager in the form of Hal Douglas Thomson, a newspaper advertising executive. He also attempted to widen the range of products available with additions such as cider and to develop exports to the colonies although the latter was not particularly successful. However it was the popularity of Mackeson's milk stout which buoyed sales in the the late 1930s and although still a long way off their 1913 peak they were a third higher than in 1932.

Unlike the Great War of 1914-18, general beer production across the country rose rapidly during the Second World War with Whitbread's production up 50% to 914,000 barrels by 1945 - almost beating the 1912 record of 989,000. Despite mass devastation of buildings in the surrounding area due to fire raids, Whitbread's own fire brigade was able to protect the Chiswell premises. Even after the great raid on 29th December 1940, production at the plant restarted after only four days. Between 1939-1945, 565 (90%) of Whitbread's licensed public houses in London were damaged by the Blitz, with 29 completely destroyed and an additional 49 so badly damaged that they had to close.

By 1948, the Company was employing 5,000 people. In addition to Brewery workers, by the 1950s over 5000 people were employed in the cultivation and harvesting of the hop bines that were grown by the Company in Kent. New breweries were built at Luton, in 1969, Samlesbury, Lancashire, in 1972 and Magor, Gwent in 1978. The Chiswell Street Brewery ceased brewing in 1976. In 1989 the Company operated 6 breweries at Castle Eden, Durham; Magor, Gwent; Exchange Brewery, Bridge Street, Sheffield; Court Street, Faversham, Kent; Monson Avenue, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; and Cuerdale Lane, Samlesbury, Preston, Lancashire.

During the final decades of the 20th Century, Whitbread seriously invested in the food and lodgings sectors. The Beefeater brand was launched in 1974 and Brewers Fayre followed five years later. Whitbread introduced Pizza Hut and TGI Friday's to Britain in the 1980s and adding continental-style high street brands like Costa, Cafe Rouge and Bella Pasta in the nineties. During that time Whitbread Hotel Company developed from a small number of three and four-star coaching inns and country houses, establishing Travel Inn in 1987 and securing the UK rights to the Marriott brand in 1995.

The Whitbread Beer Company was sold to Belgian brewer Interbrew in May 2000. First Quench (off-licences business) was sold in September 2000 to the Japanese investment bank Nomura (then jointly owned with Punch Group). Whitbread continues as a company with interests in hotels, restaurants and health and fitness clubs.

Stowell and Sons was a wines and spirits merchant bought by Whitbread and Company in 1920 for £20,000. The Company had been selling wine since 1878 when the first Stowells wine shop was opened in Ealing by Frederick Stanley Stowell. Moved to Britten Street, Chelsea (previously the Red Anchor Brewery) in 1927.

Although Whitbread's tied houses were not obliged to buy from Stowells the Company prospered selling in 1934 9,000 barrels of beer, 52,000 gallons of wine and 38,000 gallons of spirits.

Acquired or associated with: Findlater, Mackie and Company Limited; Spain and Albury Limited; E Robins and Sons Limited; The West End Wine Company Limited and Ellis, Wilson and Bacon Limited.

In 1965 the retail branches of both Stowells and Thresher's came under the management of Thresher, the Head Office being established at Britten Street, Chelsea. In 1968 the firm was renamed Stowells of Chelsea Limited and began concentrating solely on wholesale supplies to the free trade and to all Whitbread outlets. In 1978 the company was re-organised and given a national identity in response to the growing demand and the increasingly important role of wines and spirits in Whitbread's turnover.

In 1977 the Head Office moved with Thresher's to Great North Road, Hatfield, Hertfordshire and in 1982 to Sefton House, Church Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire.

The formalisation of the Whitbread organisation into six divisions saw Stowells of Chelsea incorporated into the Wines and Spirits division. They were later merged in 1989, along with the other Whitbread investments of Langenbach and Calvert, with Allied-Lyon's wine subsidiary Grants of James to form a joint venture known as European Cellars.

In 2003 the company changed their name from Stowells of Chelsea to Stowells Taste of the World.

Forest Hill Brewery Co Ltd

Whitbread and Company bought Forest Hill Brewery, located at 61 Perry Vale, Forest Hill, in 1923 as a reaction to the competition for retail outlets created by the 1921 Licensing Act limiting licensing hours and also the continued erosion of licenses in general by previous legislation.

