Theatres Mutual Insurance Company Limited was founded in 1904 offering theatre fire insurance. Their offices were at 6 Bowlalley Lane, Hull, and 79 Pall Mall. The company allied with Eagle, Star and British Dominions in 1918.
Commonwealth Insurance Company Limited was founded in 1903 in Australia. It came under control in 1911 and was absorbed by Eagle, Star and British Dominions in 1918.
Launderers Mutual Insurance Company Limited was founded in 1909; and acquired by Eagle, Star and British Dominions in 1919.
Security National Insurance Company of Toronto, Canada was acquired by Eagle, Star and British Dominions in 1934.
A burial board appointed for Ealing and Old Brentford in 1858 acquired 8 acres east of South Ealing Road in 1860, which were laid out as a cemetery in 1861. Chapels for Anglicans and dissenters, forming a single building, had been built by 1873 and the area had been extended to 21 acres by 1890.
The Burial Acts of 1852-1857 gave parishes and town councils the power to establish Burial Boards which would be responsible for providing suitable arrangments for the dead of the parish. This was usually in the form of a cemetery. The Board was responsible for the management of the cemetery, usually providing chapels consecrated for the use of different denominations. The expense of setting up the cemetery would be charges to the Poor Rate or the Borough Rate.
From: 'Ealing and Brentford: Public services', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 147-149.
The Ealing Horticultural Society was established in 1864 with the aim of encouraging the cultivation of allotment ground within the parish.
The Parliamentary constituency of Ealing existed from 1885 to 1945. After this date the area was divided into smaller constituencies, Ealing East and Ealing West (both abolished 1950), Ealing South (1950-1974) and Ealing North (1950-1997).
Under the Education Act of 1876 Ealing Educational Association was formed instead of a school board to meet current deficits and pay for building extensions to existing local schools, which were mostly church schools. Apart from an unsuccessful voluntary rate in 1880, funds were raised by subscription until 1895. Rates levied for the Association by Ealing council from 1896 were criticized because the demands did not indicate that they were voluntary, and by 1901 only one-third was collected. Average attendance at local schools under the management of the Association rose from 754 in 1878 to 2,388 in 1902 at Ealing. By the late 1890s there may have been overcrowding but a request by the Board of Education for extra places in 1901 was ignored, as responsibility under the Education Act of 1902 was to pass to Ealing Metropolitan Borough (M.B.), which duly became an autonomous part III authority.
Ealing had too few places in 1903, when the population was growing rapidly. In addition to temporary schools, permanent ones were built by the borough engineer Charles Jones: Little Ealing, Northfields, Drayton Grove, Lammas, and North Ealing, the first four containing large boys', girls', and infants' schools on a single site. Few places were needed in North Ealing, where most children were educated privately, and elsewhere the council charged fees, which at Drayton Grove were higher than the Board of Education would permit. After the First World War only Grange school replaced the voluntary schools as they closed. From 1931 school building was concentrated in the expanding north and west parts of the borough; although Jones's buildings were seen as outmoded by 1938, it was only from 1952 that they were replaced.
The county council established secondary schools for boys in 1913 and girls in 1926 at Ealing, where a selective central school was opened in 1925. Following the Hadow report, four of Ealing's council schools acquired a single-sex senior department and after the Education Act of 1944 the former central school became a grammar school. Secondary classes elsewhere used converted premises and the only change before the introduction of the comprehensive system was the transfer of two of the smaller secondary schools to the new Ealing Mead school in 1962. At Brentford the boys' and girls' senior schools and Gunnersbury Roman Catholic grammar school were the only secondary schools. Under the Act of 1944 Ealing M.B. became an 'excepted district', responsible for primary and secondary education. From 1965 they lay within Ealing and Hounslow London Boroughs.
From: 'Ealing and Brentford: Education', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 162-170.
The Labour movement was prominent in Ealing by the 1920s, particularly in the areas of Northolt and Greenford. Until 1945 Ealing returned one Member of Parliament. From 1945 until 1948, Ealing was divided into East and West. Further boundary changes in 1948 saw the establishment of Ealing North. Local party structure consisted of a General Management Committee and an Executive Committee which was formed from individual members of the local party and delegates from affiliated bodies.
The boundaries of Ealing North have altered greatly. However, by 1993 the constituency was broken down into the following wards; Argyle, Costans, Hobbayne, Perivale, Horsenden, Mandeville and Wood End, Ravenor and West End.
A concert hall in Ealing Broadway, adjoining an older building, was opened in 1881. Known as the Lyric Hall by 1883, it was replaced in 1899 by the Lyric restaurant and the New or Ealing Theatre, later called Ealing Hippodrome. In May 1900 Mr Herbert Sleath's company performed at the Ealing Theatre.
