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Charles W. Marten and Edward Heseltine began trading together as stock and share brokers under the name Marten and Heseltine in 1848 at 9 Finch Lane, Cornhill.

In 1852 Thomas W Powell joined the business and its name was listed in the London Directories from that year as Marten and Powell (1852 only) and Heseltine, Powell (1852-1866). In 1867 its style changed to Heseltine, Powell and Company and remained as such for the next 110 years.

In 1977 the name of the business changed to Heseltine, Moss and Company and in 1987 they became members of Brown Shipley Stockbroking Limited.

Edward Heseltine and Thomas Powell were particularly interested in the shares and bonds of the developing American railroads and, in letters to the Stock Exchange in 1908, the company claimed that it was their encouragement of investors which had stimulated interest in the American market and helped to create the arbitrage business.

The firm remained at Finch Lane until 1856, but thereafter made several moves, to Spread Eagle Court, 3 Threadneedle Street (1856-60)); 2 Royal Exchange Buildings (1861-6); 6A Austin Friars (1867-78); 1 Drapers Gardens, Throgmorton Street (1879-1962); 3/4Trump Street (1963-86); and 10 Foster Lane (1987- ).

The Hide Shippers and Agents Association was formed in 1925 to represent importers of hides, and their agents in the United Kingdom, who were dissatisfied with existing methods of arbitration employed by the trade. They based the form of their association upon the associations formed by the oil, tallow and grain trades, and, in addition to appointing a panel of arbitrators to hear disputes, introduced uniform printed contracts and promoted the general interests of their trade. Originally based at 84 Leadenhall Street, the association subsequently moved to 5/7 Houndsditch (1959) and Baltic Exchange Chambers, 24 St. Mary Axe (1968).

The date of the origin of the firm is uncertain, but the firm can be traced back to Edward Thomas Jones (1767-1833), author of English System of Book-Keeping (1796). Edward Thomas began his career in accountancy in Bristol, but moved to London in 1821, living first in Poultry and later in Coleman Street. His business was continued by his nephew, Theodore Brooke Jones, in 1846, and Arthur James Hill in 1867.

Soon afterwards Theodore Brooke Jones moved to Harrogate and opened offices in Leeds and Manchester. In 1878 the business was divided into three distinct firms: the Manchester firm became known as Jones Crewdson & Company, the Leeds firm was called Theodore B Jones and Company, and the London firm became Theodore Jones, Hill and Company. In the same year, William Edward Vellacott, who had been articled to the London firm in 1869, was admitted to the partnership. The name of the London firm was changed to Theodore Jones, Hill, Vellacott and Company in 1884, and in 1888, when Jones withdrew from the practice, to Arthur J Hill, Vellacott and Company.

The location of the firm's office in London changed frequently; the longest period of time was spent at Finsbury Circus House (1871-1914). In 1941 the firm's offices were damaged by floods following bomb damage and many of the company's early records were destroyed. Offices were also opened in Belfast, Cambridge, Northampton, Croydon and Leicester.

From 1927 the firm was known as Hill, Vellacott & Company (Hill, Vellacott from 1967, and Hill Vellacott from 1975). The company underwent various mergers from 1923, including one in 1984 with Chantry Wood King, and the company's name was changed to Chantrey Vellacott in 1988.

The business of the Jones family and of Arthur Hill was involved in the co-operative and building society movements, and their clients included the Longton and Fenton Permanent Benefit Building Society.

Sir Richard Holford of Lincoln's Inn and Weston Birt, Gloucestershire (d 1718), to whom the majority of these papers relate, was called to the bench in 1689, made a master in Chancery 1694, and knighted in 1695.

Of the other members of the Holford family mentioned, Robert Holford senior (1686-1753), son of Sir Richard, was called to the bench in 1715, having already become a master in Chancery in 1712, and his two sons, Peter (b 1719), and Robert junior, followed the family tradition, the former becoming a master in Chancery in 1750 and the latter being admitted to Grays Inn in 1742.

Assam and African Investments Limited was part of the Inchcape Group. It operated in Assam (India) and Kenya and Tanzania (East Africa).

Assam Estates Limited was a tea company operating in Assam, 1910 to 1977. It was part of the Inchcape Group.

