Born, 1936; educated at the City of London School and Trinity College Cambridge (Exhibitioner); BA; Harvard Law School (Harkness Commonwealth Fund Fellowship); LLM; served in the Royal Artillery, 1955-1957; 2nd Lieutenant; called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, 1963; Mansfield scholar; Trustee of the Runnymede Trust from 1969; Special Adviser to the Home Secretary (Roy Jenkins), 1974-1976; involved in writing two White Papers on sexual and racial discrimination; Queen's Counsel (QC), 1975; Standing Advisory Commission on Human Rights, 1975-1977; Member of the Board of Overseers, University of Pennsylvania Law School, 1978-1989; Irish Bar, 1983; Honorary Visiting Professor, University College London, from 1983; called to the Bar of Northern Ireland, 1984; Member of the Board of Governors, James Allen's Girls' School, 1984-1994, and Chairman, 1987-1991; Bencher, Lincoln's Inn, 1985; Member of the American Law Institute from 1985; Recorder, 1987-1993; President, Interights, from 1991; Chairman of the Runnymede Trust, 1991-1993; Visiting Professor of Public Law, University College London, from 1992; created Baron Lester of Herne Hill (Life Peer, Liberal Democrat), 1993; QC (Northern Ireland); Member of the Court of Governors, London School of Economics; Member of the International Law Association Committee on Human Rights; Member of Council, Policy Studies Institute; Member of Council, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies; Governor, British Institute of Human Rights; delivered various lectures in the UK and USA; interests include human rights law and administrative and public law. Publications: Justice in the American South (Amnesty International, 1964); as co-editor, Shawcross and Beaumont on Air Law (3rd edition, 1966); as co-editor, Policies for racial equality (Fabian Society, London, 1967); edited Roy Jenkins' Essays and speeches (Collins, London, 1967); as co-author, Race and Law (1972); contributor to British Nationality, Immigration and Race Relations, in Halsbury's Laws of England (4th edition, 1973); Leading counsel's opinion on the proposed amendments to the Equal Pay Act 1970: European and community law (1983); as co-author, Equal pay for work of equal value: law and practice (1984); The Changing Constitution, ed Jeffrey Jowell and Dawn Oliver (1985); A British Bill of Rights (1990); The crisis facing human rights in Europe: does the British government really care? (1993); as co-author, What price Hansard? (1994).
Born, 1936; educated St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School; national service, Royal Navy; University College London (UCL), (BSc, PhD, DSc); worked under Patricia Clarke researching microbial enzymes, UCL; transferred to the Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL; Lecturer in Biochemical Engineering, UCL 1963-1972; Reader in Enzyme Technology, 1972-1979; Professor of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, 1979; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1991; died, 1998.
Sir Moses Haim Montefiore: born in Leghorn (Livorno, Italy), 1784; eldest son of Joseph Elias Montefiore, a Jewish merchant of Italian descent whose father had settled in London, by Rachel, daughter of Abraham Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta, of an ancient family of Spanish Jews; educated in London; married Judith (1784-1862), second daughter of Levi Barent Cohen, 1812; spent some time in a mercantile house; acquired for £1,200 the right to act as a broker on the London Stock Exchange, where the number of Jewish brokers was limited to twelve; rapidly amassed a fortune; retired from much of his business, 1824; retained some business interests, but devoted himself to the service of the Jewish race at home and abroad; on his way to Jerusalem, visited Egypt and had a private audience with Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, 1827; became a member of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and was active in the struggle for emancipation; President of the Board of Deputies, 1835-1874; chosen sheriff of London and was knighted when Queen Victoria visited the Guildhall, 1837; submitted a scheme for establishing Jewish colonies in Syria to Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, but despite the Sultan's promise to give it favourable consideration it fell through, 1839; intervened on behalf of some Jews who had been arrested and tortured at Damascus for using Christian blood for religious rites and, as head of a deputation from the English and French Jewish communities, pleaded the prisoners' cause before Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, convincing him of their innocence and obtaining their release, 1840; proceeded to Constantinople and obtained from the Sultan a firman, placing Jews on the same footing as other aliens throughout the Ottoman empire, 1840; on his return to England, was presented to the Queen, who granted him the privilege of bearing supporters to his arms with `Jerusalem' inscribed in Hebrew characters; the Jewish community recognised his services by appointing a day of thanksgiving; when Tsar Nicholas of Russia issued an order for the removal into the interior of Jews domiciled on Russia's western frontier areas near Germany and Austria in 1844, Montefiore made representations to the Russian ambassador, Count Brunnow, which resulted in its suspension; on its threatened reissue, Montefiore was admitted by the Tsar to a private audience in St Petersburg and obtained its abrogation, 1846; toured Eastern Russia and made notes of the condition of the Jewish population, which he communicated to the Russian ministry; created baronet, 1846; following a revival of anti-Semitic feeling in Syria in 1847, Montefiore obtained a private audience with Louis-Philippe whom he asked, as protector of the Christians in Syria, to repress the agitation, which was granted; prominent in the collection and distribution of the relief fund for victims of the Syrian famine, 1855; founded a girls' school and hospital in Jerusalem, 1855; became involved in the celebrated Mortara case in which a Jewish child in Bologna was secretly baptised by his Catholic nurse and subsequently removed from his parents by the papal police and placed in a convent to be educated as a Christian, an affair which created a panic among the Jewish population in Italy and aroused indignation elsewhere, 1858; since remonstrances addressed to the papal government were ineffective, Montefiore attempted a personal appeal to Pope Pius IX in Rome, which was refused, and although the Pope consented to receive Montefiore's petition through Cardinal Antonelli he remained inflexible, 1859; raised funds for the relief of Jewish refugees brought to Gilbraltar by apprehension of war between Spain and Morocco and for Christian survivors of the