Forest Hill Brewery had been established in 1885 by the Morgan brothers but the owner at the time of Whitbread's interest was Edward Venner who offered the sale. Through Edward Venner, Forest Hill Brewery Company had also gone into partnership with J.H. Hull in a company known as Hull and Venner which had joint ownership of The Railway Tavern in Liverpool Street. Whitbread gained an interest in The Railway Tavern through its purchase of the Forest Hill Brewery Company.

Forest Hill had built up a reputation for trade in 'bright' beer which was matured and filtered before being bottling in contrast to Whitbread's current method of maturation in the bottle that ultimately led to the collection of sediment. The sale therefore appealed to Whitbread managing director Sir Sydney Nevile from a technical perspective. After the takeover, the brewery in South London was closed and the bottling moved to the redundant Gray's Inn Road bottling depot.

Forest Hill Brewery became Whitbread Properties Limited in June 1929.

Gripper Brothers Ltd , brewers

Gripper Brothers Bell Brewery was established in Tottenham in 1760 and was acquired by Whitbread and Company in 1896. Whitbread turned it into a bottling depot later the same year although some of the older brewery buildings on the east side of the High Road were still in use in 1924.

Railway Tavern Co Ltd , public house management company

The Railway Tavern, located in Liverpool Street, near the train station, was owned originally by the Metropolitan Railway Company and was leased by the Company in 1907 to Thomas Read Hull for the term of 99 years.

The company of Hull and Venner Limited was formed in 1919 as a joint venture between James Henry Hull and the Forest Hill Brewery Company and the former agreed to leased the the Railway Tavern to Hull and Venner Limited for a period of 21 years. However, by 1922 it had been agreed that Hull and Venner Limited would take over the lease, compensating J.H. Hull accordingly, and in 1922 a special resolution was passed to increase the capital of the company to £25,000 which was divided into ordinary shares of £1 each. These were divided amongst the interested parties. The directors of the new company were Edwin John Venner and with James Henry Hull.

Whitbread gained an interest of 5,000 shares in The Railway Tavern through its takeover of the Forest Hill Brewery Company which became Whitbread Properties Limited. Whitbread bought out the rest of the Company in 1936 and then sold half of the shares to Bass Ratcliff & Gretton Limited in December of the same year.

In April 1937, it was agreed to change the name of the Company from Hull and Venner Limited to The Railway Tavern Company which was then brought under the auspices of Whitbread's Improved Public House Company Limited. John Edmund Martineau, John Stewart Eagles and Charles James Theobalds replaced James Hull and Edwin Venner as directors of the company although Martineau relinquished his post during the War and was replaced by Gilbert Keith Dunning.

The Railway Tavern was refitted in 2005.

Jude Hanbury and Co Ltd , brewers

Jude Hanbury and Company Limited was acquired by Whitbread and Company Limited in 1929. Jude Hanbury had originally approached Whitbread with the offer of the sale of some public houses in Kent. The company had recently moved its brewery to Canterbury and was looking for extra capital to pay for the Mackeson brewery in Hythe.

Whitbread instead proposed that Jude Hanbury along with Mackeson should merge with Leney and Sons. Whitbread provided the finance and kept a majority share with Jude Hanbury's management kept in place to run it, although they were later removed by Whitbread managing director Nevile who took control of the group himself. The merger guaranteed that the pubs would stock Whitbread beer in addition to their own brands.

At Whitbread the group were known as the Kent breweries.

Top Star Taverns Ltd , public house management company

Top Star Taverns Limited was incorporated in 1970. Whitbread Flowers Limited was the major shareholder (51%) with the remaining shares being held by Tuckwell Inns Limited, Leicester. Tuckwell were responsible for the management of the public houses the Company owned.

These houses included: Lemon and Parker, Gloucester Travellers Rest, Ross-on-Wye Lady Godiva, Coventry Bear and Ragged Staff, Kenilworth The Cuty Arms, Earlsden The Anchor Tavern, Stratford-on-Avon Grove House, Swindon The Swinging Plaice, Gloucester and The Kings Head, Hereford.

In February 1973 Whitbread Flowers Limited purchased the remaining shares from Tuckwell Inns Limited as part of the reorganisation of the retail operations of the Western Region of Whitbread and Company Limited. Top Star Taverns Limited ceased trade from this point. The Company entered liquidation in March 1974 (liqudator: Alec E Baldwin of Whitbread Flowers Limited), held its final meeting in December 1974 and was officially dissolved on 18 March 1975.