Encouraged by the prospect of economic expansion in Sarawak, Borneo, Robert MacEwan and Robert Henderson, Glasgow merchants with well-established interests in the South China seas, and John Charles Templer, a lifelong friend of Rajah Brooke of Sarawak, combined to launch the Borneo Company in 1856. The firm's foreign headquarters were in Singapore, and, in addition to Sarawak, it soon traded in general commodities all over the Far East: in Calcutta, the Dutch East Indies (Java and Sumatra), Hong Kong, Malaya [Malaysia] and Siam [Thailand]. Of these, the operations in Sarawak and Siam were probably the most significant.

SARAWAK: Under a royalty agreement concluded with the Sarawak treasury in the mid 1850s, the company was authorised to exploit all the country's mineral deposits. Initially, operations concentrated on the extraction of antimony ore, but, from the 1870s, company prospectors added cinnabar, coal and, most lucratively, gold to the range of minerals mined. In addition, the company developed a banking and agency business, ran a mint for the Rajah, and experimented with miscellaneous crops such as sago, indigo, tobacco, pepper and rubber. Close contact with the first and successive rajahs allowed for great diversification of interests and the operation of a commercial monopoly in the company's favour until the Second World War.

SIAM [Thailand]: A branch opened in Bangkok in 1856 following introductions made to King Mongkuk by the Danish explorer Ludwig Verner Helms. Activity included rice milling and trading; the export of sugar, salt and tin and import of calico, metals, marine stores and opium; wharfage work; and agency business. The value of these miscellaneous trades was however small in comparison with the profit derived from the extraction of teak in the northern districts. Upcountry branches at Chiengmai and Raheng directed forest operations from the 1880s onwards under the terms of successive teak leases. By 1914, the company had its own sawmill in Bangkok, and was exporting steadily to Europe, India and the Far East. Trade in teak continued relatively undisturbed until the Second World War.

The firm became a limited company in 1890. From 1922, the company was quoted on the London Stock Exchange. Increasing emphasis on the distribution of motor vehicles led in 1925 to the formation in Singapore of the subsidiary Borneo Motors Limited. The firm took over motor distribution in Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak and Brunei.

After the Second World War, during which many Far Eastern staff were incarcerated by the Japanese, the company continued to expand into Brunei, North Borneo and Canada.

In 1966, the firm became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Inchcape Group of trading companies.

The Borneo Company had offices at 25 Mincing Lane, 1856-9; 7 Mincing Lane, 1859-74; 28 Fenchurch Street, 1874-[1932]; 143-149 Fenchurch Street, [1932]-1955; 62-63 Mark Lane, 1956-1967; 40 St Mary Axe, 1967-1988.

This item was found among the archives of Duncan Macneill and Company (CLC/B/123-23). The Dalhousie Jute Company, of Calcutta, India, and Duncan Macneill and Company were both part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This company, shipping agents of 101 Leadenhall Street, was established in 1919 as Delmege and Company to act for Delmege, Forsyth and Company (CLC/B/123-20) in the UK. It became Delmege, Allen and Company in 1920. Delmege, Allen and Company and Delmege, Forsyth and Company were both part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

The firm was established in 1858 when W R Adamson and Company (silk dealers) set up in London, with its head office in Shanghai and branches in Hong Kong, Foochow and Hankow. It began to build up an export business in tea and silk, and also a general import business, and began to acquire shipping agencies. The name changed in 1867 to Adamson, Bell and Company.

In 1872 George Benjamin Dodwell joined the company in Shanghai, and in 1891, by which time both Adamson and Bell had retired, he formed Dodwell, Carlill and Company to take over Adamson Bell's agencies. Also in 1891 the head office moved to London. By this stage the firm was exporting tea, porcelain, silk and other Chinese produce from Hong Kong, Shanghai, Yokohama and Kobe, and importing flour and lumber from Tacoma on the Pacific coast.

In 1897 a branch was opened in Colombo, chiefly exporting tea to Russia. In 1899 Dodwell and Company Limited was registered as a private limited company. G. B. Dodwell was its first chairman. From 1899 to the First World War, tea sales declined and general merchandising and the shipping agencies became more important. Japan also became more important to the company, chiefly through the export of coal to Singapore and Shanghai.

From the 1920s onwards, Dodwell's trade in the Far East generally fluctuated for various reasons, including the Second World War and the Chinese revolution. However, post-war recovery in Japan was rapid, and the company had begun meanwhile to expand in other directions, including rubber and textiles, and also motor vehicles. Dodwell Motors, a subsidiary, was formed in Hong Kong after the war. It amalgamated in 1969 with Inchcape's Metro cars to form Metro-Dodwell Motors Limited, which took over all British Leyland franchises in Hong Kong.

