Richard Carpender (c 1725-78) was an undertaker, with premises in Fleet Market (in 1827, an Elizabeth Carpender, possibly Richard's daughter in law or granddaughter, lived at 66 Fleet Market). In 1746 he married Elizabeth Drake, and they had 8 children.The eldest son, John, took over the business on Richard's death in 1778 (in 1791 he is described as of 31 Fleet Street). Richard's will was proved in the PCC on 6 October 1778 (PROB 11/1046).
The company had premises in Queen Victoria Street (1874-81), last appearing in London directories in 1881. The meeting to which these papers relate was concerned with the winding-up of the company.
In 1871 the Emma Silver Mine in Utah, USA, was involved in a scandal when two business promoters encouraged investment in the mine despite knowing it to be depleted. They targeted British investors, selling the mine for 5 million dollars. The fraud was exposed in 1876 and the investors began legal proceedings against the promoters. For a report of the winding-up of the company see The Times newspaper for November 20, 1880, page 6.
Benjamin Gray was a watchmaker and clockmaker, of Pall Mall (in 1727).
This company was established in 1901 at Threadneedle House, 28-31, subsequently 34 Bishopsgate and it carried on investment business only. In 1921 it moved to Winchester House, Old Broad Street and by 1931 it was at 80 Bishopsgate where the company remained until 1938 which was the date of its last entry in trade directories.
The firm is listed in directories from 1879 only, as follows: 1879: merchants, of 2 Cowper's Court; 1880-5: commission merchants, of 8 Finch Lane; 1886-1907: underwriters, 8 Finch Lane; 1908-16: underwriters, at various addresses. It is not found after 1916.
Hurrell and Mayo were solicitors of 165 Queen Victoria Street.
William Hurt was a merchant of Bishopsgate and official of the East India Company, while his nephew Thomas Rogers was a factor for the Company. Although Hurt and Rogers were both employed by the East India Company, and Rogers' letters contain much about the Company's business, they appear to be private correspondence.
John Hubbard and Company were Russia merchants of 19 Birchin Lane and from circa 1865 to circa 1900 of 4 St Helen's Place.
The company is first listed in the London trade directories in 1886, with premises at the Coal Exchange in London, and is described as 'coal factors and coal merchants'. It appears to have succeeded Phillips and Lamont which also traded from the Coal Exchange, as coal factors from 1857, and as coal factors and merchants after 1877.
Lamont and Warne traded on the Coal Exchange from 1886 to 1941 and on Arundel Street in Westminster from 1942 to 1963, moving in 1964 to their current (1993) premises on Kennington Road, London.
A magazine entitled Lightning was established in 1891, based initially at Faraday House, Charing Cross Road. At the end of 1891 it moved to 117 Bishopsgate Street. By 1900 it was based at 18 Bream's Buildings. From January 1902 it was titled the Electrical Times, the name it continues under to date (2011). It described itself as the newspaper for 'engineers and technical management'.
Lister, Beck and Company were wine merchants of 5 Tokenhouse Yard.
The company was constituted in 1852. The business of the company was to mine and market slate or any other minerals from Llantysilio, Denbigh, Wales.
One of the directors was Charles Bischoff, solicitor, of 19 Coleman Street.
Lupton was a watchmaker with premises at 3 Newman's Court, Cornhill. The book is believed to have been kept by Lupton when he was working for P. Hilton Barraud, chronometer maker, of 41, Cornhill.
This item probably belonged to James Myers of Yardley Hastings.
The Nassau Phosphate of Lime Company was based at 4 Lothbury.
Norris and Collet, were London merchants trading with Sweden. Henry Norris, a London merchant trading with Russia and Sweden, was their factor.
From 1872, Peter Bond Burgoyne and Company acted as wine importers and agents for Tintara, later Australian, Vineyards Association which had been established by a group of Australian wine producers in 1871. Burgoyne and Company had offices and cellars at 50 Old Broad Street.