The area of Earls Court was largely rural hamlet until the construction of the railway station of the same name. What had been farmland became waste-ground between four separate railways lines. In 1887 an entrepreneur called John Robinson Whitley had the idea of transforming this derelict ground into an entertainment venue, establishing spectaculars such as Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, a Great Wheel similar to the London Eye, and annual exhibitions. The managing company was known as Earls Court Limited.
After war broke out in 1914 the grounds were closed; Earls Court Limited surrendered their lease and went into liquidation. Earls Court Grounds Limited was incorporated in December 1914 and entered into agreements with the liquidated Earls Court Limited and the Metropolitan District Railway Company for taking over the lease of the grounds. The chair of the company was Mr Murray Griffith, a member of the board of the Metropolitan District Railway Company, and the registered office was the Earls Court Administration Offices on Lillie Road. One of the first items noted in the mintues is that the land had been let to the Local Government Board for the erection of temporary housing for Belgian war refugees. After 1919 the London General Omnibus Company used the area as a depot. In 1934 a notice in the minute book states that the company were surrendering the premises to the lessors - "the Metropolitan District Railway Company, now vested in the London Passenger Transport Board" - and as the LPTB were taking over the business of the company it was now defunct.
It was not until 1935 that a suggestion was made to use the space for an exhibition and event centre. A new company, also called Earls Court Limited was established under the chairmanship of Sir Ralph Glyn, director of the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company. The prospectus for the company states that it was formed to acquire from the London Passenger Transport Board a 99 year lease of the Earls Court Exhibition Grounds, for the purpose of erecting modern buildings designed for letting to producers of entertainments and exhibitions (see The Times, Monday, Jul 22, 1935; pg. 20; Issue 47122; col A). The centre was opened in 1937 - the first show was the Chocolate and Confectionery exhibition.
For more information and photographs of development see http://www.eco.co.uk/p/earls-court/21 (accessed Sept 2011).
The charity known as the Early Morning Lecturer Fund is first traceable in the City of London in 1737. The lecture was moved from an unspecified church to St Alban Wood Street in 1755, to St Margaret Lothbury in 1769 and to St Swithin London Stone with St Mary Bothaw in 1815. In 1898 the funds were transfered to a Fund for Assistant Curates in the parishes adjoining the City and were thus no longer applicable to any of the City parishes.
Emily Dora Earthy (known as Dora Earthy) worked as a missionary in Portugese East Africa (Mozambique) for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, from September 1917 to December 1930. She then obtained a grant from the Research Committee of Bantu Studies of the University of Witwatersrand, to cover six month's fieldwork among the Valenge women of that country, compiling raw material for her book Valenge Women: the social and economic life of the Valenge women of Portugese East Africa (Oxford University Press, 1933).
Easdale spent her adult life on the margins of the London literary and musical scene. She wrote about her life in an autobiography, Middle Age, 1885-1932, published in 1935, first anonymously and then under the surname of Killin.
Gladys Ellen Easdale spent her adult life on the margins of the London literary and musical scene. She wrote about her life in an autobiography, Middle Age , 1885-1932, published in 1935, first anonymously and then under the surname of Killin.
Charles Frederick Terence East (known as Terence); son of Charles Harry East; born, 1894; appointed as Junior Physician, Senior Medical Tutor and Lecturer in Morbid Anatomy at King's College Hospital, 1924; Physician to King's College Hospital, 1931; Senior Physician and Director of Medical Studies in King's College Medical School, 1945-1959; retired 1959; died, 1968.
Charles Harry East, father of Charles Frederick Terence East; born 1861; educated at King's College London, 1880-1884; Medical Tutor and Registrar, House Surgeon, House Physician and Ophthalmology clinic assistant, King's College Hospital; Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, King's College London.
The East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization (formerly called the East African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research and Reclamation Organization) was based in Tororo, Uganda. Its Director, from 1957 to 1963 was William Hepburn Russell Lumsden, MD, FRSE, FRCP(Ed) (b 1914).
The company was incorporated as a limited company on 22/12/1875. The company was formed to run the existing business of shipping frieght between Kings Lynn and Hull. This had previously been jointly operated by two separate organisations, one run by Captain Robert Wise of Kings Lynn and the other by Furley and Co of Hull who were leading waterway carriers. Furley and Cohad a controlling interest gaining their shares by by provision of the steam ship Sea Nymph of Gainsborough. Robert Wise supplied the other vessel the steam schooner Fanny of Kings Lynn also in return for shares.