From the mid 1950s, Dodwell specialised as buying agents for department and chain stores throughout the world, opening their own retail stores in some places, including Kenya and Hong Kong.

In 1972 the whole share capital of Dodwell and Company Limited was acquired by Inchcape and Company Limited. Dodwell had offices successively in Billiter Street and St Mary Axe.

The company traded in West Bengal, India, as general merchants and agents, and was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This company carried on business as merchant traders and agents in Canton, China, and was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

India General Steam Navigation Company was established in India in 1844 to compete with the steamers of the Indian government on the Ganges, later turning its attention to Assam, where the tea industry was developing and in need of improved communications.

From the 1870s onwards, the company faced much competition from Rivers Steam Navigation Company Limited (CLC/B/123-47), as a result of which various working agreements between the two companies were reached in the 1880s. As a result of one such agreement, made in 1889, the two companies came generally to be known as the Joint steamer companies, operating many joint services but maintaining separate management.

In 1899, India General went into liquidation, partly in order to raise more capital, and partly in order to register in London. The new company was named India General Navigation and Railway Company Limited (so called because a few years earlier India General had undertaken the construction of an extension of a railway to the banks of the Brahmaputra at Jaganathganj).

During both world wars, vessels of the Joint steamer companies were impresssed for military use in India, and also in Iraq during the First World War. After the Second World War the partition of India caused difficulties in the transport of commodities from Assam to Calcutta for export, as they had to pass through Pakistan as well as India. As a result, the fleets of the Joint companies were divided and separate repair workshops set up to service the Pakistani fleet (in addition to those set up by India General in the 1880s at Raja Bagan).

In 1959, Pakistan River Steamers Limited was formed to manage the Pakistani fleets of the Joint companies, as the government of Pakistan would not Company-operate except with a company incorporated in Pakistan (for further details of PRS Limited see the introductory note to Rivers Steam Navigation Company Limited.)

In 1962 a strike by crews in Pakistan nearly brought about the collapse of India General, but Rivers Steam Navigation Company Limited bought out its Indian assets and liabilities, India General retaining its Pakistani interests. India General was managed in India by Kilburn and Company and in London by Kilburn, Brown and Company. (The Inchcape group archives include some records of Kilburn, Brown and Company, CLC/B/123-37).

India General had London offices successively in St. Helen's Place, New Broad Street and Mincing Lane.

This company traded as general merchants and shipping agents and was London agent for India General Navigation and Railway Company (CLC/B/123-33). It was part of the Inchcape Group.

This company was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This company of ship brokers and agents was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This company, growers and manufacturers of tea in Assam, India, was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This tea company, operating in Assam, India, 1885-1978, was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

This company, operating in Assam, India, 1909-79, was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

The stockbroking firm of J and A Scrimgeour first appears in printed lists of members of the Stock Exchange in 1864. It became a limited company in ca. 1972. In around 1981, J and A Scrimgeour Limited merged with Kemp-Gee and Company to form Scrimgeour, Kemp-Gee and Company. The new company joined with Vickers da Costa (UK) Limited in 1985 to form Scrimgeour Vickers and Company. At this date Citicorp Investment Bank Limited acquired a minority stake in the firm, later taking full control. The constituent companies were subsequently closed down.

J and A Scrimgeour had premises at 18 Old Broad Street (1864-c 1903); South Sea House, Threadneedle Street (c 1903-1909); 2 and 3 Hatton Court, Threadneedle Street ([1909-1921]); 6 Austin Friars ([1921-1930]); 3 Lothbury and 5 Moorgate ([1930-1945]); 3 Lothbury ([1945-1952]); 15 and 16 George Street, Mansion House Place ([1952]-1976). From 1977, J and A Scrimgeour Limited is listed at The Stock Exchange, with other offices at 18-20 Andrew Street and 1 Benjamin Street. Scrimgeour, Kemp-Gee and Company (subsequently Scrimgeour Vickers and Company) had offices at 20 Copthall Avenue.

John Thomas Hart, butcher, began trading at 275 Bethnal Green Road about 1850. The company moved to 96 Upper Whitecross Street (1852-63), Leadenhall Market (1864-9), and finally to the Central Meat Market, at 120 Avenue East 1869-89), eventually occupying 301-7 Central Markets (307 as a meat store) as their main premises between 1889 and 1979. There were also some suburban shops prior to 1927, and a stall in Caledonian Market.