The Council was based at 100c Queen Victoria Street, City of London. It organised major demonstrations and distributed handbills protesting against Nazi persecution in Germany, particularly of Jewish people. In 1935 the Council's major resolution was to promote an economic boycott on German business 'until complete civil and religious liberty have been restored in Germany'.

According to The Times of Monday, Oct 28, 1935, page 16, the demonstration in Hyde Park in October 1935 attracted over 20,000 people. The event had 6 platforms at Speaker's Corner with a number of key political and religious speakers including Eleanor Florence Rathbone, campaigning suffragette and politician.

Robinson , Samuel , fl 1741 , surveyor

Samuel Robinson, surveyor, was active circa 1741 and based at Cockhill, Shadwell. The plan in this collection relating to Saint Dunstan and All Saints church, Stepney states that he 'surveys land and buildings, draws out plans and maps of estates, and carefully calculates all sorts of measurements' (LMA/4458/01/001).

For a history of Stratford Abbey, West Ham, see 'West Ham: Stratford Abbey', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 112-114 (available online).

Victorian Society

The Victorian Society was founded in 1958 to raise awareness and promote preservation of architecture and design created between 1843 and 1914. At the time of its foundation, property developers, architects and widespread public opinion viewed Victorian design as ugly and it was swept aside in favour of Modernism. The Society was keen to preserve the finest examples of Victorian design but in order to do so, needed to devise standards for selecting the best. Early members included H S Goodhart-Rendel, John Betjeman, Christopher Hussey, John Brandon-Jones, Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Nikolaus Pevsner and the Society's first chairman was architect and town planner Lionel Brett, 4th Viscount Esher.

The original objects of the Society were to:

  • draw attention to the merits and significance of the best of Victorian and Edwardian architecture, design crafts and decoration,

    • encourage the study of these, and that of related social history,
    • provide a point of contact for scholars of the period and to compile a register of research,
    • help to form a basis of aesthetic discrimination,
    • prevent the needless destruction of important Victorian and Edwardian buildings, and of their contents,
    • co-operate with the Ministry of Housing in the listing and protection of Victorian and Edwardian buildings of architectural and historic value,
    • make representations to local authorities and to give evidence at public enquiries.

    The Society's regular income consisted primarily of subscriptions from members. Benefits provided to members included town walks, building visits, Victorian-themed parties, conferences, lectures, and The Victorian, a triennial magazine. Early promotional activities included organising an exhibition of Victorian paintings in 1961 and cooperating in a conference in 1964 about the challenges facing the preservation and use of Victorian churches.

    The Society is subdivided into regional branches to focus on surveying buildings outside London. Initially, these were Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham groups but by 2004, there were a further five: Leicester, Great Eastern, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and South Wales. The Society was governed by a Council who were advised by a separate Committee. A series of sub committees were responsible for managing the day to day running of the Society.

    The Buildings Sub-Committee is responsible for assessing the value of Victorian buildings when listed building consent affecting them is sought from local planning authorities. On the basis of this evaluation, it makes its views known to planning authorities, developers and English Heritage. The Society will provide evidence to public inquiries held relating to Victorian and Edwardian buildings. On occasions, it has mounted active campaigns to protect buildings of special significance. An early example was the 'Save the Arch' campaign to prevent the demolition of the arch at Euston railway station. Other notable campaigns focused on the restoration of the Albert Memorial and the replacement of a Pugin stained glass window in Sherburne Abbey.

    The Victorian Society began managing Linley Sambourne House in Stafford Terrace, London as a museum in Autumn 1980. The house, built in the 1870s, was formerly the home of Anne, Countess of Rosse (nee Messell) and was where, at a party in 1957, Anne proposed setting up a Victorian society. She sold the house and its contents to the Greater London Council in 1980. The museum is now operated by the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

    The Society's offices have previously been at 55 Great Ormond Street, London WC1 and 29 Exhibition Road, London SW7. They are currently at 1 Priory Gardens, Bedford Park, London W4.

Lionel and Pansy were close friends of Eric and Jessica Huntley of Bogle-L'Ouverture. Lionel Aloric Jeffrey born in Guyana 9 January 1926, died 31 October 1993. Parents were Marie and Charles Jeffrey; wife, Pansy Jeffrey.