The East End Maternity Hospital was founded in 1884 as the Mother's Lying-in Hospital in Glamis Road, Shadwell. Its name was changed in 1928. In 1930 it had about 60 beds. During the Second World War the Hospital occupied premises at Hill Hall, Essex, and Tyringham House. With the advent of the National Health Service in 1948 it became part of the Stepney Group of Hospitals, which was merged in 1966 to form the East London Group. The Hospital was closed in 1968.
East Ham, Manor Park, and Ilford District Synagogue was situated in Carlyle Road. It opened in 1900 and became an Associate member of the United Synagogue in 1902. It was rebuilt in 1927. In 1947 an adjoining building was bought for use as a youth centre.
From: 'East Ham: Roman Catholicism, Nonconformity and Judaism', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 31-38 (available online).
East Ham Memorial Hospital was founded as a voluntary hospital in 1902 and was administered by a monthly Committee of Management. Originally designed by Silvanus Trevail, it was extended in 1914 and 1928 to provide 25 beds, and was rebuilt in 1929 to designs by Mennie and Smith to provide 100 beds. The Hospital became part of the NHS in 1948, and from 1963 was included in the Thames Group of Hospitals within the North East Metropolitan Hospital Board. In 1974 it became part of Newham Halth District and had at that time 142 beds. It closed as an acute hospital, being re-opened by Newham Health Authority to provide 87 acute psychiatric and psychogeriatric beds in 1990. East Ham Memorial Hospital became part of City and East London Family and Community Health Services in 1994 and Newham Community Health Care Trust in 1995.
The East India Company (formally called the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (1600-1708) and the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1708-1873)), was an English company formed for the exploitation of the spice trade in East and Southeast Asia and India. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in December 1600.
The East India Company was based at East India House, Leadenhall Street (Sir William Craven's mansion house, rebuilt in 1726 and enlarged in 1799, occupying 11-21 Leadenhall Street in 1842, demolished in 1862 and the site sold to Lloyd's of London).
East India Tea and Produce Company Limited was registered in 1907 to acquire estates in the Wynaad region of India and to reconstitute Wynaad Tea Company Limited (originally registered in 1894). In 1909 it acquired the nearby Mayfield, Northrook and Touramulla estates. In 1923 East India Tea and Produce Company Limited was acquired by Malayalam Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-113).
The East Indian (ie Indian) Grain and Oilseed Shippers' Association of London was incorporated in 1920. It aimed to prevent the introduction of new bills of lading by shipping lines involved in the Indian homeward trade, which were considered unacceptable by importers of grain and oilseed. Based at Baltic Exchange Chambers, St Mary Axe.
The aim of the centre is to support the local Chinese community. It runs regular programmes and events, such as exercise classes, aimed at all age groups. It is situated on Grundy Street, E14.
The items were donated by Mrs Kim Choi Chan, a community centre worker. Mrs Kim Choi Chan was originally from Malaysia. She arrived in the UK in the 1970s. K C Chan has worked in one of the first Chinese supermarkets in London and since the 1990s has been actively involved in community activities.
The first principal of East London College (later Queen Mary College) was John Leigh Streatham Hatton, from 1908 to 1933. He was also Director of Studies of the People's Palace Schools from 1896. Later principals were Major General Sir Frederick Barton Maurice, 1933-1944, Benjamin Ifor Evans, 1944-1951, Sir Thomas Percival Creed, 1952-1967, Sir Harry Melville, 1967-1976, Sir James Woodham Menter, 1976-1986 and Professor Ian Butterworth, 1986-1991.
The East London Hospital For Children And Dispensary For Women was founded in a converted warehouse at Ratcliff Cross in 1868, and originally known as the Shadwell Hospital for Women and Children. It was established by Dr Nathaniel and Mrs Sarah Heckford as a result of their experiences in Wapping during the 1866 Cholera outbreak. In 1875 the Hospital moved to a new building in Shadwell, helped by Charles Dickens raising funds by publishing two articles about the Hospital. In 1930 it had 136 beds. Its name was changed in 1932 to the Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital for Children.
In 1942 an Act of Parliament was passed to amalgamate the Hospital with The Queen's Hospital for Children in Hackney to form The Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children. The Hospital was administered as one, but functioned on two sites: Queen Elizabeth, Hackney Road and Queen Elizabeth, Shadwell. A third site at Banstead, Surrey, the Banstead Wood Country Hospital, was opened in 1948. By the early 1960s the number of beds at Shadwell had fallen to less than 50. The Hospital was closed on 30th April 1963 and the building subsequently demolished.
