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Heathcote was Reader in the History of Science Department at University College London from 1946 to 1973.

William Sealy Gosset, statistician and industrial research scientist, was born at Canterbury in June 1876, the eldest son of Colonel Frederic Gosset R.E. and Agnes Sealy Gosset. He studied at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in mathematical moderations in 1897 and in natural science (chemistry) in 1899. From 1899 until his death he worked for Arthur Guinness, Son and Company in Dublin, being sent to London in 1935 to take charge of the new Guinness brewery there. Gosset's task was to use the mass of statistical data about brewing methods, barley and hops in order to improve his company's product. In 1905 he contacted Karl Pearson and studied during the session of 1906-7 in his laboratory at University College London. Between 1907 and 1937 Gosset published twenty-two statistical papers and did much work concerned not only with chemistry and biology but also with agriculture. In 1906 he married Marjory Surtees, youngest daughter of James Surtees Phillpotts. They had one son and two daughters. Gosset died at Beaconsfield in October 1937.

William Perry was educated the City of London School and Selwyn College Cambridge. From 1919 to 1923 he was Reader in Comparative Religion in the University of Manchester. In 1924 he was appointed Upton Lecturer in the History of Religions at Manchester College Oxford, and stayed there until 1927. From 1928 to 1948 he was Reader in Cultural Anthropology at University College London. He married Gwynllyan Lilian in 1915 and had one daughter. Perry published 'The Megalithic Culture of Indonesia' in 1918; 'The Children of the Sun' in 1923; 'The Origin of Magic and Religion' in 1923; 'The Growth of Civilisation' in 1924; 'Gods and Men' in 1927, and 'The Primordial Ocean' in 1935. Perry died on 29 April 1949.

Born in North Staffordshire, 1867; educated at Middle School, Newcastle under Lyme; joined his father's office in order to finish preparing for matriculation at the University of London and to study for a law degree which he was never to complete, 1885; left Staffordshire to become clerk at a firm of London solicitors, 1888-1893; also worked as a freelance journalist and wrote several novels and short stories, becoming assistant editor of the weekly journal Woman, 1893; editor, 1896; lived in Paris, 1902-1912; wrote plays, romances, articles and novels; married Marie Marguerite Soulié, a Frenchwoman, 1907; returned to England, 1912; during World War One, became a public servant, serving on the War Memorials and Wounded Allies Relief Committee and as head of propaganda in France, 1914-1918; whilst in France, wrote on conditions at the front; after the war, published several novels and contributed articles to the Evening Standard newspaper; separated from his wife, 1921; in 1922 began to live with Dorothy Cheston, who was regarded as his second wife and changed her name to Bennett; had a daughter, Virginia Mary, 1926; after a trip to France, returned to London ill with typhoid fever and died, 1931. Publications include: novels, most famously Anna of the five towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and Clayhanger (1911), all set in the Potteries; and many stage plays.