The company had a factory at 516-18 Central Markets, employing about 35 staff, preparing sausages and cooked meats. It sold meat in retail shops and to the catering trade, including restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and the canteens of City offices, and also dealt in poultry and game and a small amount of provisions. After the war, 341 Central Markets was opened as a separate poultry department and 335-8, later extended with a cash and carry section in 333-4, as a provisions and grocery shop. There was also a fruit and vegetable shop at 304 Central Markets until 1974. The company acted as the City agent for Saxby Bros. from circa 1940 to 1979.

Harts was acquired by Leonard Chalk in about 1930. The Chalk family sold it in 1969 to Matthew (Butchers) Ltd although Derek Chalk remained managing director until his retirement in 1978. The sausage and cooked meat preparation was taken over by Matthews' central factory, and the factory in Central Markets closed in 1973-4. In July 1979 the provision shops were closed, 341 Central Markets became a delicatessen, and 301-6 retained as a retail butchers with a catering department and a limited delivery service. The separate limited company was terminated in September 1979.

The above information was derived from London directories and from internal information, with additional information from Mr R Harman and Mr. Luff of Matthews (Butchers) Ltd, January 1980.

James Capel and Company are stockbrokers of Winchester House, 100 Old Broad Street. The company was previously based at 31 Throgmorton Street (1897-1901); 7, 9 and 11 Moorgate (1902-1926); 10 Old Broad Street (1927-1958) and 1 London Wall Buildings (1959-1965).

The Company originated as Antrobus and Wood, 1799-1816; then was known as Thomas Brown and Co., 1816-1822, and afterwards Marjoribanks, Capel and Co., 1822-1837, of 2 North Piazza, Royal Exchange to 1824 and then 5 Throgmorton Street. In 1837 the name changed again to James Capel, Norbury, Trotter and Company, which it was called until 1864, and was based at 5 Throgmorton Street, to 1896, and 9 Throgmorton Street, 1843-1850 only.

Cruikshank and Company, a firm of stockbrokers, was formed in 1929. In 1936 its partners consisted of RG Cruikshank, J C Bonnar, ACH Bull, and VS Butler. They were based at Pinners Hall, Austin Friars. In 1946 the firm merged with James Capel and Company.

The firm was established by six lawyers in 1836 as Legal and General Life Assurance Society with offices at 10 Fleet Street, City of London. It changed its name to Legal and General Assurance Society in 1919. Its head office moved to Temple Court, Queen Victoria Street in 1962. The company initially dealt with life assurance business, but grew to become a major financial services company also providing pensions, investments and general insurance plans.

Glanfield Securities Limited was founded in 1853 as G Glanfield and Son, clothiers. The company was incorporated in 1916 and was taken over by Legal and General, circa 1960.

The Company had several addresses: 32 Dempsey Street, Stepney (1852-5), 247 Bethnal Green Road (1855-89), Eldon Street (1889-90), 462 Bethnal Green Road (1890-1908), 1,3,5 Brick Lane (1908-40), Harrow (1941-3), Benfleet (1943-56) and Leeds.

This company of Africa merchants had premises at 5 New City Chambers, Bishopsgate. It was associated with River Gambia Trading Company Limited and William Goddard and Company.

This company was incorporated on the 12th of January 1909 and had London offices at 9 Cloak Lane (1909-66), Lee House, London Wall (1967-72) and Three Quays, Tower Hill (1973-5). It went into liquidation in December 1976.

Edward Moore and Sons: The company was formed by Edward Moore who began to practice as a "public accountant" at East India Chambers, Leadenhall Street from 1866 as 'Moore and Wallis's Mercantile Agency'. In 1880 Edward Cecil Moore was made a partner and the new partnership 'Edward Moore and Son' moved to offices at 3 Crosby Square. Another son was made a partner in 1890 and the style of the firm duly changed to 'Edward Moore and Sons'. In 1922 the company moved to 3 Thames House, Queen Street Place, in 1968 to 4 Chiswell Street and in 1988 to Clifford's Inn, Fetter Lane. The firm expanded in the 1970s opening a number of branch offices throughout England and Scotland. Edward Moore and Sons amalgamated with a number of practices in the 1970s and 1980s, most notably with Rowland Nevill of New Broad Street in 1985 to form the new company Moores and Rowland (from 1989 Moores Rowland).