The Queen's Hospital for Children was founded in 1867, in Virginia Road, Bethnal Green as the North Eastern Hospital for Children. The Hospital moved to Hackney Road, Bethnal Green, shortly after its foundation, and was renamed Queen's Hospital for Children in 1907. The Hospital was amalgamated with the Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital, Shadwell, in 1942, and renamed the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children. The Queen Elizabeth Group Hospital Management Committee was formed in 1948 to administer The Queen Elizabeth Hospital on its three sites on Hackney Road, Shadwell and Banstead.
On the closure of the Shadwell site in 1963 the Hospital amalgamated with the Hackney Group to form the Hackney and Queen Elizabeth Group. This arrangement lasted until 1968, when the Queen Elizabeth Hospital was detached from the Hackney Group and placed under the Board of Governors of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. The Hospital's Convalescent Home was managed by a Committee which selected a site in Bognor in 1868. The foundation stone was laid in October 1897, and the Home closed in 1912.
The East London Mission to the Jews was the creation of the Reverend Michael Rosenthal, who in 1899 became Vicar of Saint Mark's Church, Whitechapel. Rosenthal was a rabbi from Lithuania, who converted to Christianity and trained at the college of the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews. The East End of London had a high Jewish population and the East London Mission to the Jews worked among them. The Mission also supported curates, male and female layworkers and nurses.
A note on the flyleaf of this volume, made by Reverend Lionel Lewis, Rosenthal's successor at Saint Mark's, says that after this date baptisms of persons connected with the Mission took place at Saint Mark's. He also states that he removed the volume, together with a font, from the mission address at 97 Commercial Road.
For more information about the mission to the Jews in the East End see: http://www.stgite.org.uk/media/jewishconverts.html
The East London Nursing Society was established in 1868 with the aim of providing trained nurses to nurse the sick poor in their own homes in East London. Three private nurses were initially engaged to work in Bromley, Poplar and St Philips, Stepney Way. The Society merged with the Metropolitan and National Association for Providing Trained Nurses for the Sick Poor (formed in 1874), becoming its Eastern Division. However in 1881 the East End Branch assumed its original, independent position. Princess Christian became President of the Society in 1883, and in 1891 the Society became affiliated with Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for Nurses. From 1912 the Society's nurses began to attend the School Centre in Poplar. In the years that followed, the London County Council and Borough Councils increasingly supported the Society's work. In 1943 the London County Council asked the Society to take responsibility for District midwifery training in the area.
East London Papers was a journal of history, social studies and the arts edited by members of Queen Mary College staff, 1958-1973. Edited by Stanley Bindoff (1908-1980) and published at University House, it represented a forum for the study of local history in East London, and expression of views on the social and artistic life of the community.
The East London Synagogue was situated on Rectory Square, Stepney. This synagogue was admitted as a Constituent member of the United Synagogue in 1877. The Synagogue was closed in 1993 and merged with the Hackney Synagogue.
Plans for the construction of two reservoirs and diversion of the River Lea were drawn up by the East London Water Works Company, partly in Tottenham and Edmonton and partly in Chingford and Walthamstow. The works were carried out under the East London Water Works Act, 1897 and were intended to secure a greater supply of water for an increasing population and to provide a reserve of water in case of drought. The works were executed by Messrs. Pearson and Son and the formal opening ceremony took place on 8 June 1903.
According to The London Encyclopaedia (ed Weinreb and Hibbert, 1992), the East London Waterworks Company was founded in 1807, with works at Old Ford, Bow, supplied by the River Lea [or Lee]. The company took over the Shadwell Waterworks Company, the West Ham Waterworks and the Hackney Waterworks. In 1861 new reservoirs were constructed at Walthamstow, and in 1866 the Old Ford site was forced to close after an outbreak of cholera. The company also had a reservoir at Finsbury Park, fed from the Thames at Sunbury Lock via 19 miles of pipes. In 1884 the water pipes were invaded by eels. In 1902 the company was taken over by the Metropolitan Water Board.
The company was incepted in 1911 by Arthur Henry Hawkins. The first service ran between Reigate and Redhill but operations expanded rapidly and by 1914 twelve vehicles were serving destinations between Sevenoaks and Caterham. An association was formed with the London General Omnibus Company Limited {LGOC} and by 1923 East Surrey was working more LGOC buses than its own and had changed its company livery from blue to LGOC red.
Throughout its time East Surrey kept careful control of its territory - rival operators were quickly bought out or allowed to fail and the company became the most significant operator in the whole of the area that came to be termed 'London country'.
On 12 June 1929 the LGOC secured control of East Surrey, a move prompted by the 1928 Transport Acts which allowed Southern Railway to acquire rights in the bus field. Southern Railway intended to make East Surrey part of a new Southern General Omnibus Company Limited, but LGOC frustrated this plan and East Surrey became formally part of the Underground group.