He came to England in 1947 to study Economics and Law at Oxford University. He was elected Vice-President of the West Indies Students Union and later President of the overseas federation of students unions in England.

On 29 December 1951, in London, he married Pansy Cummings, daughter of a school teacher from Berbice, Guyana. They had a daughter, Chinyere and two sons, Andreas and Howard.

He was active in the Anti-Colonial struggle in the Caribbean and during this period he worked closely with Cheddi Jagan, Eusi Kawana and Martin Carter.

He returned to Guyana in 1953 when British troops invaded and deposed the elected Peoples Progressive Party. He became Acting Secretary of the Party after Janet Jagan was imprisoned, and was a regular contributor to the publications the Mirror and Thunder.

In 1956 he returned to England to continue his studies. Lionel continued his work in the Labour Movement and was General Secretary and President of the Caribbean Labour Solidarity group. His Socialism was strengthened with the arrival of Guyanese John and Irma LaRose, Eric and Jessica Huntley, Cleston Taylor and Peter Blackman. They formed the nucleus of the West Indian Communist Party. He allied himself to all the progressive groups concerned with Caribbean politics and was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He worked to increase education and other opportunities available to minorities living in the London Borough of Islington and was a member of Islington Council's Race Equality Committee for many years.

He was involved in the following organisations:
Caribbean Labour Solidarity
Caribbean Labour Congress
The Community Education Trust
Islington 18
The West Indian Citizens Association, (WICA)
The Islington Multi-Cultural Education Project
Islington Race Equality Unit
Islington Multi-Cultural Education Project
Greater London Council's Ethnic Minorities Committee
North Islington Law Centre

In 1974 he was President of the Caribbean Labour Solidarity group and a member of the Caribbean Labour Congress.

The Community Education Trust:
In 1974 Lionel, Pansy Jeffrey and colleagues founded the Community Education Trust (CET), based in Manor Gardens, Holloway, Islington LB. It began with evening classes and lectures for people to learn about Caribbean politics and was sponsored initially by Lord Pitt and Bishop Wood of Croydon. In the 1970s and 1980s the Trust developed multi-cultural education courses. The Trustees were Sir Hugh Springer, KCMG, CBE, the Right Reverend Wilfred Wood, the Chairman was George Lamming and Lionel the Executive Secretary.

In 1980 he formed the "Islington 18" in order to help the eighteen black youths arrested after riots at Notting Hill Carnival.

In 1981 the West Indian Citizens Association (WICA) was set up by members of the Community Education Trust in whose premises it was housed. The intention of this group was to lend their facilities and structure to people of West Indian origin in Islington, to create and develop a community organisation to serve the interests of Afro-Caribbean people in the borough.

The Association grew and in June 1981 they started a Senior Citizens Lunch Club which became the forerunner for providing a variety of services for black senior citizens.

In 1985 Lionel became overall director of the Multi-Cultural Education Project in Islington. They developed multi-cultural and anti-racist teaching packs for schools. The project also designed a Caribbean exchange programme whereby 26 third year pupils from Islington secondary schools participated in special workshops and activities and visited and lived with families in Barbados. In 1986 exchange students from Barbados visited London and attended local secondary schools in Islington.

1992 he became a Consultant for the Islington Race Equality Unit. He worked with Islington Council and the Inner London Education Authority to develop their race relations policy and helped establish a race relations unit in Islington with Richard Crowson. He was Chairman of Islington Council's Ethnic Minorities Committee and a member of the Greater London Council's Ethnic Minorities Committee. He worked at the City Literary Institute ('City Lit') in Holborn, Camden LB with George Lamming and Richard Hart and he was a committee member of the North Islington Law Centre with Bil Nash.

The Lionel Jeffrey Nubian Centre
In 1995 the Islington Council Race Equality and Community Affairs Committee named a community centre after him. The Centre was based at 48 Seven Sisters Road, Islington LB. The aims of the centre include the advancement of education and training that would allow users to continue to play a constructive role in society and the promotion of the rights of women. Lionel died 31 October, 1993.