Sewell, Hutchinson and Company: The company was formed in 1914 from C F Burton and Sewell and Company (itself formed in 1906) and acted as accountants until 1965 when the company was merged to form the group Rowland, Goodman, Sewell, Hutchinson and Sheen. It was based successively at Copthall Avenue (1914-15), Broad Street Place (1915-24) and Finsbury Pavement House, Moorgate (1925-65).

Waissen Wilson: The firm of chartered accountants Waissen Wilson was founded by H Waissen Wilson at 5 Guildhall Chambers c.1888. It moved to 12 Trinity Square (1890-1911), 40 Trinity Square (1911-1918), 2 Fenchurch Avenue (1918-39), 13 Fenchurch Avenue (1939-40), 20 Copthall Avenue (c 1940-64) and 137 Victoria Street (1964-72). On Wilson's death in 1915, Henry and James Holmes took over the running of the practice, having previously acted independently from 60 Coleman Street. In 1972 Waissen Wilson merged with Westcott, Maskall and Company to form Westcott Wilson, based at 24 Grosvenor Gardens (1973), 1 Vincent Square (1974-9) and 87 Vincent Square (1980-1). This firm was taken over by Blakemore Elgar and Company in 1981, who merged with Moores Rowland in c.1995.

Westcott, Maskall and Company: William Westcott began practising ca.1853 and by 1872 had formed Bagshaw, Westcott and Johnson, chartered accountants, at 35 Coleman Street. In 1875 this practice became William Westcott and Company Limited. It became Westcott, Maskall and Company when Thomas Maskall was admitted as partner in 1899. The practice moved to 99 Gresham Street (1888-1905); 29 and 30 Broad Street Avenue (1905-51); and 33 Catherine Place (1951-72). In 1972 they merged with Waissen Wilson to form Westcott Wilson, based at 24 Grosvenor Square (1973); 1 Vincent Square (1974-9) and 87 Vincent Square (1980-1). In 1981 this firm was taken over by Blakemore Elgar and Company, who merged with Moores Rowland c 1995.

George Peabody, a partner in Peabody Riggs and Company, merchants of Baltimore, with offices at 31 Moorgate, established his own business as a merchant at the same address in 1838. He ended his association with the American firm in ca.1843 and removed to 6 Warnford Court in 1845. In 1852 he took Mr. O. C. Gooch into partnership and the style of the firm changed to George Peabody and Company, merchants.

In 1854 it moved to 22 Old Broad Street. In the same year Junius Spencer Morgan became a partner and upon Peabody's retirement in 1864 the style of the firm became J S Morgan and Company (London Directories refer to it as Junius Spencer Morgan and Company until 1895). Edward Grenfell became a full partner in 1904 and the style Morgan Grenfell was adopted on 1 January 1910. Between 1918 and 1934 the bank was a private unlimited company, and in 1934 it became a private limited company.

George Herbert Pember became a member of the London Stock Exchange in December 1867 and Cecil William Boyle in March 1876. They formed the partnership of Pember and Boyle, stock and sharebrokers in 1879 at 62 and 63 Cornhill. The firm remained at this address until 1885 and subseqently had offices at 63 Cornhill in 1886; 24 Lombard Street, 1887-1901; 18 Cornhill, 1902-15; 6 Princes Street, 1916- 70; St. Albans House, Goldsmith Street, 1971-77; and 30 Finsbury Circus, 1978-86. The firm dealt mainly in gilt-edged securities. It was acquired in October 1984 by Morgan Grenfell and Company.

The National Life Assurance Society was formed at a meeting of prospective shareholders on 31 December 1829, and became a mutual in 1847. It established agencies internationally, as well as acquiring many from the takeover of the Whittington in 1894. It premises were at 2 King William Street. Whittington Life Assurance Company was taken over by the National Life Assurance Society in 1894 after 3 years of negotiations.

The Mutual Life Assurance Society was founded in 1834 by the brothers James and William Burchell, and originally based at 37 Old Jewry. In 1848 it moved to 39 King Street, and expanded into no. 38 in 1859, new premises being built on the site.

The National Mutual Life Assurance Society was established by the merger of the National and the Mutual Life Assurance Societies in 1896, and was based at the Mutual's offices at 39 King Street (rebuilt in 1936) until its move to larger premises at Bow Churchyard in 1960.