Born in Dublin, 1803; eldest son of William Stokes, MD, Regius Professor of Physic, Dublin, by his wife Mary Black; entered and left St Columba's College at Rathfarnham, County Dublin, 1845; his early sources included the Primer of the Irish Language of Denis Coffey (Irish teacher at St Columba's), John O'Donovan's Grammar of the Irish Language (published in 1845 at the expense of St Columba's), and Edward O'Reilly's Irish dictionary; entered Trinity College Dublin, 1847; graduated BA, 1851; became acquainted with the Irish antiquary George Petrie, the Irish scholar and topographer John O'Donovan, and the Irish scholar Eugene O'Curry, and laid a broad foundation for Irish learning; chose to devote himself to the study of the words and forms of the Irish language, regarding Irish literature as chiefly interesting in furnishing material for comparative philology; became friends with Rudolf Thomas Siegfried, a philologist from Tübingen, first assistant librarian of Trinity College (later Professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology); influenced by the publication of John Caspar Zeuss's Grammatica Celtica (1853), which opened a vast field of philological research pursued by Stokes until his death; took lessons in Irish from John O'Donovan, but never acquired its pronunciation; became a student of the Inner Temple, 1851; called to the bar, 1855; pupil of A Cayley, H M Cairns, and T Chitty; practised as an equity draftsman and conveyancer; received the gold medal of the Royal Irish Academy for A Mediæval Tract on Latin Declension (1860); went to Madras, 1862; later went to Calcutta; continued his Irish studies in India; reporter to the High Court, Madras; Acting Administrator-General, 1863-1864; Secretary to the Governor-General's Legislative Council; Secretary to the Government of India in the Legislative Department, 1865-1877; Companion of the Order of the Star of India, 1877; Law Member of the Council of Governor-General, 1877-1882; appointed President of the Indian Law Commission, 1879; drafted many Indian Consolidation Acts, the bulk of the codes of civil and criminal procedure, and other Acts; Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1879; framed a scheme for collecting and cataloguing Sanskrit MSS in India; left India, 1882; for the rest of his life, resided chiefly in Kensington; an original fellow of the British Academy, 1902; foreign associate of the Institute of France; Honorary Fellow of Jesus College Oxford; Honorary DCL, Oxford; Honorary LLD Dublin and Edinburgh; honorary member, German Oriental Society; died in Kensington, 1909. Publications (philological) include: `Irish Glosses from a MS in Trinity College, Dublin', Transactions of the Philological Society of London (1859); A Mediæval Tract on Latin Declension, with Examples explained in Latin and the Lorica of Gildas, with the Gloss thereon and Glosses from the Book of Armagh (Irish Archæological and Celtic Society, Dublin, 1860); Goidelica. Old and early-middle-Irish glosses, prose and verse (Calcutta, 1866; 2nd edition London, 1872); edited Fis Adamnain (Simla, 1870); edited Felire Oengusso Celi De. The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee (Royal Irish Academy, 1871; Henry Bradshaw Society, 1905); edited Three Middle-Irish Homilies on the lives of Saints Patrick, Brigit and Columba (Calcutta, 1877); edited Togail Troi (Calcutta, 1882); 'Celtic Declension', Transactions of the Philological Society (1885-1886); edited The Tripartite Life of St Patrick (2 volumes, Rolls Series, 1887); 'Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore', Anecdota Oxoniensia (Oxford,1890); with Professor Bezzenberger, Urkeltischer Sprachschatz (1894); with Marianus Gorman, Felire hui Gormain. The Martyrology of Gorman (Henry Bradshaw Society, 1895); with John Strachan, Thesaurus Palæohibernicus. A collection of Old-Irish glosses, scholia, prose and verse (3 volumes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1901-1910); with Professor Ernst Windisch, edited a series of Irische Texte (Leipzig, 1884-1909) including In Cath Catharda. The Civil War of the Romans. An Irish version of Lucan's Pharsalia, published posthumously by Windisch (1909); many smaller collections of Irish, Welsh and Breton glosses; papers on grammatical subjects; other editions and translations of Irish literature; edited the Cornish works Gwreansan Bys (1864), Beumans Meriasek. The Life of Saint Meriasek, Bishop and Confessor (London, 1872), and Middle-Breton Hours (Calcutta, 1876). Publications (legal) include: A Treatise on the Liens of Legal Practitioners (London, 1860); Powers of Attorney (London, 1861); edited Hindu Law Books (Madras, 1865); The Indian Succession Act (Calcutta, 1865); The Indian Companies' Act (1866); The older Statutes in force in India (1874); edited The Anglo-Indian Codes (2 volumes, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1887-1888), with supplements (1889-1891). Bibliography by Professor R I Best in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, viii, pp 351-406 (1911).