Pansy Jeffrey joined the Family Welfare Association Department of the Kensington and Chelsea Citizen's Advice Bureau (CAB) and was appointed to the post of the West Indian Social Worker in 1959. She was a Justice of the Peace and served at Horseferry Magistrates Court. In her capacity at the Bureau she helped create organisations for the improvement of housing, education and social conditions for West Indians and other immigrant groups in North Kensington. She was a member of groups which shared her concerns. These included
1960 West Indian Mother Club
1968 College Park School Managing Body
1970 House of Commons Working Group on Education
1970 West London Fair Housing Group Limited
1973 Berbice Co-ownership Housing Association Limited
1974 Community Education Trust
1979 North Kensington Family Centre Committee
1981 Pepper Pot Club.
She was on the management committee of North Kensington Neighbourhood Law Centre. She gave talks about the West Indian community in Notting Hill, London and in the Caribbean.

The origins of HM Young Offender Institute, Feltham can be traced back to 1854 when the erection of a reformatory school was first proposed by the Justices of the County of Middlesex. After the passing of the Industrial Schools Act of 1857, magistrates were empowered to sentence children aged between 7 and 14 to industrial schools. The Middlesex Industrial School, Feltham was built within the parish of Bedfont and opened on 1 January 1859. The school passed into the control of the London County Council in April 1889 and eventually closed in August 1909.

The premises then came under the control of the Prison Commissioners. Feltham Borstal Institution opened on 7 October 1910 when 23 boys were transferred from Borstal Institution at Borstal, Kent.

Feltham operated based on the Borstal model. Boys from the age of 16 to 21 who were taken into custody were either sent to Borstal training for 3 years, or to Boys' prison, where sentences were for a lesser period. Those who demonstrated criminal tendencies and in need of reform were sent to Borstal training. Training included instruction in trades, education, physical fitness and work. Good conduct could secure an early release on licence.

In September 1939, Feltham absorbed prisoners from the Boys' Prison at Wormwood Scrubs. This included boys awaiting trial, boy prisoners and those awaiting allocation to Borstal. In 1942, the remand centre moved back to Wormwood Scrubs but the Borstal Reception Centre and the Boys' prison remained at Feltham. In early 1945, the reception centre also went back to Wormwood Scrubs. By April 1946, the Boys' Prison at Feltham ceased to exist and Feltham reverted to being solely a Borstal.

In the early 1970s it was recognised that the buildings were inadequate and designs for a new institute were made incorporating a new remand centre to replace nearby Ashford. The new Feltham was opened in August 1983, although the merger was delayed. HM Young Offender Institution and Remand Centre Feltham was formed by the amalgamation of Ashford Remand Centre and Feltham Borstal in 1991.

Crosse and Blackwell Ltd , food manufacturers

Manufacturers of chutneys, pickles, marmalades, jams, vinegars, piccalillis, canned goods and related products.

Previously known as West and Wyatt and founded in 1706, the company originally traded as oilmen at 11 King Street, Soho, Westminster. In 1829 Wyatt retired and the firm was purchased for £600 in 1830 by Edmund Crosse (1804-1862) and Thomas Blackwell (1804-1879) (who had entered the firm as apprentices in 1819) despite objections from the Blackwell family using funds from the sale of farms at Bushey.

The firm's name changed to Crosse and Blackwell in 1838 and was later incorporated in 1892. In 1837 the firm received royal appointment. Capital increased to £25,000 in 1844 and to seven and a quarter million pounds in 1928 where the decision was taken to decrease the amount by half. Medals were awarded at Vienna Universal Exhibition in 1873. The firm also exhibited at the Empire Exhibition, Wembley in 1924.

The firm acquired several companies including: Gamble and Son (1864), E Lazenby and Son Limited (1919), James Keiller and Son Limited (1919), Alexander Cairns and Sons of Paisley, Scotland (1920); British Vinegars Limited (1982) and was associated with Allards Wharf Limited.

PREMISES:

Crosse and Blackwell acquired 21 Soho Square, Soho, Westminster in 1838 (and moved there in 1839 where they remained until 1925). The original factory remained at the King Street premises after 1839. In 1844 'a great fire' took place at the rear of the Soho Square premises.

Further premises acquired included Dean Street (1840), Denmark Street (1851), George Yard (1859), Falconberg factory (1860), with extension to 21 Soho Square developed at 20 Soho Square (Falconberg House), Victoria Wharf, Thames Street, City of London (1862); a Vinegar Brewery at Caledonian Road (1876); Stacey Street acquired in 1876 for factory for Export Pickles (1878) which was later converted for manufacture of Candied Peel (1884); Soho Wharf, Belvedere Road at the south end of Westminster Bridge was established for Export Pickles (1884) and later sold to London County Council for £100,00 for County Hall in 1906; Charing Cross Road premises built (1887); Victoria Wharf, Millwall for Imports (1888); Imperial Wharf, Nine Elms Lane, Battersea built (1907); Collingwood Street, Bethnal Green (1916); Branston factory acquired with cottages (1920).