From 1921-38 its chairman was the economist John Maynard Keynes, some of whose papers survive in the collection (his speeches to the AGM, which became City events, have been published in the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol.XII, ed D Moggridge, London 1981; they were also reproduced in The Times). During World War II the head office was located at Stanmore. The firm was taken over by General Electric in 2002.

The National Mutual Life Assurance Society was established by the merger of the National and the Mutual Life Assurance Societies in 1896, and based at the Mutual's offices at 39 King Street (rebuilt in 1936) until its move to larger premises at Bow Churchyard in 1960.

From 1921-38 its chairman was the economist John Maynard Keynes, some of whose papers survive in the collection (his speeches to the AGM, which became City events, have been published in the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol.XII, ed D Moggridge, London 1981; they were also reproduced in The Times). During World War II the head office was located at Stanmore. The firm was taken over by General Electric in 2002.

Arbanash (Roumania) Oil Company was incorporated in the UK in 1912. It was the nominee through which Phoenix Oil and Transport Company Limited held the capital of Unirea S.A.R. de Petrol, a Romanian registered oil company.

Orion SAR de Petrol owned oilfields in Romania. Although a Romanian registered company, it was a Dutch undertaking, formed in 1910. Orion was acquired by Phoenix Oil and Transport Company in 1926 and amalgamated with Unirea SAR de Petrol, a wholly owned subsidiary of Phoenix Oil and Transport Company, in 1935.

Prideaux and Sons, solicitors of Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster Lane, appear to have traded under the following names: to 1852 Lane and Prideaux; 1853-71 Walter Prideaux; 1872-80 Walter Prideaux and Son; 1881-6 Walter Prideaux and Sons; and 1887-1946 as Prideaux and Sons. In 1947 the firm became Kennedy, Ponsonby and Prideaux of 52 Bishopsgate.

Founded in 1840 as the Provident Clerks' Mutual Benefit Association, its name changed in 1848 to the Provident Clerks' Mutual Life Assurance Association, in 1903 to the Provident Clerks' and General Mutual Life Assurance Association and in 1917 to the Provident Mutual Life Assurance Association.

It had offices at 12 Wormwood Street 1840, 60 King William Street 1840-5, 42 Moorgate Street 1845-54 and 15 (subsequently re-numbered as 27) Moorgate Street from 1854.

The Association specialised in the provision of assurance for office clerks, particularly through "staff schemes" negotiated with individual employers (such as the General Post Office and a number of railway companies).

The Prudential Assurance Company was established in 1848 as The Prudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association, providing loans to professionals secured through life assurance. An Industrial Department was opened in 1854, selling life insurance to the working classes by means of door-to-door agents. Following acquisitions in the 1860s, the company was renamed The British Prudential and Consolidated Assurance Company. This name was shortened in 1867 to The Prudential Assurance Company. It became a limited liability company in 1881.

In 1919, the company moved into general insurance for the first time. Overseas agencies and branches were opened in the 1920s and 1930s to sell both life and general insurance. By the 1970s, the company had made further acquisitions and it was restyled the Prudential Corporation plc in 1978. The name was changed again in 1999 to Prudential plc.

The Prudential Assurance Company was based at Hatton Garden, 1848-1879 and Holborn Bars, 1879-2006. The company subsequently relocated to offices across the UK and India; the registered office is now at Laurence Pountney Hill.

The Alliance Assurance Company, of 1 and 2 Bartholomew Lane, was established in 1824. Until 1886 the company was known as the Alliance British and Foreign Life and Fire Assurance Company. In the 19th century, its business was extended to Europe, USA, the West Indies and India. It was acquired by the Sun Insurance Office in 1959.

In 1902 the income from the life and annuity policies of the Imperial Life Insurance Company, the Argus Life Assurance Company and the England Assurance Institution was amalgamated to form the Imperial Life Assurance Fund (see Ms 38911-15).

The Company appears to have been founded c 1840, when the first surviving records begin. It was based at 5 Lothbury, 1840-63 and from then at 9-10 King Street, Cheapside. It became known as the England Assurance Institution in 1892. The following year it was acquired by Imperial Life Insurance Company. In 1902, Imperial Life was acquired by Alliance Assurance and this company merged with Sun Insurance to form Sun Alliance in 1959.

The County Fire Office was founded in 1807 by John Thomas Barber (from 1812 John Thomas Barber Beaumont) to conduct fire insurance business in county areas, specifically country-house and farming risks. It was originally established by 'an association of noblemen and gentlemen' from the counties of Bedford, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Middlesex, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire and Yorkshire.