Born in Haddington, East Lothian, 1829; educated at the Haddington burgh schools, the Hill Street Institution, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh; graduated MD, 1850; acted for fifteen months as house surgeon and resident physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; spent two years in Paris, working in the physiological and chemical laboratories of Charles Dollfus, Verdeil, and Charles-Adolphe Wurtz; his many observations were recorded in the Chimie Anatomique, notably the recognition of iron as a constant constituent of the urine, and the observation that the cherry colour of normal human urine was due to urohaematin; worked in the physiological laboratory of the Collège de France, at first under François Magendie and then under Claude Bernard, whose publications led Harley to undertake research on the effects of stimulation of nerves on the production of sugar by the liver; during his two years in Paris, almost entirely occupied with physiological research; elected annual president of the Parisian Medical Society, 1853; spent time in Germany at the universities of Würzburg (under Rudolf Virchow), Giessen (under Justus von Liebig), Berlin, Vienna, and Heidelberg; while studying in Vienna, during the Crimean War, attempted to join the army of Omar Pasha as a civil surgeon but, travelling with an irregular passport, was arrested and narrowly escaped being shot as a spy; appointed lecturer on practical physiology and histology at University College London, 1855; also curator of the anatomical museum at University College London; started practice in Nottingham Place, 1856; elected a fellow of the Chemical Society and fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1858; read at the Leeds meeting of the British Association a paper showing that pure pancreatine was capable of digesting both starchy and albuminous substances; became Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at University College London, 1859; became editor of a new year-book on medicine and surgery brought out by the New Sydenham Society, aiming to keep an epitome of science applied to practical medicine, 1859; became physician to the University College Hospital, 1860; received the triennial prize of fifty guineas from the Royal College of Surgeons of England for research into the anatomy and physiology of the suprarenal bodies, 1862; elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1864; later examiner in anatomy and physiology in the Royal College of Physicians; active in the committee of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society appointed to study the subject of suspended animation by drowning, hanging, etc, with its experiments carried out in his laboratory at University College London, 1864; experiments for the Society's committee on chloroform were also carried out there, 1864; his research while studying in Robert Bunsen's laboratory at Heidelberg on the methods of gas analysis and, after his return to England, research on the chemistry of respiration, was instrumental in his election to the fellowship of the Royal Society, 1865; active in founding the British Institute of Preventive Medicine; conducted research into the action of various poisons, and was the first to demonstrate that strychnia and wourali (arrow-poison) reciprocally neutralise one another's toxic effects; corresponding member of numerous foreign scientific societies; invented a microscope which could be transformed from a monocular into a binocular or into a polarising instrument, of high or low power; tried to reform English orthography, and advocated the omission of redundant duplicated consonants from all words except personal names; died, 1896. See George Harley, FRS: the Life of a London Physician, ed Mrs Alec Tweedie (his daughter) (The Scientific Press, London, 1899). Publications include: Jaundice: its Pathology and Treatment (London, 1863); The Urine and its Derangements (London, 1872; reprinted in America and translated into French and Italian); The Simplification of English Spelling (London, 1877); A treatise on Diseases of the Liver (London, 1883; reprinted in Canada and America, and translated into German by Dr J Kraus); On sounding for gall-stones (London, 1884); Inflammations of the Liver (London, 1886); many scientific papers in various journals, most importantly on liver diseases. George T Brown's Histology (1868) was based on demonstrations given by Harley at University College London, the second edition edited by Harley himself.

Evans was educated at the University of Birmingham, University College London and University College Hospital. From 1916 to 1918 he was in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He moved on to become Professor of Experimental Physiology in Leeds, 1918-1919. He joined the National Institute for Medical Research, 1919-1922. From 1922 to 1926 he was Professor of Physiology at St Bartholomew's Medical College, and from 1926 to 1949 he was Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College London. He did national service from 1939 to 1944. Evans became Emeritus Professor of Physiology at the University of London in 1949. He was also a Consultant at the War Office from 1959. From 1946 to 1948 Evans was a member of the Council and Vice-President of the Royal Society. He was also Chairman of the Military Personnel Research Committee, War Office, 1948-1953. He was knighted in 1951. He published a couple of books on physiology and some papers on physiology and biochemistry. He died on 29 August 1968.

Henry Thomas Davidge was Senior Lecturer in Civil and Mechanical Engineering at University College London during the 1920s.