By 1920 premises included: Soho Square, Charing Cross Road, Brewery Road, Islington; Imperial Wharf, Battersea; Victoria Wharf, Millwall; Tay Wharf, Silvertown; Broad Street, Ratcliff; Albert Square, Dundee; East Dock Street, Maryfield, Dundee; Wisbech; Blairgowie; Sittingbourne; Faversham, Surrey; Paisley; Farleigh; Peterhead; Cork.

During the 1920s the following changes occurred: Rock House, Burton acquired (1921); 112 Charing Cross Road (1921); move to Branston in circa 1921 and move back in 1924; demolition of 20 Soho Square (1924); new factory erected at Crimscott Street (1924); showroom at Eastcheap, City of London (1924); offices were all housed at 21 Soho Square (1924)

OVERSEAS:

A Provision Factory was established at Morrison's Quay, Cork, Ireland in 1864 initially specialised in the canning of salmon from the Shannon. A new warehouse was built at Morrison's Quay in 1902. In 1927 sales in United States of America were supported by the foundation of Crosse and Blackwell Company, Baltimore where factories were built. Allied companies were established in Cape Town, South Africa, as Crosse and Blackwell (South Africa) Limited (1930), and Australia (1958) with factories in Pakenham, Melbourne and Sydney.

STAFF:

In 1832 the chef Qualliotti was working for the company. E & T Pink at Staple Street, Borough (1904); Works Manager at Soho Square: H W Bell (1920) Works Manager at Branston: T H Mattinson (1920); Company Secretary: J Ashton Burton (1920); Chief Engineer: Rollo Appleyard (1920); Frank Blackwell retired from active management (1921); Bernard Lazenby in charge of all manufacturing (1924); Crimscott Street manager: Mr Gray (1924); Silvertown manager: Mr Denholm (1924); Sunrise Preserving formed (1928).

A Sports Club was established and had a site at The Square Sports Field, Pinner (1920).

POST-1960:

The company and all the shares of Crosse and Blackwell (Holdings) Limited were purchased by Nestlé in 1960. This brought to Nestlé Group 11 factories (6 in United Kingdom). In 1960 Crosse and Blackwell Group's head office was Soho Square, Westminster; with factories at Crimscott Street, Bermondsey and Silvertown, London; Peterhead, Scotland; Albert Square and Maryfield, Dundee, Scotland (two factories of subsidiary James Keiller and Son Limited) and Stenhousemuir, Edinburgh, Scotland (factory of A McCowan and Sons Limited, a subsidiary of James Keiller and Son Limited).

Crosse and Blackwell was divested in 2002 by Nestlé and the brand divided between Premier International Foods, in Europe and The J.M. Smucker Company, in North America.

Various.

On July 7th 2005 a series of co-ordinated terrorist attacks hit London. Suicide bombers detonated devices on tube trains at Aldgate, Edgware Road, between Kings Cross and Russell Square and on the Number 30 bus at Tavistock Square. 52 people were killed, and hundreds more injured.

New River Action Group

New River Action Group was established in 1986 to protect, conserve and preserve for the benefit of the public and New River, its immediate environs, associated reservoirs and filter beds and fauna and flora. It is composed of member organisations with London wide and local interests in the New River, and of individual Friends of New River.

In the sixteenth century it became apparent that there was not enough fresh water for the capital's fast growing population. In 1606 a Bill was passed in the House of Lords to cut a new river to bring water to London from Chadwell and Amwell in Hertfordshire. A second act allowing them to use a tunnel to convey the water was passed in 1607. In March 1609 the powers and obligations of these two Acts were passed to Hugh Myddelton a Merchant Adventurer and Goldsmith who was also an Alderman of Denbigh (Wales) and had engineering experience in the form of coal mining. Edward Wright a famous mathematician was employed to survey and direct the course of the river. The plan was met with much opposition as various members of the House of Commons feared the value of their lands would be decreased by flooding and a Bill was introduced to repeal to two Acts. In the meantime the project was running over time and budget. The city granted Myddleton an extension and King James I agreed to provide half the cost of the work in return for half of the profits. The work was officially completed 29 September 1613. The original length of the New river was 38.8 miles, but the distance in a straight line is nearer 20 miles.