Arthur Hawkins continued as managing director as East Surrey, in its new guise as London General Country Services, took over operation of country services north of London as well on 1 March 1932. However, the East Surrey livery virtually disappeared when the London Passenger Transport Board came into being on 1 July 1933. Arthur Hawkins retired in 1946 after seeing his empire grow from two buses in 1911 to a vast operation encircling London.
In 1873 the Government of Queensland contracted with four British and Australian merchants to carry mail between Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Queensland and Sydney (later extending at both ends, to Hong Kong and Melbourne respectively). This was the genesis of the Eastern and Australian Mail Steamship Company Ltd. In 1880 the mail contract was not renewed: the original company was wound up and a new company formed, the word 'Mail' being omitted from the title. This company concentrated on the Australia to Hong Kong trade, eventually extending its operations to Shanghai and Japan. A second reconstruction of the company took place in 1894. In 1919 it was taken over by the Australasian United Steam Navigation Ltd, although it continued to operate as a more or less independent entity until the end of the Second World War. Although Lord Inchcape, chairman of P and O, held extensive shareholdings in the Australasian Steam Navigation Company at the time of its takeover of Eastern and Australian, it was only in 1946 that it became directly connected with P and 0. In that year a new company was formed in which P and O, as opposed to Inchcape, held the majority shareholding. Thereafter the fleet, never a large one, numbering six at most, was maintained by the transfer of ships from other P and O group companies, until 1954, when a fast new geared steam turbine vessel, the Arafura, was acquired. Manned at first by British and later by Australian officers and engineers, the Eastern and Australian ships played a significant part in the development of the Australian Merchant Marine. Starting as mail and passenger carriers, they became successively passenger and cargo vessels and finally cargo only, constituting a fast cargo link between Australia and the Far East. With the advent of containerization, Eastern and Australian, with China Navigation, constituted the Overseas Containers' share in the Australia/Japan Container Line. Their last two ships were sold in 1975. See William Olson, Lion of the China Sea (Sydney, 1976); and W.A. Laxon, 'The Eastern Mails: the story of the Eastern and Australian Steamship Co Ltd', Sea Breezes, October 1963.
Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.
The Eastern and South African Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1879 by John Pender. It was renamed Eastern and South African Investment Trust Company Limited in 1958. The company went into voluntary liquidation in 1967.
The Eastern Bank Limited was founded in London as a limited company at the end of 1909 as a new Eastern 'exchange' bank, to help finance trade with the East. As well as the Head Office in London, which exercised close day-to-day control, it had two overseas branches. established in 1910 in Bombay and Calcutta. From the start the Bank had a number of powerful institutional shareholders, including the Eastern trading house, E D Sassoon.
In the mid 1950s the Calcutta branch of the bank made several loans to the Mundhra group of companies, owned by Haridas Mundhra. The group included the Brahmapootra Tea Company (India) Limited; Osler Electric Lamp Manufacturing Company Limited; F&C Osler (India) Limited; Richardson & Cruddas Limited; and the British India Corporation.
Haridas Mundhra borrowed in excess of a quarter of a million pounds from Eastern Bank, and subsequently underwent civil and criminal prosecution in India. The manager of the Calcutta branch resigned, and was prosecuted in India for falsifying stautory banking returns. The total loss to Eastern Bank was around £750, 000.
The Eastern Bank Limited was founded in London as a limited company at the end of 1909 as a new Eastern 'exchange' bank, to help finance trade with the East. As well as the Head Office in London, which exercised close day-to-day control, it had two overseas branches, established in 1910 in Bombay and Calcutta. From the start the Bank had a number of powerful institutional shareholders, including the Eastern trading house, E D Sassoon.
A Baghdad branch opened in 1912, but was closed by the Turks at the start of the First World War. However, as British power increased in the region, the Bank profited greatly from British official support, and from the Banking business of the Government of India. The Baghdad branch was reopened, and further branches in Iraq were opened at Basra (1915), Amarah (1916), Mosul (1919) and Kirkuk (1926). There was also a branch at Hillah from ca.1919 to ca.1925.
Further branches in the Indian sub-continent opened at Colombo, Sri Lanka (1920), Madras (1922) and Karachi (1923). A branch in Singapore opened in 1928.
After the First World War the Bank faced stiff competition in India from older-established British banks, and needed to diversify. It thus became the pioneer of modern banking in the small sheikhdoms on the Arab side of the Gulf, British protectorates which lacked modern financial institutions. The first such branch opened on the island of Bahrain in 1920. This was a logical development because of the Bank's existing strength in Bombay, which had close trading links with Bahrain. The British authorities welcomed this initiative, and the Bank remained the only bank on the island until 1944.