In January 1886 the company, by then described in directories as "Australian merchants and vineyard proprietors", moved to 6 Dowgate Hill with cellars at the Dowgate Vaults, Cannon Street. It also had premises at 146 Pelham Street (Spitalfields) and in Adelaide and Melbourne.
The firm of Pawsons and Leafs Limited, ladies' clothing wholesale warehousemen of 9 St Paul's Churchyard, was formed in 1892 by the amalgamation of Pawson and Company Limited with Leaf and Company Limited.
William Leaf had opened the first wholesale silk warehouse in London in 1780. After its foundation, the firm was known successively as:
Leaf and Howgate;
Leaf and Severs;
Leaf, Son and Coles;
Leaf, Coles, Son and Company;
Leaf, Coles, Smith and Company;
Leaf, Smith, Leaf and Company, and
Leaf, Sons and Company. In 1888 the firm became a limited liability company known as Leaf and Company Limited. It traded from: 110 Fleet Street, 1780-early 19th century; Old Change, early 19th century-1892.
John F. Pawson commenced trading at 5 and 9 St Paul's Churchyard in 1832, dealing in the wholesale supply of textiles, clothing and piece goods. The business traded as: John F. Pawson, 1832-73; Pawson and Company Limited, 1873-92.
Pawsons and Leafs traded from 9 St Paul's Churchyard from 1892 until circa 1964. From circa 1965-8 the firm operated from premises at 32/43 Chart Street, London N1, but appears to have ceased trading some time after 1968.
Thomas Pengelly (d [1696]) was a merchant trading to the eastern Mediterranean. He is likely to be the same Thomas Pengelly, merchant, recorded as living at the following addresses: the Pestle and Mortar, Fenchurch Street, c 1664-1665; Bishopsgate, 1669-1670; and Moorfields, 1674.
On the evidence of handwriting, the merchant is possibly Johannes Radermacher (or Rotarius), an elder of the Dutch Church from 1571.
Sills, Ramsay and Gray were wharfingers and agents with premises at Hambro Wharf and Three Cranes Wharf. The firm had its origins in a business established by Jonathan Sills, who first appears in trade directories in 1771 described as a merchant of 9 Upper Thames Street.
By 1790 Jonathan Sills had taken two of his sons, Joseph (b 1766) and Jonathan junior (b 1771), into partnership, trading as Jonathan Sills and Sons, merchants and wharfingers of Hambro Wharf and 217 Upper Thames Street. Jonathan Sills senior died in 1800, but his sons continued the business.
In about 1812, Joseph and Jonathan Sills entered into partnership with Thomas Ramsay and Robert Gray, trading as Sills, Ramsay and Gray, wharfingers and agents of Hambro Wharf and Three Cranes Wharf. The firm was styled Sills, Ramsay and Gray, 1813-1818; variously as Sills, Ramsay and Sills or Sills, Ramsay and Company, 1819-1821; and Sills and Company, 1822-3. It disappears from the directories in 1824.
Joseph Smith of 'The Sugar Loaf', Cannon Street was a wholesale grocer to customers largely in London and the Home Counties.
This firm of merchants and tea and spice dealers, of 5 Monument Yard, Fish Street Hill, was originally a partnership between Miles Stringer and Thomas Richardson. The partnership ended in May 1828. Later in the same year a Mr Cooper took Richardson's place and the firm was renamed Stringer, Cooper and Company.
Thomas Weatherall and Sons, wholesale haberdashers, had premises at 68 Cheapside.
As a result of the rapid increase of population and of building in the last quarter of the 18th century and the first few decades of the 19th most of the scattered villages and hamlets in the areas covered by the 7 commissions of sewers in the neighbourhood of London had by the 1840s coalesced into one urban area for which the old piecemeal drainage systems were quite inadequate. Sewage accumulated in cesspools and open ditches and even on the surface of the ground, fouling the water supplies. Cholera epidemics increased in frequency and intensity until the government was forced to take action.