massacre of the Lebanon, 1860; visited Constantinople and obtained confirmation by the new Sultan, Abdul-Aziz, of all firmans granted by his predecessor in favour of the Jews, 1863; in response to an outbreak of anti-Semitic fanaticism in Tangier, travelled on HMS Magicienne from Gibraltar to Mogador and, under an escort provided by the Sultan, crossed the Atlas desert to Morocco, where the Sultan issued an edict placing the Jews upon an equal footing with his other subjects, 1864; went to Syria, distributing alms to the victims of a plague of locusts and cholera epidemic, 1866; visited Bucharest and interceded with Prince Charles on behalf of the persecuted Jews of Moldavia, and was well received by the prince, but was threatened by a mob which he managed to quieten, 1867; carried to St Petersburg an address from the British Jewish community congratulating Tsar Alexander II on the bicentenary of the birth of Peter the Great, 1872; made a seventh and final pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 1875; spent his later years in comparative seclusion at his seat, East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate, where he died, 1885; a strict Sephardic Jew, orthodox in his religious opinions and observance; on his death without issue the baronetcy became extinct. See also Lady Montefiore, Private Journal of a Visit to Egypt and Palestine by way of Italy and the Mediterranean (privately printed, London, 1836); Meyer ben Isaac Auerbach and Samuel Salant, An Open Letter addressed to Sir M Montefiore ... on the day of his arrival in ... Jerusalem. Together with a narrative of a forty days' sojourn in the Holy Land ... by Sir M Montefiore (Wertheimer, Lea & Co, London, 1875); Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore: comprising their life and work as recorded in their diaries from 1812 to 1883, ed L Loewe (2 volumes, Griffith, Farran & Co, London, 1890; facsimile edition introduced by Raphael Loewe [1983]). Dr Nathaniel Mayer Montefiore: born, 1819; second son of Abraham Montefiore and his second wife Henrietta Rothschild; nephew of Sir Moses Haim Montefiore; married Emma (1819-1902), daughter of Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1850; had issue Alice, Leonard (1853-1879), Charlotte, and the biblical scholar and philanthropist Claude Joseph Goldsmid (1858-1938); Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh; died, 1883.
Clifford was born in 1845. He was educated at Exeter, at King's College London and at Trinity College Cambridge. He was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London in 1871, a post he held till 1879. A mathematician, Clifford was also a classical scholar and read French, German, Spanish and modern Greek fluently. However, he drove himself relentlessly and worked long hours. Signs of pulmonary disease appeared in 1876 and he died in 1879 at the age of 33.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Harriet Grote née Lewin, biographer and wife of the historian George Grote (1794-1871), was born near Southampton in July 1792. She married George Grote in 1820. During their engagement Harriet studied hard so that she could share Grote's intellectual interests. Mrs Grote devoted herself to managing her husband's life, both practically and socially. They lived mainly in London and Surrey. Harriet Grote was always a diligent keeper of diaries and notebooks, as well as a good letterwriter, and having accumulated an abundance of materials, began to write a biographical account of her husband while he was still alive. This work was rapidly pushed forward on his death in 1871, and she herself had already reached her eightieth year, when it was published in 1873 as The personal life of George Grote. She had printed and published other material previously in her lifetime. She died at Shiere in Surrey, aged eighty-seven.
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The economist James Loch was born of Scottish parents in May 1780. In 1801 he became an advocate in Scotland and was called to the bar in England at Lincoln's Inn in 1806. After a few years he decided to abandon the law and went into estate management, becoming auditor to many eminent people. He was responsible for much of the policy regarding agricultural labourers and land in England and Scotland. The Sutherlandshire clearances between 1811 and 1820, when 15,000 crofters were removed from the inland to the seacoast districts, were carried out under Loch's supervision. In 1827 Loch entered parliament as the member for St Germains in Cornwall. He published a pamphlet on the improvements on the Sutherland estates in 1820, and in 1834 printed privately a memoir of the first Duke of Sutherland. He was a fellow of the Geological, Statistical and Zoological Societies, and a member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He was also a member of the Council of University College London. He died in June 1855, at his house in London.
An antiquary and local historian; revised and enlarged George Ormerod's The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester (first published, 1819) for its second edition (3 volumes, London, 1882); a member of Lincoln's Inn.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Wellesley Curran Clinton was Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering at University College London from 1926 to 1934.
Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937. Publications include: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).
Alexander Murison was born in Aberdeenshire on 3 March 1847, and was educated at grammar school and the University of Aberdeen where he achieved an MA and a LLD. From 1869 to 1877 he was a master in English at an Aberdeen grammar school. Then in 1881 he became a barrister. He held the position of Professor of Roman Law, 1883-1925 (Emeritus from 1925), and of Jurisprudence, 1901-1925, at University College London. He was also Deputy Professor of Roman-Dutch Law, 1914-1924, and Dean of the Faculty of Laws, 1912-1924, at University College London; and Dean of the Faculty of Laws, 1914-1918, at the University of London. He was Deputy Regius Professor of Civil Law and Deputy Reader in Roman Law at Oxford University from 1915 to 1919. From 1916 to 1917 he was President of the Society of Public Teachers of Law. He was Senator of the University of London from 1921 to 1924. Murison spent some years on the political and literary staff of the 'Daily Chronicle' of India. In 1896 he stood in an election for the Lord Rectorship of Aberdeen University but marginally lost. He was editor of the 'Educational Times', 1902-1912. He was also an examiner for several universities. Murison published many books during his life, mostly on Roman law but also some on Scottish history. He married Elizabeth Logan in 1870 and had two sons. He died on 8 June 1934.