The economy in Bahrain, based on pearl diving, was virtually destroyed in the late 1920s when the Japanese discovered how to make artificial pearls, but was saved in the early 1930s by the discovery of oil in the Gulf. By the late 1930s the Bank was very profitable from meeting the needs of the oil industry.
However the vigour of the 1920s was not followed through, and between 1928 (Singapore) and 1947 no new branches were opened. The effects of this inaction were particularly serious in the Arab Gulf, where the Imperial Bank of Persia (later the British Bank of the Middle East) secured monopoly agreements during the 1940s with the rulers of several important sheikhdoms, in particular Kuwait. Eastern Bank's room for expansion among the Gulf states was thereafter severely limited.
Piecemeal expansion after the Second World War, in areas of South East Asia and the Indian sub-continent in which the Bank already had a presence, led to new branches in Penang, (Malaysia) (1947, closed 1958), with a sub-branch at Butterworth (1948, closed 1957); Kuala Lumpur (1948), Chittagong (East Pakistan, now Bangladesh) (1948, closed 1958); and Cochin (India) (1953, closed 1958). New branches were also opened at Aden (1951), with a sub-branch at Steamer Point (1953, closed 1958), and further branches or sub-branches in the hinterland of Aden at Ma'alla (1963, closed 1968) and Sheikh Othman (1964), and in Yemen at Mukalla (1955) and Seiyun (1962).
A branch was also opened in Beirut (1956), as were sub-branches in Baghdad: at Southgate, also known as Rashid Street (1955); and Alwiyah (1962). Otherwise expansion up to the mid 1960s was confined to the Arab Gulf, including Doha (Qatar) (1950); Sharjah (1958); Abu Dhabi (1961); Al Ain (Buraimi, Abu Dhabi) (1962); and a sub-branch at Muharraq (Bahrain) (1964).
During the 1960s the Bank suffered from political changes in several Arab countries. For example on 14 July 1964 all the branches in Iraq were nationalised, and those at Aden, Mukalla and Sheikh Othman were nationalised on 28 November 1969. At the end of the 1960s, therefore, there was a further spate of branch openings, especially in the Gulf states, which were seen as offering greater political stability: Abu Dhabi (Sheikh Hamdan Avenue sub-branch, 1970); Bahrain (sub-branches at Umm al Hassam, 1967 and East Rifa'a, 1970); Dubai (1967), with a second branch in Dubai at Deira (1968); and Muscat (1968), with a sub-branch at Muttrah (1970). A sub-branch was also opened at Bowbazar in Calcutta (1969).
During the 1930s and 1940s Barclays Bank (DCO) had built up an interest in Eastern Bank's shares. It appears that it did this both as an investment, and to facilitate business with Arab customers, in which Barclays had been handicapped because of its strong Jewish customer base in Palestine. In 1939 the Chairman of Barclays (DCO) joined the Eastern Bank board, and by 1957 Barclays Bank and the Sassoon family between them held 65% of the shares and effectively owned the bank
In 1957 Eastern Bank was seriously weakened by heavy losses in Bombay and Calcutta, much of it the result of business dealings of a single customer, Haridas Mundhra. In the same year Barclays and the Sassoon family sold their controlling interest in the bank to Eastern Bank's old rival, Chartered Bank. Chartered Bank at that time faced increasing difficulties with national governments in its traditional areas of China, India, Burma and Ceylon, and was looking for new areas of business. Eastern Bank's Gulf business was immensely attractive.
Eastern Bank remained a wholly-owned subsidiary of Chartered Bank, but with autonomy, from 1957 until 1971. In that year it was absorbed by Chartered Bank and its name disappeared.
Eastern Bank's sole London branch, and Head Office, was at 9 Fenchurch Avene, 1910; 4 Crosby Square, 1911-24; and at 2-3 Crosby Square, 1925-71.
The Eastern Dispensary was founded in 1782 in Great Alie Street, Stepney, moving to new premises in Leman Street in 1858. Owing to wartime difficulties it closed in September 1940 and in 1944 the building was leased to the Jewish Hospitality Committee. After the Second World War it was proposed that the Dispensary should be transferred to the London Hospital. This proved unacceptable to the Charity Commissioners, and the assets were transferred to the Marie Celeste Samaritan Society by a Charity Commission scheme in 1952.
Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.
The Eastern Extension, Australasian and China Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1873 by John Pender as an amalgamation of British Australian Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-06), British Indian Extension Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-07) and China Submarine Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-12).