In 1847 a Royal Commission was appointed to "inquire whether any, and what, special means might be requisite for the improvement of the health of the metropolis, with regard more especially to the better house, street and land drainage.... etc.". One important conclusion of the Commissioners was that adequate provision for the sewerage of London could not be made until it became the responsibility of one competent body. The matter was treated as one of urgency and Her Majesty's Government acted on this advice in advance of legislation in November 1847, by the device of summoning the same 23 commissioners for each of the 7 districts (plus the extra Westminster district in the palatinate of the Savoy). The same chief officers were appointed for all the districts and so some unity of policy and organisation was already in being before the combined Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was appointed under the Act of September 1848 "to consolidate and continue in force for Two Years and to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the Metropolitan Commissions of Sewers".
Further Acts "to continue and amend the Metropolitan Sewers Act" were passed in 1851and 1852. Both the powers and the resources of the Commission were however inadequate for the entire replanning and reconstruction of the main drainage of the London area which was what the situation required and in 1855, under the Metropolis Management Act, the Commission was superseded by the Metropolitan Board of Works.
The Metropolitan Roads Commission was formed in 1826 under the Act 7 George IV. c.142. It was responsible for the maintenance of the following roads:
Kensington Roads
Isleworth Road
Brentford Roads
Uxbridge Road
Kilburn Road
Harrow Road
Old Street
City Road
Hackney Road
Lea Bridge Road
Stamford Hill Roads (including Green Lanes)
Highgate and Hampstead Roads
Camden Town Roads
Marylebone Roads (including Edgware Road and New Road).
The first Probation Officers were appointed in 1907 under the Probation of Offenders Act 1907. In the 1920s it became a requirement for courts to appoint a Probation Officer. Female Probation Officers were first introduced in the 1950s. In 1972 Community Service was brought in as an alternative sentencing option to prison. Hostels (now called Approved Premises) were introduced to increase public protection and supervision of dangerous offenders in the 1980s. In 2001 Multi-agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) were introduced, so that probation, police, prisons and other agencies can work together to manage dangerous offenders in the community. In 2004 the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) was formed by merging HM Prison Service and the National Probation Service.
London Probation has been protecting the public and rehabilitating offenders in London since 2001. Before then, five separate organisations provided probation services in London on a regional basis;
South West London Probation Service
South East London Probation Service
North East London Probation Service
Inner London Probation Service
Middlesex Probation Service
The merger in 2001 brought together all five organisations so that London Probation now provides probation services to the whole of London.
Source: http://www.london-probation.org.uk/about_us/history.aspx (Accessed June 2009).
Linden Grove Congregational Church was founded in 1858. it ran a Mission on Howbury Road, Camberwell. The church was part of the London Union South East District. It does not appear to have joined the United Reformed Church when the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches merged in 1972; it may have closed before this date.
Claremont Hall, Pentonville, was the principal mission of the London Union of the Congregational Church. It was founded in 1819.
Alexander Fletcher was born in 1787 in Perthshire and became a minister in the United Presbyterian Church in 1806. He moved to London in 1811 and was soon established as a popular preacher at the Albion Chapel, London Wall. However, in 1824 he was prosecuted in the civil courts for breach of promise. Although no verdict was reached the United Associate Synod suspended Fletcher from office. He therefore established his own chapel on Grub Street, joined by the majority of his Albion Chapel congregation. The chapel susbequently moved to a large building in Finsbury Circus - at the time, the largest chapel in London. Fletcher remained at the Finsbury Chapel for 35 years. He was reconciled with the United Presbyterian Church in 1849. He died in 1860.
West Hampstead Congregational church was situated at 527A Finchley Road. It originated in services held in the library of Hackney College in 1894. A building of red brick with terracotta and moulded brick dressings to match the adjacent college, on a central plan and seating 1,125, was designed by Spalding & Cross in 1894. The church also included a school hall and library. Attendance in 1903 was 162 in the morning and 210 in the evening. The church was closed in 1940 and sold to Shomrei Hadath syngagogue in 1946.