Margaret Murray was born in 1863, the youngest daughter of J C Murray, a businessman of Calcutta, and niece of the Reverend John Murray of Lambourn. She first entered University College London as a student in 1894, and in 1899 became a junior lecturer in Egyptology there. She was Assistant Professor of Egyptology at University College London from 1924 to 1935. She was a member of the Folk Lore Society from 1927 and President from 1953 to 1955. During her life she carried out many excavations in different parts of the world and published many books, mainly about Egypt. She died on 13 November 1963.
After obtaining a degree at Regents Park College in London, Sully went to Gottingen in 1867 to study for the London University MA. From 1869 to 1870 he was a classical tutor at the Baptist College, Pontypool. In 1871 he assisted John Morley, then Editor of the Fortnightly Review, with correspondence, proof-reading, etc, and he began to write for the Fortnightly and the Saturday Review. In 1873 Sully was first invited to contribute an article on aesthetics to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and in the following year Sensation and intuition was published. He subsequently contributed to articles to several journals, including The Academy, The Contemporary Review, The Cornhill Magazine, The Examiner, and Mind. In 1877 Pessimism was published. Sully became an Examiner in Logic and Philosophy at the University of London in 1878. The following year he was Lecturer in the Theory of Education at the Maria Grey Training College and the College of Preceptors. A series of publications followed: Illusions in 1881; Outlines of Psychology in 1884; A teachers's handbook of psychology in 1886; and The human mind in 1892. In 1892 Sully was elected to the vacant chair of Mind and Logic at University College London on the resignation of George Croom Robertson. In 1895 Studies of childhood and in 1902 An essay on laughter were published. In 1903 Sully resigned from his Professorship and in 1918 published My life and friends.
Thomas Chalmers: born in Scotland, 1780; influential theologian, preacher and philanthropist; DD; held the Chair of moral philosophy in the University of St Andrews, 1823-1828; held the Chair of theology in the University of Edinburgh, 1828-1843; Principal and Professor of divinity in the New College (of the Free Church), Edinburgh; delivered an influential course of lectures in London, 1838; a reformer, advocating self-government in the Christian church, and engaged in controversy on the subject resulting in the formation of the Free Church in Scotland, of which Chalmers was elected first moderator; devised, as means of support for the disestablished church, the sustentation fund, based on a contribution from each member of a penny a week, which was successful; worked to address the many poor in Scottish cities who attended no church; died, 1847. Publications: various works on theology, Christinity, Scripture and philosophy published during his lifetime and posthumously.
Firth was born in Sheffield on 16 March 1857. He was educated at Clifton College and at Balliol College Oxford. He was engaged in literary work and historical teaching at Oxford from 1883. He was a Lecturer at Pembroke College Oxford from 1887 to 1898. He became a fellow of All Souls' College and Oriel College there. He was also a fellow of the British Academy. In 1904 he was made Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, till 1925, and Professor Emeritus from 1925. Firth was knighted in 1922. He published many writings on history. He died on 19 February 1936
Robert E Symons was literary executor of A E Housman.
Alfred Edward Housman: born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Laurence Housman: born, 1865; brother of A E Housman; educated at Bromsgrove School; moved to London and studied art in Kennington, at the Lambeth School of Art, and later at South Kensington; introduced to Harry Quilter and wrote and drew for his short-lived Universal Review; introduced to Charles Kegan Paul, the publisher, who encouraged him to write; wrote for the Manchester Guardian and as art critic handled controversies including the Chantrey Bequest inquiry and dispute over the statues by (Sir) Jacob Epstein on the British Medical Association building, 1895-1911; also published poetry; published anonymously An Englishwoman's Love-Letters, at that time regarded as daring but which sold well, 1900; while working for the Manchester Guardian, began a career as a playwright, but his success was limited and his subject matter involved him in controversies on censorship with the Lord Chamberlain's office and his first play Bethlehem was banned for many years, although privately produced, 1902; his play Pains and Penalties (1911), about Queen Caroline, was for many years banned by the Lord Chamberlain but was later released on minor revision; took up the cause of woman's suffrage and was the centre of a disturbance in the central lobby of the House of Commons, 1909; a member of the men's section of the extremist Women's Social and Political Union, but left when militancy became violent rather than symbolic, 1912; became a pacifist during World War One, 1914-1918; supported the ideals of a League of Nations and proclaimed his views in a series of lectures in the USA, 1916; his plays about Queen Victoria were performed with great success when public interest in the royal family was at its peak, 1935, 1937; from 1924 lived at Street, Somerset; became a Quaker, 1952; died, 1959. Publications include: The Writings of William Blake (1893); Green Arras (1896); Spikenard (1898); Sheepfold (1918); Angels and Ministers (1921); The Little Plays of St Francis (1922); Trimblerigg (1924); The Life of HRH the Duke of Flamborough (1928); Victoria Regina (1934); his autobiography, The Unexpected Years (1937); his biography of his brother, A E H (1937).