League of Jewish Women

The League of Jewish Women was founded in 1943 to provide help to both the Jewish and wider communities. It was established as a non-political, non-fund raising voluntary welfare organisation. League members were organised into local groups. The groups were mostly centred on London but there were some elsewhere, for example around Manchester, the first Manchester group being established in 1944.

The help that the League offered was in the form of voluntary work, ranging from hospital and home visiting to working in prisons and running day centres for older people. Through Head Office committees, provision was also made for education and training in various skills. In the early 1950s, an attempt was made to raise the League's profile through the formation of a Publicity Committee. By the time of the League's 25th anniversary in 1968 an in-house magazine, "Around the League" had been launched and in 1970 charitable status was granted.

The League became affiliated to national organisations such as the Women's National Commission. In addition, the League was the UK affiliate of the International Council of Jewish Women. In this capacity the League took part in, and occasionally helped organise, international conferences. The League's own tri-annual conference had first taken place in Bournemouth in 1975.

Ironmonger , Wendy , fl 1986 , pensions adviser

The Morgan Owen medal is the insurance world's most prestigious essay prize. The silver gilt medal and award of up to £2,000 is offered for the best essay entered by a Fellow or Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute. The competition is run annually.

On the 29th June 1936, Molins Machine Company Limited and its subsidiary company, The Thrissell Engineering Company Limited, established The Molins Pension Fund for their male Staff Employees.

History of Molins from their website (accessed Oct 2009): "Molins history has been one of leadership in world markets through inspired innovation, precision engineering of great quality and the highest standards of customer service. The company had its beginnings in Cuba. Jose S Molins began making cigars and hand rolling cigarettes in Havana in 1874. He then moved to America, and moved again to London. In 1911 his two sons, Harold and Walter, devised a machine that could make almost any kind of packet from cigarette packs to large cartons for tea. The Molins Machine Company was founded in 1912. In 1924 the first cigarette maker (the Mark 1) was patented and by 1928 was running at 1,000 cigarettes per minute. Also in 1928 the Thrissell Engineering company (later to become Masson Scott Thrissell) was acquired. In 1931 the Company opened a site in Richmond, Virginia, in the heart of the US tobacco industry."

"During the Second World War the company focused on armaments, following which Molins was awarded the Medal of Freedom by the President of the United States. The business boomed in the post war years and in 1950 the Saunderton site, near High Wycombe, was opened."

"The 1950s saw the introduction of the hinge-lid pack, which was originally invented and patented by Walter's son, Desmond Molins, in 1937. The hinge-lid pack was a major step forward from the previous soft packs, which allowed cigarettes to be damaged, and was used by Philip Morris in 1954 to relaunch the Marlboro brand: it was instantly successful and Marlboro sales increased 50 fold. Molins started to expand overseas with the first agent for the Far East in Hong Kong, a factory in Behala near Calcutta and in 1960 a factory in Sao Paolo, Brazil."

"The 1970s were a period of diversification. The company acquired the Langston Corporation in 1974, a manufacturer of corrugated board machinery. By combining Langston with Masson Scott Thrissel, the Molins group became a major supplier of corrugating and paper converting machinery. This business was subsequently divested in 1998."

"In July 1976, the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. The 1980s, however, were a difficult time for the group. No longer a private company and with a high sales and achievement record, Molins proved to be an attractive proposition for speculative "corporate raiders". This period saw many senior management changes and a series of battles to fight off predatory take-over bids. The company emerged stronger and more focused. The mid-1990s saw a period of acquisition, spurred on by the excellent profitability of the Tobacco Machinery division. The company began a strategy of developing a packaging machinery business by organic growth and by acquisition. In November 1994, Sandiacre Packaging Machinery Ltd., a leading manufacturer of vertical from fill and seal equipment, based in Nottingham, was purchased. The business of Rose Forgrove, which was acquired in 2001, was integrated into Sandiacre's Nottingham facility. Sandiacre Rose Forgrove was subsequently sold in 2006. Molins ITCM, an R and D centre originally established in Coventry in 1985 to aid the existing businesses develop new products, began to develop its own products with the introduction of the pyramid tea bag machinery, which was followed by the rapid introduction of a number of tea bag machines for Unilever. In October 1996 family firms H.J. Langen of Toronto, Canada and its sister company Langenpac N.V. of the Netherlands were acquired by Molins. For half a century Langen has supplied machinery for cartoning, case packing and palletising, now including robotic top load applications, for a diverse range of consumer products, pioneering packaging solutions for a variety of household brand names."