Source: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 9: Hampstead, Paddington (1989), pp. 153-158.
Arundel Square Congregational Church had its origins in a temporary chapel in York Place (later Saint Clement Street), Barnsbury, which was founded in 1861. The Arundel Square church and schoolrooms opened in 1863 at the corner of Westbourne Road and Bride Street. Galleries were added in 1865, by 1884 the church seated 1,000 people. The Church ran a preaching station at the Great Northern Railway station on Sundays from 1884. Attendance in 1903 was 170 in the morning and 232 in the evening. The church closed in 1931. The building was used by free Baptists in 1931-1935, before sale to Saint Giles Christian mission.
Source: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8: Islington and Stoke Newington parishes (1985), pp. 101-115.
Offord Road Congregational Chapel was founded in 1855 by a group from a neighbouring chapel in Twyford Street. The chapel was built in 1856. Evan Lewis was the minister 1868-1869. The chapel seated 800 in 1884. Attendance in 1903 was 130 in the morning and 138 in the evening. The chapel closed in 1918 and the building was used as a warehouse.
Source: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8: Islington and Stoke Newington parishes (1985), pp. 101-115.
Tolmer's Square Congregational Church, Camden, was founded in 1834. It opened a mission church on Drummond Street in 1879. In 1903 the combined membership of the two churches was 206, with 321 Sunday School scholars. The church closed in 1919.
Burdett Road Congregational Church, Stepney, was founded in 1866. It closed in 1940.
Saint George's in the East Congregational Church, Cannon Street Road, Stepney was founded in 1785. It was part of the East London Congregational Mission.
The Stepney Meeting House was founded in 1644. The congregation met at various locations including private houses. They were initially met with hostility, for example, in 1682 troops destroyed the fittings of the Meeting House. However, after the Toleration Act of 1689 the dissenters were able to establish a permament church. This was at New Road and later on Stepney Way.
When the Congregational Church and the Presbyterian Church decided to amalgamate to form the new United Reformed Church in 1972, the John Knox Presbyterian Church merged with Stepney Meeting House. For a short while both buildings continued to be used for worship, but in 1976 the Stepney Meeting House building on the corner with Copley Street was sold to the John Cass Foundation for use as a school chapel. The Stepney Meeting House United Reformed Church now meets in a modern building on Stepney Way.
From 1693 to 1783 the Presbyterians had a chapel on a leasehold site off Ferry Lane, Old Brentford. In 1783 they built a new chapel on a freehold site in Brentford Butts (Boston Road). The attendance dwindling greatly, the Trustees of the Presbyterian Church in 1840 invited the Church and Congregation of Albany Congregational Chapel to enter into it [nowhere is there any statement of the precise legal nature of this entering]. Although the Church and Congregation of Albany Chapel, having moved to Boston Road, wished to sell their former chapel, the Trustees were unwilling. Attempts were made to create another Church at the Albany Chapel, which succeeded in January 1854. By 1875, however, this Church was becoming very weak, and in October 1875 it resolved to amalgamate with Boston Road.
The Mitcham Congregational Church was founded in 1818. In 1903 it belonged to the Surrey Congregational Union Eastern District and had 30 members. This had risen to 50 in 1957; however, the Church is not listed in the 1971 Congregational Year Book and it is possible that it had closed or merged with another chapel by this date.
Allen was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, on the 28 June 1900. He was educated at King Henry VIII School in Coventry and at the University of Birmingham. In 1922 he went to Japan as a Lecturer in Economics at the Higher Commercial College there. He stayed till 1925. From 1929 to 1933 he was a Research Fellow and Lecturer in the Faculty of Commerce at University College Hull. He was then appointed Brunner Professor of Economic Science at the University of Liverpool, 1933-1947. From 1947 to 1967 he was Professor of Political Economy at University College London. Allen was temporary Assistant Secretary of the Board of Trade from 1941 to 1944, and a member of the Central Price Regulation Committee 1944-1953. He was a member of the Monopolies (and Restrictive Practices) Commission from 1950 to 1962. His many publications were mainly concerned with Japanese and British industry and economic policy. Allen died on 31 July 1982.