Each county (Yorkshire was treated as three counties) was allocated 250 shares at £100 each. No individual was allowed to hold more than ten shares. Five people were elected in each county as directors from holders of not less than five shares each; one retired annually to be replaced by another elected by ballot at annual county meetings.

A unique feature of the company was that each person who continued a policy for seven years, whether annual or septennial, was entitled to share in the profits of the concern without being liable to any losses. J T Barber was appointed the first managing director and upon his death in 1841 was succeeded by his son John Augustus Barber Beaumont. He retired in 1877 and was replaced by his son, Seymour Augustus Beaumont, until his suicide in 1906.

The County Fire Office was originally administered under a Deed of Settlement of 25 February 1808 and later amendments. It was registered as a limited company on 1 August 1905 and the business was acquired by the Alliance Assurance Company in 1906, but the name of the County Fire Office was retained.

The Company started business from the residence of J T Barber Beaumont at 25 Southampton Street, Covent Garden. On 1 Decemder 1819 it moved to 50 Regent Street, which remained its head office until 1970, except for a short period between October 1924 and June 1927 during the rebuilding of 50 Regent Street, when it moved to York House, 15 Regent Street. During the Second World War the business was conducted from Hindhead, Surrey. The name disappears from the London Directories after 1970.

Business was conducted through agents, and offices were gradually opened in major towns and cities throughout the U.K. Its offices in the City of London were at 2 Royal Exchange Buildings, 1849-1855; 78 Lombard Street, 1857-[1867]; 14 Cornhill, 1856-1909; and 4 Lombard Street, 1909-1941.

The Crown Life Assurance Company was established in 1825. It traded from 33 New Bridge Street, 1825-1866, and 188 Fleet Street, 1866-1892. It was acquired in 1892 by the Law Union Fire and Life Insurance Company, which was subsequently re-named the Law Union and Crown Fire and Life Insurance Company.

The London Assurance Corporation was established by Royal Charters granted in June 1720 (marine business) and April 1721 (fire and life). It became a subsidiary of the Sun Alliance in 1965.

Its first offices were in the "Rising Sun" in Broad Street, E.C. In August 1720 it moved to a house in Castle Court, Birchin Lane E.C. (formerly the "Ship and Castle" tavern built upon the site of the "Dolphin Tavern" destroyed by the Great Fire in 1666) where it remained until another fire in March 1748. New offices were built at 19 Birchin Lane E.C. and it remained there until 1845. From 1845 to 1922 its head office was at 7 Royal Exchange, E.C. and from 1922-65 at 1 King William Street, E.C.4.

This company was established in Nottingham in 1832. In 1869 its life business was acquired by Norwich Union and its fire business by Imperial Insurance Company which then changed its name to Imperial Fire Insurance Company. In turn, Imperial Fire became part of Alliance Assurance and then Sun Alliance.

The Patriotic Assurance Company of Dublin was established in circa 1824. It merged with the Sun Insurance Office in 1906.

This company was established in 1806. It traded from 14 (re-numbered c 1850 as 15) New Bridge Street. It was acquired in 1909 by the Law Union and Crown Fire and Life Insurance Company, which was subsequently re-named the Law Union and Rock Insurance Company.

The Rubber Growers' Association was established on 24 June 1907 with the aim of providing a central place where those interested in the production of rubber might meet and discuss matters connected with the industry. Members were to be drawn from any individual or company interested in or connected with the rubber industry (initial members being invited via a circular letter). In July 1912 the Association was incorporated as a limited company; by this time, its work had outgrown all previous expectations. The Association was active in the industry internationally, and this included research projects and examinations into the state of the industry as a whole.

In 1987, the title of the Rubber Growers' Association changed to the Tropical Growers' Association in order to reflect wider representation of plantation crops. Meetings of the Rubber Growers' Association were held in various places through the years:
1907-1914, Chamber of Commerce Building, Oxford Court, Cannon Street;
1914-1922, 38 Eastcheap;
1922-1935, 2-4 Idol Lane, Eastcheap;
1935-1962, 19 Fenchurch Street;
1962-1973, Plantation House, 10-15 Mincing Lane;
1973-1975, Unilever House, Blackfriars;
1975-1980, Dunlop House, Ryder Street, SW17.