Cavan McCarthy is a bibliographer and poet.
John Wilkinson was a student of Corpus Christi College Oxford.
Sir William Blackstone: born in London, 1723; English jurist; elected the first holder of a Chair (the Vinerian Professorship) of common law at Oxford, 1758; his lectures formed the basis of his influential Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 volumes, 1765-1769), describing the doctrines of English law, which became the basis of university legal education in England and North America; knighted, 1770; died at Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 1780.
Vera Beaumont Wilkinson was a student of the Faculty of Arts at University College London from 1914 to 1918, 1920 to 1921, and 1932 to 1934.
The landscape painter Robert Freebairn was articled to Philip Reinagle R.A. and sent his first picture to the Royal Academy from Reinagle's house in 1782. He exhibited landscapes up to 1786 when he appears to have gone to Italy. In 1789 and 1790 he was in Rome and sent views of Roman scenery to the Academy. In 1791 he returned to England. His stay in Italy formed his style and most of his productions were representations of Italian scenery. He occasionally painted views of Welsh and Lancashire scenery. Freebairn died in London on 23 January 1808.
Morris W Travers was a demonstrator at University College London from 1894 (Assistant Professor from 1898). He assisted Professor Sir William Ramsay in experiments on argon, and collaborated with him in work on krypton, neon and xenon. In 1904 Travers was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol. From 1907 to 1914 he was Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 1927 he became Honorary Professor, Fellow and Nash Lecturer in Chemistry at Bristol. He became President of the Faraday Society in 1936, and in 1937 he retired from Bristol University. His Life of Sir William Ramsay was published in London in 1956.
Richard Weymouth, philologist and New Testament scholar, studied classics at University College London, taking his BA in 1846 and his MA in 1849. He was a Doctor of Literature at the University of London in 1868 and a Fellow of University College in 1869. He was Headmaster of Mill Hill School from 1869 to 1886. He joined the Philological Society in 1851. Weymouth was married twice; first, in 1852 to Louisa Sarah Marten, by whom he had three sons and three daughters, then in 1892 to Louisa Salter.
William Sharpey: entered Edinburgh University to study the humanities and natural philosophy, 1817; commenced medical studies, 1818; admitted as amember of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, 1821; graduated MD of Edinburgh, 1823; obtained the Fellowship of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1830; elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1834; appointed to the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology at University College London, 1836; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1839; appointed an Examiner in Anatomy at London University, 1840; a member of the Council of the Royal Society, 1844; appointed Secretary of the Royal Society in place of Thomas Bell, 1853; for 15 years from 1861, one of the members appointedby the Crown on the General Council of Medical Education and Registration; retired as Secretary due to failure of eyesight, 1871; died frombronchitis in London, 1880; buried at Arbroath.
Richard Quain: born at Fermoy, county Cork, Ireland, 1800; received his early education at Adair's school at Fermoy; served an apprenticeship to a surgeon in Ireland; went to London to pursue his professional studies at the Aldersgate school of medicine; went to Paris, where he attended the lectures of Richard Bennett, a private lecturer on anatomy and a friend of his father; when Bennett was appointed a demonstrator of anatomy in the newly constituted school of the University of London (later University College London), Quain assisted him, 1828; admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS), 1828; on Bennet's death, Quain became senior demonstrator of anatomy, 1830; Professor of descriptive anatomy, 1832-1850; appointed the first assistant surgeon to University College (or the North London) Hospital (UCH), 1834; selected Fellow when the fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons was established by royal charter and admitted, 1843; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1844; succeeded as full surgeon and special professor of clinical surgery, UCH, 1848; became a member of the council of the RCS, 1854; a member of the RCS court of examiners, 1865; resigned his post at UCH, 1866; appointed consulting surgeon to the hospital and Emeritus Professor of clinical surgery in its medical school; chairman of the RCS board of examiners in midwifery, 1867; elected President of the RCS, 1868; delivered the Hunterian oration, RCS, 1869; represented the RCS in the General Council of Education and Registration, 1870-1876; at his death, one of Queen Victoria's surgeons-extraordinary; died, 1887; buried at Finchley; left the bulk of his fortune, c£75,000, for promoting, in connection with University College London, general education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science; the Quain professorship of English language and literature and the Quain studentships and prizes were founded accordingly. Publications: edited his brother Jones Quain's Elements of Anatomy (1848); The Anatomy of the Arteries of the Human Body, with its Applications to Pathology and Operative Surgery, in Lithographic Drawings with Practical Commentaries (London, 1844); The Diseases of the Rectum (London, 1854); Clinical Lectures (London, 1884).
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue.
West was a student at Magdalene College Cambridge.
Mervyn Peake was born in China on 9 July 1911. He attended Tientsin Grammar School and Eltham College, Kent. He became a poet, novelist, painter, playwright and illustrator. He married Maeve Gilmore, an artist, in 1937 and had two sons and one daughter. Peake died on 17 November 1968. Publications include: Rhymes Without Reason (1944); Captain Slaughterboard Drops Anchor (1945, reprinted 1966); The Craft of the Lead Pencil (1946); Titus Groan (novel, 1946); Letters from a Lost Uncle (1948); The Glassblowers (poem) and Gormenghast (novel), awarded the W H Heinemann Foundation Prize, Royal Society of Literature (1950); Mr Pye (1953); The Wit to Woo (play, 1957); Titus Alone (novel, 1959); The Rime of the Flying Bomb (1962); Titus Groan (novel, reprinted as trilogy in UK and USA, 1967); A Reverie of Bone (poems, 1967).