The first surveys of the Bahia and San Francisco railway in Brazil were made by Charles Vignoles in 1854. Works were not commenced until the year 1857, and were completed in 1861. Vignoles was the Engineer-in-Chief.
John Joseph Bithell was Chief Engineer for the Ferro Carril de Chumbicha a Tinogasta y Andalgala Catamarca, Argentina.
The Chadwick Trust was set up in 1895 under the provisions of the will of Sir Edwin Chadwick (d 1890), who bequeathed money to promote research into public health engineering. Sir Edwin Chadwick, born in 1800, was a pioneering sanitary reformer; secretary to Jeremy Bentham; appointed Assistant Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, 1832; appointed Royal Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, and to enquire into the employment of children in factories, 1833; Secretary of the Poor Law Commission, 1834-1847; Royal Commissioner to enquire into a rural constabulary, 1836; published his report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population, 1842; appointed Royal Commissioner on London sanitation, 1847; Metropolitan Commissioner of Sewers, 1847-1849; Commissioner of the General Board of Health, 1848-1854. At his death he also bequeathed money to University College London to create the Chadwick Professorship of Municipal Engineering, first occupied by his son Sir Osbert Chadwick from 1898. The Chadwick Trust gives prizes and medals to students researching into both the medical and engineering aspects of sanitary science. It also funds lectures on related subjects. The Trust was set up under a Board of Trustees and was later associated with the Royal Society of Health, on whose premises its office was situated. In 1980 negotiations began with University College London to house the Trust in the Civil Engineering Department, and the Trust was subsequently administered by a committee of University College London.
CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, was inaugurated on 1 April 2002, following the unification of two predecessor bodies - the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS). CILIP is primarily a personal membership organisation, with a Royal Charter and charitable status. CILIP speaks out on behalf of the profession to the media, government and decision makers and provides practical support for members on academic education, professional qualifications, job hunting and continuing professional development.
The LA was formed in 1877 and received its Royal Charter, which permitted it to award professional (Chartered) status to members, in 1898. It became a registered charity in 1963 and was awarded a supplemental Royal Charter in 1986. The Scottish Library Association was founded in 1908, and formally affiliated with the LA (of the UK) in 1931. The Welsh Library Association (WLA) was a branch of the UK LA, and a further branch existed in Northern Ireland.
In the late 1950s, a group of professionals working predominantly in scientific and technological research took the view that a separate body was required to meet their more specialist form of practice and split off to form the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) in 1958. The IIS was founded to promote and maintain high standards in scientific and technical information work and to establish qualifications for those engaged in the profession. Thereafter increasingly the IIS also attracted those working in the rapidly expanding field of financial and business information, and subsequent technological developments meant that its members were in a better position to pay close attention to developments in digital technology. Like the LA, it also had charitable status.
Born at Shrewsbury, 1862; moved with his family to Guildford, 1866; educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford; interested in natural science, but formed a desire to enter the Unitarian ministry and went to Owens College, Manchester, 1883; graduated in philosophy with first class honours, 1888; continued to study philosophy, at Manchester College Oxford and then at Leipzig; Hibbert Scholar, 1891-1896; graduated from Leipzig with a PhD, 1896; minister at Unity Church, Islington, 1897-1903; Lecturer for the London School of Ethics and Sociology, 1897-1898; Vice-President of the Aristotelian Society, 1901; Assistant Editor of the Hibbert Journal, 1902; LittD, Manchester, 1904; appointed to the Chair of Moral Philosophy at University College London, 1904; lived in Cambridge, travelling to London several times weekly, and also delivered some lectures in Cambridge; BA by research, Cambridge, 1909; MA, 1912; President of the Aristotelian Society, 1913; elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1927; retired his Professorship, 1928; Emeritus Professor from 1928; Hibbert Lecturer, 1931; Upton Lecturer in Philosophy, 1933; Essex Hall Lecturer, 1934; Hobhouse Memorial Lecturer, 1936; examiner in philosophy at various universities; a leading authority on the philosophers Immanuel Kant and George Berkeley, and on the history of philosophy, and worked on the theory of knowledge, eventually tending towards the realistic theory; died at Cambridge, 1941. Publications: Die Begriffe Phänomenon und Noumenon in ihrem Verhältnis zu einander bei Kant (1897); 'English Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century' in Friedrich Ueberweg and Franz Friedrich Maximilian Heinze's Geschichte der Philosophie (1897); memoir of James Drummond in Drummond's Pauline Meditations (1919); Ways towards the Spiritual Life (1928); article on theory of knowledge in Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th edition, 1929); Berkeley, in Leaders of Philosophy series (1932); Human Personality and Future Life (1934); Thought and Real Existence (1936); The Philosophical Bases of Theism (1937); Critical Realism: Studies in the Philosophy of Mind and Nature (1938); various articles and reviews in Mind, the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Hibbert Journal, Journal of Psychology, and other periodicals.