The 1860s was a decade of epidemics in London and it was an outbreak of 'relapsing' fever, in which the patient fell victim to a fever, appeared to recover but relapsed after a week, which led to the foundation of the fever hospital that later became the Eastern Hospital. Since 1867 the Metropolitan Asylums Board had been responsible for the care and control of all fever cases within London. The site in Homerton had been designated as a fever hospital and a smallpox hospital, but it was not until the 'relapsing' fever epidemic that work began. The fever hospital was opened in December 1870, with six wards for typhus, two each for scarlet fever and enteric patients and two smaller wards for any special cases. This gave a total of 200 beds which were immediately occupied. Building work then continued on the adjacent smallpox hospital in an attempt to counteract a growing epidemic of that disease, from which nearly 8000 people died in London between 1870 and 1871.
The hospital opened in February 1871, and consisted of four blocks each containing eight wards with twelve beds. In the first three days sixty patients were admitted and by the middle of the month all the beds were filled. The overflow of patients had to be taken to the fever hospital next door, where the number of beds had been increased to 600. Convalescent patients had to be accommodated in the corridors or in tents in the grounds, while some were even sent to a hospital ship moored at Greenwich. By July, the epidemic had run its course and the number of patients rapidly dropped until, by October 1873, the smallpox hospital was almost empty. Although the first vaccination against smallpox had been made in England in 1721, and a reliable form of vaccine was introduced in 1796, it was not until 1853 that infant vaccination against the disease was made compulsory. Even this did not ensure that everyone was vaccinated and some doctors used the wrong serum. However, the 1870s epidemic clearly showed the value of vaccination, since no patients died who had been vaccinated. After this date the number of smallpox cases gradually declined until, by 1921, there were insufficient numbers to justify a separate hospital and the smallpox hospital was amalgamated with the Eastern Hospital. In the same year, the buildings of the East London Union Infirmary in Clifden Road were also incorporated into the Eastern Hospital.
In the 1920s, scarlet fever and diphtheria were the main diseases treated at the Eastern and the majority of patients were children. They were kept in isolation cubicles until the diagnosis was confirmed and then moved to a general ward. The patients wore rough flannel nightdresses and black boots, and there was a menu of weak cocoa with marmalade sandwiches for breakfast. In 1930, control of the Eastern passed to the London County Council.
During the Second World War St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin was severely bombed and all its in-patient facilities were lost. Wards at the Eastern were allocated to patients from St John's and the association between the two hospitals continued until the 1980s.
When the National Health Service was established in 1948, the Eastern came under the control of the Ministry of Health and was one of the four hospitals administered as the Hackney Group, the others being Hackney, the German and the Mothers' hospitals. During the post-war years the Eastern played an important part in defeating two of the most feared diseases of that time - tuberculosis and poliomyelitis. In 1974, the Eastern became part of the newly-created City and Hackney Health District.
The Eastern Hospital was closed in 1982 and shortly afterwards most of the old buildings on the site were demolished. The new Homerton Hospital was built where the Eastern formerly stood. The first patients were admitted to the Homerton in the summer of 1986 and the official opening took place in 1987.
The original Eastern Society of Master Pawnbrokers was established in 1813 at the Laurel Tree, Brick Lane, Spitalfields, in order to support its members against litigious prosecution. In 1822 the original society dissolved itself and was reformed as a friendly association, with revised rules and regulations. Its subsequent history is unknown.
Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.
The Eastern Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1872 by John Pender as an amalgamation of Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-22), Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-24), Anglo-Mediterranean Telegraph Company Limited and British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company Limited (CLC/B/101-08).
Eastside Community Heritage (ECH) was established in 1993 as part of the Stratford City Challenge community history project. In 1997 ECH became an independent charity. Over the years ECH has worked on numerous projects documenting the lives of 'ordinary' people from and who live in East London. In 1999 ECH established the East London Peoples Archive.
Edward Backhouse Eastwick was born in Warfield, Berkshire, and educated at Charterhouse School and at Balliol and Merton Colleges, Oxford. He worked in the Indian civil service for several years before returning to Europe due to ill health. From 1845 until 1857 he was Professor of Urdu at East India College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. From 1859 Eastwick worked in the civil service in Britain, spending substantial periods in Persia and Venezuela on government business, He became a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1866 and served as Conservative MP for Penryn and Falmouth between 1868 and 1874. In later life he wrote extensively about his experiences and translated several classic texts from Asian languages into English.