"The late 1990s saw the group significantly reorganise its tobacco machinery business, following a major reduction in demand for original equipment. The division re-established a strong emphasis on the servicing and support of its customer base. As part of its drive towards being a more efficient organisation, a business in Plzen, Czech Republic, was purchased in 2000 to manufacture and assemble tobacco machinery parts and machines."

"In 2000 Molins made a significant strategic move by acquiring the business of Filtrona Instruments and Automation, the world leader in the development, assembly, selling and maintenance of process and quality control instruments for the cigarette industry and also for packaging machinery in certain niche markets. The business, now called Cerulean, operates from its UK headquarters in Milton Keynes as well as other offices around the world."

"As part of the further development of its scientific services activities, Molins acquired Arista Laboratories of Richmond, Virginia in February 2002. Arista is a world leading, fully independent smoke constituent analytical facility and provides its services to cigarette manufacturers and regulatory authorities. In December 2002 Molins acquired the smoke analysis business of LGC Ltd (the Laboratory of the Government Chemist) in Teddington, London, to form the basis of Arista Laboratories Europe, which subsequently relocated to purpose-built premises in Kingston-upon-Thames."

"In 2003 Molins acquired Sasib (based in Bologna, Italy), a manufacturer of packing machinery for the tobacco industry, although this business was subsequently sold in 2006."

"Today, Molins retains major positions in a number of market areas. Through the businesses that make up its three divisions, those of Packaging Machinery, Tobacco Machinery and Scientific Services, Molins continues to provide leading engineering solutions and service to a wide range of multi-national and local customers."

BASF plc , manufacturers of chemicals

The pension scheme is administered by HS Administrative Services Limited

The following companies (some of them with sub-companies) represent the BASF Group in the United Kingdom in 2009: BASF plc, BASF Coatings Ltd, BASF Construction Chemicals (UK) Ltd, BASF IT Services Ltd., BTC Speciality Chemical Distribution Ltd., Elastogran U.K.Ltd., Engelhard Metals Ltd, Engelhard Sales Ltd., Wingas Storage UK Ltd., and Wingas UK Limited.

A detailed history of the Company is available on their website: http://www.basf.co.uk/ecp1/History_UK_Ireland/index (accessed Sept 2009)

The Unilever website provides the following historical information: In the 1890s, William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros, wrote down his ideas for Sunlight Soap, a revolutionary new product that helped popularise cleanliness and hygiene in Victorian England. Although Unilever wasn't formed until 1930, the companies that joined forces to create the business were already well established before the start of the 20th century.

Unilever's founding companies produced products made of oils and fats, principally soap and margarine. In the 1920s, with businesses expanding fast, companies set up negotiations intending to stop others producing the same types of products. But instead they agreed to merge - and so Unilever was created.

See http://www.unilever.co.uk/aboutus/ourhistory/ for more information.

The National Association of Pension Funds is the principal body representing occupational pension funds and those managing pension funds in the UK.

The origin of the NAPF is a grouping known as the Conference of Superannuation Funds, formed in 1917, which sought exemption from tax on the investment returns made by pension funds and from income tax for employees' contributions. The recommendations made by its members to the Royal Commission on Income Tax in 1918 led to the tax exemptions granted in the 1921 Finance Act. The Association of Superannuation and Pension Funds was subsequently formed in 1923 and the name changed to National Association of Pension Funds in 1967. Since the mid 1970s the NAPF has increased the range of its activities including regularly lobbying on legislative and regulatory changes.

In addition the NAPF has promoted courses, conferences and publications. It has also played a role in the corporate governance of companies. Although the core membership has always been drawn from companies that sponsor pension schemes, various categories of associate membership have been encouraged, resulting in the ready availability, within the Association, of a wide range of technical knowledge and influence.

(Company limited by guarantee and not having share capital).

Offices: Cheapside House, 138 Cheapside, City of London (in 2013).