Drummond was born on 12 January 1891. He was educated at the Strand School of King's College, and Queen Mary's College and King's College of the University of London. He started work as a Research Assistant in 1913 at King's College London. In 1914 he was a Research Assistant at the Biochemical Department of the Cancer Hospital Research Institute in London, where in 1918 he became a Director. In 1919 he joined University College London as a Reader in Physiological Chemistry, and in 1922 he was made Professor of Biochemistry there. He stayed at UCL till 1945. During the Second World War he was also a scientific adviser to the Ministry of Food, and an adviser on nutrition. He was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1942-1944. In 1946 he became Director of Research and Director of Boots Pure Drug Co Ltd. Drummond was knighted in 1944. He published numerous articles in scientific periodicals. He died on 4 August 1952.
Born, 9 April 1906; educated, Winchester and New College Oxford, First Class Hons Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1927; Workers' Educational Association lecturer, 1927; Assistant, Department of Political Economy, University College London, 1928; joined 1917 Club, 1929; founded Tots & Quots, a left-wing discussion group, 1930; Assistant Honorary Secretary and Chairman of the Economics Section of the New Fabian Research Bureau, 1931; awarded Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship and spent next academic year studying in Vienna, Austria, 1933; Secretary, XYZ Club, 1934; stood as a Labour Party candidate in Chatham, Kent, in General Election, defeated by Conservative, 1935; adopted as prospective candidate for Leeds South, 1937; promoted to Readership at University College London, 1937; co-opted onto National Executive Committee, Finance and Trade Sub-committee, 1937; joined war-time Civil Service at newly founded Ministry of Economic Warfare, 1939; Principal Private Secretary to Hugh Dalton, Minister of Economic Warfare, 1940-1942; Principal Assistant Secretary to Dalton at Board of Trade, 1942-1945; elected as member for Leeds South, General Election, 1945-1963; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Fuel and Power, 1946-1947; Minister of Fuel and Power, 1947-1950; Minister of State for Economic Affairs, 1950; Chancellor of Exchequer, 1950-1951; Treasurer of Labour Party, 1954-1956; Leader of Labour Party, 1955-1963; Vice-Chairman, Labour Party Executive Committee, 1962; died, 18 January 1963. Publications: Chartism (Longmans & Co, London, 1929); Money and everyday life (Labour Book Service, London, 1939); In defence of politics (London, 1954); The high cost of Toryism (Labour Party, London, 1955); Recent developments in British Socialist thinking (Co-operative Union, London, 1956); The challenge of co-existence (Methuen & Co, London, 1957); Britain and the common market (Labour Party, London, 1962); various articles written for publications such as New York Times Magazine, Reynolds News, The Birmingham Post, Leeds Weekly Citizen, The Observer, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Social Commentary and New Statesman and Nation.