Graham Greene was born on 2 October 1904. Following graduation from Oxford he joined the staff of The Times newspaper in 1926, became literary editor of The Spectator in 1940, and during the war worked in the Foreign Office. He was Director of the publishers Eyre & Spottiswoode from 1944 to 1948 and of Bodley Head publishers from 1958 to 1968.
Following the outbreak of World War One in 1914, male English civilians living in Germany were interned at Ruhleben, a former race track situated between Berlin and Spandau. Within the prisoner of war camp an English 'colony' was created, including a school, dramatic and musical societies, library, sports leagues, shops, and an internal mail service.
No information on Matthew Prichard could be found at the time of compilation.
Harriet Grote née Lewin, biographer and wife of the historian George Grote (1794-1871), was born near Southampton in July 1792. She married George Grote in 1820. During their engagement Harriet studied hard so that she could share Grote's intellectual interests. Mrs Grote devoted herself to managing her husband's life, both practically and socially. They lived mainly in London and Surrey. Harriet Grote was always a diligent keeper of diaries and notebooks, as well as a good letterwriter, and having accumulated an abundance of materials, began to write a biographical account of her husband while he was still alive. This work was rapidly pushed forward on his death in 1871, and she herself had already reached her eightieth year, when it was published in 1873 as The personal life of George Grote. She had printed and published other material previously in her lifetime. She died at Shiere in Surrey, aged eighty-seven.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Heathcote was Reader in the History of Science Department at University College London from 1946 to 1973.
William Sealy Gosset, statistician and industrial research scientist, was born at Canterbury in June 1876, the eldest son of Colonel Frederic Gosset R.E. and Agnes Sealy Gosset. He studied at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in mathematical moderations in 1897 and in natural science (chemistry) in 1899. From 1899 until his death he worked for Arthur Guinness, Son and Company in Dublin, being sent to London in 1935 to take charge of the new Guinness brewery there. Gosset's task was to use the mass of statistical data about brewing methods, barley and hops in order to improve his company's product. In 1905 he contacted Karl Pearson and studied during the session of 1906-7 in his laboratory at University College London. Between 1907 and 1937 Gosset published twenty-two statistical papers and did much work concerned not only with chemistry and biology but also with agriculture. In 1906 he married Marjory Surtees, youngest daughter of James Surtees Phillpotts. They had one son and two daughters. Gosset died at Beaconsfield in October 1937.
William Perry was educated the City of London School and Selwyn College Cambridge. From 1919 to 1923 he was Reader in Comparative Religion in the University of Manchester. In 1924 he was appointed Upton Lecturer in the History of Religions at Manchester College Oxford, and stayed there until 1927. From 1928 to 1948 he was Reader in Cultural Anthropology at University College London. He married Gwynllyan Lilian in 1915 and had one daughter. Perry published 'The Megalithic Culture of Indonesia' in 1918; 'The Children of the Sun' in 1923; 'The Origin of Magic and Religion' in 1923; 'The Growth of Civilisation' in 1924; 'Gods and Men' in 1927, and 'The Primordial Ocean' in 1935. Perry died on 29 April 1949.
Born in North Staffordshire, 1867; educated at Middle School, Newcastle under Lyme; joined his father's office in order to finish preparing for matriculation at the University of London and to study for a law degree which he was never to complete, 1885; left Staffordshire to become clerk at a firm of London solicitors, 1888-1893; also worked as a freelance journalist and wrote several novels and short stories, becoming assistant editor of the weekly journal Woman, 1893; editor, 1896; lived in Paris, 1902-1912; wrote plays, romances, articles and novels; married Marie Marguerite Soulié, a Frenchwoman, 1907; returned to England, 1912; during World War One, became a public servant, serving on the War Memorials and Wounded Allies Relief Committee and as head of propaganda in France, 1914-1918; whilst in France, wrote on conditions at the front; after the war, published several novels and contributed articles to the Evening Standard newspaper; separated from his wife, 1921; in 1922 began to live with Dorothy Cheston, who was regarded as his second wife and changed her name to Bennett; had a daughter, Virginia Mary, 1926; after a trip to France, returned to London ill with typhoid fever and died, 1931. Publications include: novels, most famously Anna of the five towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and Clayhanger (1911), all set in the Potteries; and many stage plays.