These papers were accumulated by Joseph Walter Vincent and retained by his son Basil Walter Vincent. They were partners in the firm of Sissons, Bersey, Gain, Vincent and Company, chartered accountants of 53 New Broad Street. This became, in 1943, Farrow, Bersey, Gain, Vincent and Company.

The Society of Public Notaries of London was formed in 1823 as a society to represent the profession of notaries public within London. The Society is now known as the Society of Scrivener Notaries (a term first used in 1978), in recognition of the sole entitlement ot its members, until 1998, by virtue of their being members of the Scriveners' Company, to practise within London and a three mile radius thereof. A notary public is a member of the legal profession who can administer oaths and statutory declarations, and witness and authenticate documents and legal instruments. In London, as the majority of these instruments were of an international nature, and were usually required for international exchanges, notaries public (now scrivener notaries) were also the translators of such documents. All notaries public in London had to be members of the Scriveners' Company, having served an apprenticeship, and then undergo additional examinations set by the Company (in conjunction with the Society and the Faculty Office). Notary appointments are then made by the Faculty Office of the Archbishop of Canterbury. There are currently only four City firms who are members of the Society of Scrivener Notaries.

The Society's affairs are managed by a Committee of no less than 9 members, including a Secretary and Treasurer. Meetings were held at offices of members, usually the Secretary (and, occasionally in the early 1880s in the London Tavern). But from 1885 they were often held in the Society's library, variously sited at Martin's Bank, 68 Lombard Street (1885-1901); 96 Bishopsgate St (1901-28), the Institute of Chartered Secretaries, 6 London Wall (1928-36), 8 Whittington Avenue (1936-40), 9 Bishopsgate (1940-60), 120 Moorgate (1960-75) and Stone House, Bishopsgate (1975-7).

The society was formed in 1790 and was the first trade association formed by the sugar refining industry. It held its meetings at the offices of Phoenix Assurance Company. It was also known as the Sugar Refiners Club, and Trebilcock's history of Phoenix refers to it as the Sugar Refiners Trade Committee.

Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited (BBTCL) was founded in 1863. Originally called the Burmah Trading Company Limited, its name was changed shortly after its foundation. The corporation was formed as a public company to take part in the developing teak business by taking over the assets and rights in Burma of William Wallace, the eldest of the six Wallace Brothers. From 1863 until the 1950s, A F Wallace, the senior resident partner of Wallace and Company was its chairman, and Wallace and Company largely directed its affairs. Its head office was in Bombay, but its initial operations were in Burma (Myanmar) and branch offices were opened in Rangoon and Moulmein in the 1860s or 1870s.

It expanded its operations into Siam (Thailand) in 1884, Java in 1905-6, South India in 1913, North Borneo in the late 1940s and East Africa in 1955. Its trading interests (some operated directly, others through subsidiary or associated companies) were in teak (and later other timbers too), and in other commodities including rubber (from ca.1907), tea and coffee (from the 1930s) and tapioca (from 1954). For eighty years was, the BBTCL was the single largest teak company in the industry, marketing over a third of the world's teak supplies. The fortunes of the company rested heavily on teak trade from Burmese and Siamese forests. The corporation was a dealt a blow in 1942 when the Japanese invaded Burma and Siam, bringing teak production to a halt.The timber trade declined in the mid 20th century and later the company's main business was in manufacturing and Indian tea plantations, established since 1913.

A major part of Wallace Brothers' business was to act as the London agents of the BBTCL, developing markets in the United Kingdon and continental Europe for shipments of timber and providing finance to bring the cargoes from the Far East.

Wallace Brothers also purchased machinery and equipment in London on Bombay Burmah's behalf. In practice, however, since the Wallace family were the senior partners in Wallace and Company of Bombay, who in turn were managers of Bombay Burmah, Wallace Brothers were more than Bombay Burmah's London agents. Until the 1950s, Wallace Brothers had the power to exercise control over Bombay Burmah's policy and operations. In the late 19th century Bombay Burmah's dividends and staff pay were decided in London, and until ca. 1960 its senior (European) staff were selected and appointed there.

Bombay Burmah had the following subsidiaries and associated companies:

Amalgamated Saw Mills Limited

Anamallais Ropeway Company Limited

Bombay Burmah Plantations Limited

East India Rubber Corporation Limited

Joint Timber Company Limited, Thailand

North Borneo Timbers Limited

Rangoon Mining Company

Sumatra Petroleum Company

Thai Tapioca Limited