Orphaned at an early age, George Bellas was brought up by his maternal grandfather Thomas Greenough, a successful apothecary. The boy was sent to Mr Cotton's school at Salthill at the age of six, and to Eton at the age of ten. He stayed there only a year, and in September 1789 entered Dr Thompson's school at Kensington. While he was at school he took the name Greenough at the request of his grandfather who had adopted him. In 1795 his grandfather died leaving him a fortune which enabled him, for the rest of his life, to devote himself wholeheartedly to his many interests without the necessity of earning a living. In that year too, he went up to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, but he did not take a degree, and in September 1798 he went to the University of Göttingen where he became interested in geology. In 1799 Greenough made at least two tours of the Harz: one in the Easter vacation with Clement Carlyon and Charles and Frederic Parry; and the other in the late summer with Carlyon. During these tours he collected many minerals, and also studied geological collections in the towns he visited. His interest in geology deepened when in 1801 he travelled over England with Carlyon and met Humphry Davy in Penzance. Later he attended Davy's lectures, and in 1802 went to France and Italy and 'noted what I saw of geology on my way'. He went on a geological tour of Scotland with James Skene in 1805, and of Ireland with Davy in 1806: in Ireland he also made a study of social conditions. In 1807 he became associated with a group of mineralogists to which Davy referred in a letter to William Pepys, dated 13th November 1807, when he said 'We are forming a little talking Geological Club'. This club rapidly developed into a learned society devoted to geology. Greenough was to be the first president of the Geological Society from its inception in 1807 until 1813. When the future Royal Geographical Society was founded in 1830 Greenough was once again an early interested member and he was its president in 1839 and 1840. Greenough's interests were very varied, and he travelled extensively. His many journals and notebooks bear witness to the close attention which he paid not only to geological and geographical detail, but also to architecture, sculpture, painting, history and politics. He gave practical effect to this last by sitting as the MP for the pocket borough of Gatton in Surrey, from 1807 to 1812. A list in which he briefly noted some of the societies to which he belonged mentions 37, and against many of these he wrote the words 'original life member'. Greenough wrote a good deal, but he published very little, and his main achievement was the publication in 1820 of his geological map of England and Wales. This map was the culmination of many years of work during which he had noted and plotted the location of the various strata of areas visited by him and other travellers, and had gleaned information from books or from a questionnaire sent to anyone who might have local knowledge. A second edition of the map was published in 1839 together with an introduction in which he set out his theory on the manner in which geological structures should be represented on a map. In 1854 his large scale geological map of the whole of British India appeared - once again he had relied on information from questionnaires, books and travellers: in this instance they were his only sources, for he did not visit India himself. His only book, A critical examination of the first principles of geology, in a series of essays was published in 1819. He derived much pleasure from the building and design of his home, Grove Lodge, in Regent's Park, London, where he entertained members of his family from Dripsey in Ireland, and also his wide circle of friends.The diaries of his last years show his health beginning to fail in the early 1850s, and Greenough died in 1855 while travelling in Italy.
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane was born on 5 November 1892. He was educated at Eton and at New College Oxford where he attained his MA. During the First World War he served in the Black Watch in France and Iraq, 1914-1919. From 1919 to 1922 he was a Fellow of New College Oxford; then moving to Cambridge University to be a Reader in Biochemistry until 1932. He was also the Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution from 1930 to 1932. Then he went to University College London to become Professor of Genetics (1933-1937) and later Professor of Biometry (1937-1957). After this, Haldane became Research Professor at the Indian Statistical Institute until 1961. In 1962 he was Head of the Genetics and Biometry Laboratory for the Government of Orissa. He received medals for scientific excellence during his career, and also published many scientific articles and writings. Haldane died on 1 December 1964.
Charlotte Haldane (née Franken), formerly Charlotte Burghes, married John Burdon Sanderson Haldane in 1926; they were divorced in 1945. A journalist and author, her publications included two volumes of autobiography. She died in 1969.
Mark Haymon was C K Ogden's solicitor and also his close friend and collaborator. He was a member of the Orthological Institute and for many years a trustee of the Basic English Foundation.