Born in Dublin, 1803; eldest son of William Stokes, MD, Regius Professor of Physic, Dublin, by his wife Mary Black; entered and left St Columba's College at Rathfarnham, County Dublin, 1845; his early sources included the Primer of the Irish Language of Denis Coffey (Irish teacher at St Columba's), John O'Donovan's Grammar of the Irish Language (published in 1845 at the expense of St Columba's), and Edward O'Reilly's Irish dictionary; entered Trinity College Dublin, 1847; graduated BA, 1851; became acquainted with the Irish antiquary George Petrie, the Irish scholar and topographer John O'Donovan, and the Irish scholar Eugene O'Curry, and laid a broad foundation for Irish learning; chose to devote himself to the study of the words and forms of the Irish language, regarding Irish literature as chiefly interesting in furnishing material for comparative philology; became friends with Rudolf Thomas Siegfried, a philologist from Tübingen, first assistant librarian of Trinity College (later Professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology); influenced by the publication of John Caspar Zeuss's Grammatica Celtica (1853), which opened a vast field of philological research pursued by Stokes until his death; took lessons in Irish from John O'Donovan, but never acquired its pronunciation; became a student of the Inner Temple, 1851; called to the bar, 1855; pupil of A Cayley, H M Cairns, and T Chitty; practised as an equity draftsman and conveyancer; received the gold medal of the Royal Irish Academy for A Mediæval Tract on Latin Declension (1860); went to Madras, 1862; later went to Calcutta; continued his Irish studies in India; reporter to the High Court, Madras; Acting Administrator-General, 1863-1864; Secretary to the Governor-General's Legislative Council; Secretary to the Government of India in the Legislative Department, 1865-1877; Companion of the Order of the Star of India, 1877; Law Member of the Council of Governor-General, 1877-1882; appointed President of the Indian Law Commission, 1879; drafted many Indian Consolidation Acts, the bulk of the codes of civil and criminal procedure, and other Acts; Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1879; framed a scheme for collecting and cataloguing Sanskrit MSS in India; left India, 1882; for the rest of his life, resided chiefly in Kensington; an original fellow of the British Academy, 1902; foreign associate of the Institute of France; Honorary Fellow of Jesus College Oxford; Honorary DCL, Oxford; Honorary LLD Dublin and Edinburgh; honorary member, German Oriental Society; died in Kensington, 1909. Publications (philological) include: `Irish Glosses from a MS in Trinity College, Dublin', Transactions of the Philological Society of London (1859); A Mediæval Tract on Latin Declension, with Examples explained in Latin and the Lorica of Gildas, with the Gloss thereon and Glosses from the Book of Armagh (Irish Archæological and Celtic Society, Dublin, 1860); Goidelica. Old and early-middle-Irish glosses, prose and verse (Calcutta, 1866; 2nd edition London, 1872); edited Fis Adamnain (Simla, 1870); edited Felire Oengusso Celi De. The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee (Royal Irish Academy, 1871; Henry Bradshaw Society, 1905); edited Three Middle-Irish Homilies on the lives of Saints Patrick, Brigit and Columba (Calcutta, 1877); edited Togail Troi (Calcutta, 1882); 'Celtic Declension', Transactions of the Philological Society (1885-1886); edited The Tripartite Life of St Patrick (2 volumes, Rolls Series, 1887); 'Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore', Anecdota Oxoniensia (Oxford,1890); with Professor Bezzenberger, Urkeltischer Sprachschatz (1894); with Marianus Gorman, Felire hui Gormain. The Martyrology of Gorman (Henry Bradshaw Society, 1895); with John Strachan, Thesaurus Palæohibernicus. A collection of Old-Irish glosses, scholia, prose and verse (3 volumes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1901-1910); with Professor Ernst Windisch, edited a series of Irische Texte (Leipzig, 1884-1909) including In Cath Catharda. The Civil War of the Romans. An Irish version of Lucan's Pharsalia, published posthumously by Windisch (1909); many smaller collections of Irish, Welsh and Breton glosses; papers on grammatical subjects; other editions and translations of Irish literature; edited the Cornish works Gwreansan Bys (1864), Beumans Meriasek. The Life of Saint Meriasek, Bishop and Confessor (London, 1872), and Middle-Breton Hours (Calcutta, 1876). Publications (legal) include: A Treatise on the Liens of Legal Practitioners (London, 1860); Powers of Attorney (London, 1861); edited Hindu Law Books (Madras, 1865); The Indian Succession Act (Calcutta, 1865); The Indian Companies' Act (1866); The older Statutes in force in India (1874); edited The Anglo-Indian Codes (2 volumes, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1887-1888), with supplements (1889-1891). Bibliography by Professor R I Best in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, viii, pp 351-406 (1911).
Born in Haddington, East Lothian, 1829; educated at the Haddington burgh schools, the Hill Street Institution, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh; graduated MD, 1850; acted for fifteen months as house surgeon and resident physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; spent two years in Paris, working in the physiological and chemical laboratories of Charles Dollfus, Verdeil, and Charles-Adolphe Wurtz; his many observations were recorded in the Chimie Anatomique, notably the recognition of iron as a constant constituent of the urine, and the observation that the cherry colour of normal human urine was due to urohaematin; worked in the physiological laboratory of the Collège de France, at first under François Magendie and then under Claude Bernard, whose publications led Harley to undertake research on the effects of stimulation of nerves on the production of sugar by the liver; during his two years in Paris, almost entirely occupied with physiological research; elected annual president of the Parisian Medical Society, 1853; spent time in Germany at the universities of Würzburg (under Rudolf Virchow), Giessen (under Justus von Liebig), Berlin, Vienna, and Heidelberg; while studying in Vienna, during the Crimean War, attempted to join the army of Omar Pasha as a civil surgeon but, travelling with an irregular passport, was arrested and narrowly escaped being shot as a spy; appointed lecturer on practical physiology and histology at University College London, 1855; also curator of the anatomical museum at University College London; started practice in Nottingham Place, 1856; elected a fellow of the Chemical Society and fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1858; read at the Leeds meeting of the British Association a paper showing that pure pancreatine was capable of digesting both starchy and albuminous substances; became Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at University College London, 1859; became editor of a new year-book on medicine and surgery brought out by the New Sydenham Society, aiming to keep an epitome of science applied to practical medicine, 1859; became physician to the University College Hospital, 1860; received the triennial prize of fifty guineas from the Royal College of Surgeons of England for research into the anatomy and physiology of the suprarenal bodies, 1862; elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1864; later examiner in anatomy and physiology in the Royal College of Physicians; active in the committee of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society appointed to study the subject of suspended animation by drowning, hanging, etc, with its experiments carried out in his laboratory at University College London, 1864; experiments for the Society's committee on chloroform were also carried out there, 1864; his research while studying in Robert Bunsen's laboratory at Heidelberg on the methods of gas analysis and, after his return to England, research on the chemistry of respiration, was instrumental in his election to the fellowship of the Royal Society, 1865; active in founding the British Institute of Preventive Medicine; conducted research into the action of various poisons, and was the first to demonstrate that strychnia and wourali (arrow-poison) reciprocally neutralise one another's toxic effects; corresponding member of numerous foreign scientific societies; invented a microscope which could be transformed from a monocular into a binocular or into a polarising instrument, of high or low power; tried to reform English orthography, and advocated the omission of redundant duplicated consonants from all words except personal names; died, 1896. See George Harley, FRS: the Life of a London Physician, ed Mrs Alec Tweedie (his daughter) (The Scientific Press, London, 1899). Publications include: Jaundice: its Pathology and Treatment (London, 1863); The Urine and its Derangements (London, 1872; reprinted in America and translated into French and Italian); The Simplification of English Spelling (London, 1877); A treatise on Diseases of the Liver (London, 1883; reprinted in Canada and America, and translated into German by Dr J Kraus); On sounding for gall-stones (London, 1884); Inflammations of the Liver (London, 1886); many scientific papers in various journals, most importantly on liver diseases. George T Brown's Histology (1868) was based on demonstrations given by Harley at University College London, the second edition edited by Harley himself.