Born 1902; educated at Temple Grove, Eastbourne, Royal Naval College Osborne and the Royal Naval College Dartmouth; Midshipman, HMS BARHAM, Flagship of V Adm Sir William Coldingham Masters Nicholson, commanding 1 Battle Sqn, Atlantic Fleet, 1919-1922; Promotion Course, Portsmouth, 1922; HM Destroyers, 1922-1925; Sub Lt, 1923; served on HMS WIVERN, 3 Destroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet, 1924-1926; Lt, 1925; HM Submarine H50, 6 Submarine Flotilla, 1926-1929; HMS MALAYA, 2 Battle Sqn, Atlantic Fleet, 1929-1930; HMS BOREAS, 4 Destroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet, 1931-1933; Lt Cdr, 1933; commanded HMS RESTLESS, Portsmouth,1934-1935; commanded HMS WESTMINSTER, 21 Flotilla, Home Fleet, 1935-1936; commanded HMS BOREAS, 4 Flotilla, Home Fleet, 1936-1939; Cdr, 1937; Student, RN Staff College, Greenwich, 1939; commanded HMS VENETIA, Reserve Fleet, Devonport, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service in HM Destroyers, including HMS MOHAWK, HMS SOMALI and HMS ESKIMO, 1939-1943; awarded DSC, 1941; awarded DSO, 1941; Capt (Destroyers), HMS SOMALI, 6 Destroyer Flotilla, Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, 1942; commanded HMS SOMALI, attached to 1 Cruiser Sqn, the covering force for convoy PQ17, Jul 1942; Admiralty, 1944; Capt of HMS SHEFFIELD, 1945; Capt of HMS ST VINCENT, RN BoysTraining Establishment, Gosport, Hampshire, 1946-1948; Imperial Defence College, 1948-1949; Admiralty and Ministry of Defence, 1949; Director, RN Staff College, Greenwich, 1949-1951; R Adm, 1951; Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet, HMAS AUSTRALIA, 1951-1953; awarded CB, 1953; Flag Officer Commanding Reserve Fleet, HMS CLEOPATRA, 1954-1955; Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station, HMS KENYA, 1955-1956; Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic, 1955-1957; created KBE, 1956; retired 1958; died 1981.
Richard von Krafft-Ebing was born in Mannheim, Germany, on 14 August 1840; his father was a civil servant of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Krafft-Ebing went to school and university at Heidelberg, where he studied Medicine. His maternal grandfather, Anton Mittermaier, held the chair of Criminal Law there and is considered to have had a significant effect on his grandson's choice of specialisation. After qualifying in 1863, Krafft-Ebing obtained the post of assistant physician at the Illenau asylum near Baden Baden. He was to remain in regular contact with this institution for the remainder of his life, and particularly with two of his former colleagues there, Heinrich Schüle and Wilhelm Erb. After leaving Illenau in 1869, Krafft-Ebing practised as a nerve doctor in Baden Baden, and after military service in the Franco-Prussian War, as director of a local electrotherapeutic institute. Following a brief period as adjunct professor of Psychiatry at the university of Strasbourg in 1872, Krafft-Ebing was appointed to his first post in the Austrian domains, as medical superintendent of Feldhof, the newly established mental asylum of the province of Styria, and to an associated adjunct chair of Psychiatry at the university of Graz.
In 1880 Krafft-Ebing resigned the asylum post to concentrate on teaching and research. He was already a profilic author, specialising in forensic psychiatry, and his first major work, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie (1875) was the first textbook in the German-speaking world to concentrate on the interface between psychiatry and the law. With his three-volume Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf klinischer Grundlage (1879-80) he established his reputation as a leader in clinical psychiatry. In 1882 Krafft-Ebing was made full professor and five years later Neurology was added to his chair. In 1889 he obtained one of the chairs of Psychiatry at Vienna; then in 1892 he succeeded Theodor Meynert in the second chair, which was associated with a small psychiatric clinic in the university's general hospital. At the same time Krafft-Ebing became president of the Verein für Psychiatrie und forensische Pyschologie, the leading professional organisation for psychiatrists in Austria. In 1886 Krafft-Ebing published Psychopathia sexualis, the work for which he would become best known. In effect this was a catalogue of case histories of abnormal sexual fantasies and practices drawn from numerous sources. Although intended as a manual for the medical and legal professions it soon gained a wider readership, and as one edition followed another more and longer case histories were included, and a greater proportion of the cases described were Krafft-Ebing's own. To some extent the book itself generated the case histories, as patients read it and were moved to correspond with its author, and sometimes visit him. The work ultimately ran to 17 German-language editions, and was translated into at least 5 foreign languages (earliest English edition 1892). In addition to his institutional roles, Krafft-Ebing practiced privately. In 1886 he founded a sanatorium in the suburbs of Graz, Mariagrün, for wealthy patients suffering from a range of nervous disorders, especially neurasthenia. It was in this private sphere that Krafft-Ebing found greater professional and scientific satisfaction, and he resigned his chair at Vienna in early 1902 to concentrate on writing and the sanatorium in Graz. However, his health was not good and he died on 22 December 1902, aged sixty-two, just after completing the 12th edition of Psychopathia sexualis.