Evans was educated at the University of Birmingham, University College London and University College Hospital. From 1916 to 1918 he was in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He moved on to become Professor of Experimental Physiology in Leeds, 1918-1919. He joined the National Institute for Medical Research, 1919-1922. From 1922 to 1926 he was Professor of Physiology at St Bartholomew's Medical College, and from 1926 to 1949 he was Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College London. He did national service from 1939 to 1944. Evans became Emeritus Professor of Physiology at the University of London in 1949. He was also a Consultant at the War Office from 1959. From 1946 to 1948 Evans was a member of the Council and Vice-President of the Royal Society. He was also Chairman of the Military Personnel Research Committee, War Office, 1948-1953. He was knighted in 1951. He published a couple of books on physiology and some papers on physiology and biochemistry. He died on 29 August 1968.
Henry Thomas Davidge was Senior Lecturer in Civil and Mechanical Engineering at University College London during the 1920s.
Born in Hackney to Jewish parents of Spanish descent, Grace Aguilar was a novelist and writer on Jewish history and religion. She had delicate health from infancy and was chiefly educated at home, developing a great interest in the history of the Jewish race, and an aptitude for music. She began writing at an early age; in her twelfth year she wrote a drama entitled 'Gustavus Vasa' and at fifteen began a series of poems that was published in the collection Magic Wreath in 1835. In the same year she was attacked by a severe illness from which she never completely recovered. Her health also declined when, as a result of her father's death, she was forced to depend on her writings for a portion of her livelihood until her death twelve years later. Her chief work on the Jewish religion was Spirit of Judaism, first published in America in 1842. Other works include: The Jewish Faith, The Women of Israel and Sabbath Thoughts and Sacred Communings. Grace Aguilar is, however, better known for her novels which, with the exception of Home Influence, a tale for mothers and daughters, were published after her death. Her novels, A Mother's Recompense, Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Days of Bruce, a story from Scottish history, and Home Scenes and Heart Studies, are highly sentimental, intensely religious, and mainly deal with the ordinary incidents of domestic life.
Margaret Murray was born in 1863, the youngest daughter of J C Murray, a businessman of Calcutta, and niece of the Reverend John Murray of Lambourn. She first entered University College London as a student in 1894, and in 1899 became a junior lecturer on Egyptology there. She was Assistant Professor of Egyptology at University College London from 1924 to 1935. She was a member of the Folk Lore Society from 1927 and President from 1953 to 1955. During her life she carried out many excavations in different parts of the world and published many books, mainly about Egypt. She died on 13 November 1963.
C.F.Goodeve was born in Winnipeg Canada, son of Canon F.W.Goodeve. He was educated at the University of Manitoba and University College London. He was a lecturer in University College London's Chemistry Department from 1930 to 1938 and Reader in Physical Chemistry from 1938 to 1945. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1940 and received an OBE in 1941. He was Assistant and later Deputy Controller for Research and Development for the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945. He was a Consultant for British Steel Corporation from 1969 and a Director of the London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Company Limited from 1971. He was knighted in 1946. During his life, Goodeve published numerous articles in scientific journals.
Born at Quintero, Chile, 1821; came to London, 1826; worked in the carriage works of his father, William Bridges Adams, and uncle, c1836-1846; became manager of the London Works, Birmingham, 1846; in business with George Alcock, 1846-1850; began his own business, 1850; member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers; presented papers on railway carriages and wagons, 1850, 1852; formed the Midland Wagon Company, 1853; elected Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1865; a director of Muntz's Metal Company; introduced into the USA the purchase lease system of letting railway wagons, 1874; formed the Union Rolling Stock Company for financing wagons on that system in the USA, 1875; presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers a paper on railway rolling stock capacity, 1876; director of the Birmingham Joint Stock Bank; Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Herefordshire; died at Gaines, Herefordshire, 1896. Publications: Twenty-six years Reminiscences of Scotch Grouse Moors (H Cox, London, 1889); Bores and Loads for Sporting Guns for British game shooting (H Cox, London, 1894).
Jon Poroarson Thoroddsen was a poet and author. Professor Dr Thorvald Thoroddsen, the writer on Icelandic geology and geography, was his son.
Augustus De Morgan was born in Madura in the Madras presidency, the son of a Colonel in the Indian army. Seven months after his birth his parents moved to England. The De Morgan children were brought up with the strict evangelical principles of their parents. Augustus was sent to various schools: he had a gift for drawing caricatures and for algebra. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College Cambridge to develop his already apparent mathematical ability, graduating in 1827. De Morgan had never definitely joined any church, and he refused to carry out his mother's wishes by taking orders. In the end he decided to become a barrister and he entered Lincoln's Inn. However, he did not take to the law. The new University College London was just being established and in February 1828 De Morgan was unanimously elected the first Professor of Mathematics there. Morgan resigned this post in July 1831 in protest at the dismissal of the Professor of Astronomy. In 1836 his successor was drowned and De Morgan offered himself as a temporary substitute. He was then invited to resume the Chair. The regulations concerning dismissal had been altered, so De Morgan accepted the post and was Professor for the next 30 years. He also sometimes took private pupils. Besides his professorial work, he served for a short period as an actuary and he often gave opinions on questions of insurance. He again resigned his Chair in November 1866 due to his view that personal religious belief of a candidate should not be taken into account in appointing a candidate for the vacant Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic: others did not agree. De Morgan had many children, some of whom died before him. De Morgan himself died on 18 March 1871. In 1828 De Morgan had been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society and he was also a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contributing a great number of articles to its publications. He also wrote on mathematical, philosophical and antiquarian points. After De Morgan's death, his library, which consisted of about three thousand volumes, was bought by Lord Overstone who presented it to the University of London.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
The artist Alfred Stevens (1818-1875) in 1856 entered a competition to design a monument to Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852), Duke of Wellington, for St Paul's Cathedral. Although his design was placed only sixth in the competition in 1857, it proved to be the only one fit for the proposed site and consequently execution of the monument was entrusted to him. Partly through his procrastination, but chiefly owing to bureaucratic and financial hindrances, the work was unfinished at his death and remained for many years standing in an unfavourable position in the consistory court of St Paul's. In 1892, owing to the recommendation of the artist Sir Frederic (afterwards Lord) Leighton (1830-1896), who raised and contributed to a fund for the purpose, it was moved to the position originally intended. It consisted of a sarcophagus supporting a recumbent bronze effigy of the Duke, surmounted by an arched canopy of late Renaissance style, flanked by large bronze allegorical groups. An equestrian statue of the Duke, designed to surmount the canopy, was never executed.
Born in Great Berkhamsted, 1850; entered University College London, 1867; Demonstrator at University College London; Professor of Anatomy, University College London, 1877-1919; married Jenny Klingberg of Stockholm, god-daughter of the famous soprano Jenny Lind, 1884; three children, but his only son died young; examiner in anatomy at many universities, and to the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons; a founder member of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and President, 1896-1897; knighted for his services to medical education in London and as inspector under the Vivi-Section Act (1876), 1919; Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University College London; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England; LLD, Edinburgh; ScD, Dublin; Fellow of the Zoological Society; a member of various scientific societies overseas; died, 1930. Publications: with others, edited and contributed to Quain's Anatomy (9th and 10th editions) and Ellis's Demonstrations of Anatomy (10th and 11th editions).
Bertel Thorvaldsen (or Thorwaldsen): born in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1768 or 1770; son of an Icelandic wood-carver who had settled in Denmark; studied at the Copenhagen Academy; arrived in Rome on a travelling scholarship, 1797; lived in Rome for most of his life, inspired by the Italian enthusiasm for classical sculpture; the success of Thorvaldsen's model for a statue of Jason (1803) attracted the attention of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova andlaunched his internationally successful career; returned to visit Copenhagen, progressing through Berlin, Warsaw and Vienna, 1819; returned from Rome and settled in Copenhagen, 1838; a Neoclassical museum in Copenhagen, designed to house his collection of works of art (the models for his sculptures) and endowed with a large part of his fortune, was begun, 1839; died, 1844; buried at the museum endowed by him; his Neoclassical works were regarded by contemporaries as reincarnating the antique, but his reputation declined in the 20th century.
No information on J M Thiele could be found at the time of compilation, but he is presumably the author of Danmark 1845. fotografisk genoptryk af 'Kortfattet Beskrivelse af Den danske Stat', ed Richard G Nielsen (Odense, Historisk Topografisk Information, 1978, a facsimile reprint of the edition published in Copenhagen, 1845).
Written in England.
Born in Marton, Cleveland, 1728; became an apprentice to shipowners in Whitby; became master of his own ship, HMS Northumberland, 1759; the following winter, while laid up in Halifax, studied mathematics and attained a sound knowledge of astronomical navigation; went on to become an eminent circumnavigator and made many geographical discoveries, including establishing knowledge of the Southern Pacific; kept a crew at sea without serious losses from sickness and death, which was unusual at that time; killed by natives of Hawaii, 1779.
From c1750 Masters of HM Ships were required by the Admiralty to keep Remark Books of details of coasts and ports they visited. James Cook followed this practice when serving in HMS Pembroke and HMS Northumberland on the North American Station from 1758 to 1762.