Born in Hackney to Jewish parents of Spanish descent, Grace Aguilar was a novelist and writer on Jewish history and religion. She had delicate health from infancy and was chiefly educated at home, developing a great interest in the history of the Jewish race, and an aptitude for music. She began writing at an early age; in her twelfth year she wrote a drama entitled 'Gustavus Vasa' and at fifteen began a series of poems that was published in the collection Magic Wreath in 1835. In the same year she was attacked by a severe illness from which she never completely recovered. Her health also declined when, as a result of her father's death, she was forced to depend on her writings for a portion of her livelihood until her death twelve years later. Her chief work on the Jewish religion was Spirit of Judaism, first published in America in 1842. Other works include: The Jewish Faith, The Women of Israel and Sabbath Thoughts and Sacred Communings. Grace Aguilar is, however, better known for her novels which, with the exception of Home Influence, a tale for mothers and daughters, were published after her death. Her novels, A Mother's Recompense, Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Days of Bruce, a story from Scottish history, and Home Scenes and Heart Studies, are highly sentimental, intensely religious, and mainly deal with the ordinary incidents of domestic life.

Margaret Murray was born in 1863, the youngest daughter of J C Murray, a businessman of Calcutta, and niece of the Reverend John Murray of Lambourn. She first entered University College London as a student in 1894, and in 1899 became a junior lecturer on Egyptology there. She was Assistant Professor of Egyptology at University College London from 1924 to 1935. She was a member of the Folk Lore Society from 1927 and President from 1953 to 1955. During her life she carried out many excavations in different parts of the world and published many books, mainly about Egypt. She died on 13 November 1963.

C.F.Goodeve was born in Winnipeg Canada, son of Canon F.W.Goodeve. He was educated at the University of Manitoba and University College London. He was a lecturer in University College London's Chemistry Department from 1930 to 1938 and Reader in Physical Chemistry from 1938 to 1945. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1940 and received an OBE in 1941. He was Assistant and later Deputy Controller for Research and Development for the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945. He was a Consultant for British Steel Corporation from 1969 and a Director of the London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Company Limited from 1971. He was knighted in 1946. During his life, Goodeve published numerous articles in scientific journals.

Born at Quintero, Chile, 1821; came to London, 1826; worked in the carriage works of his father, William Bridges Adams, and uncle, c1836-1846; became manager of the London Works, Birmingham, 1846; in business with George Alcock, 1846-1850; began his own business, 1850; member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers; presented papers on railway carriages and wagons, 1850, 1852; formed the Midland Wagon Company, 1853; elected Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1865; a director of Muntz's Metal Company; introduced into the USA the purchase lease system of letting railway wagons, 1874; formed the Union Rolling Stock Company for financing wagons on that system in the USA, 1875; presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers a paper on railway rolling stock capacity, 1876; director of the Birmingham Joint Stock Bank; Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Herefordshire; died at Gaines, Herefordshire, 1896. Publications: Twenty-six years Reminiscences of Scotch Grouse Moors (H Cox, London, 1889); Bores and Loads for Sporting Guns for British game shooting (H Cox, London, 1894).

Jon Poroarson Thoroddsen was a poet and author. Professor Dr Thorvald Thoroddsen, the writer on Icelandic geology and geography, was his son.

Augustus De Morgan was born in Madura in the Madras presidency, the son of a Colonel in the Indian army. Seven months after his birth his parents moved to England. The De Morgan children were brought up with the strict evangelical principles of their parents. Augustus was sent to various schools: he had a gift for drawing caricatures and for algebra. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College Cambridge to develop his already apparent mathematical ability, graduating in 1827. De Morgan had never definitely joined any church, and he refused to carry out his mother's wishes by taking orders. In the end he decided to become a barrister and he entered Lincoln's Inn. However, he did not take to the law. The new University College London was just being established and in February 1828 De Morgan was unanimously elected the first Professor of Mathematics there. Morgan resigned this post in July 1831 in protest at the dismissal of the Professor of Astronomy. In 1836 his successor was drowned and De Morgan offered himself as a temporary substitute. He was then invited to resume the Chair. The regulations concerning dismissal had been altered, so De Morgan accepted the post and was Professor for the next 30 years. He also sometimes took private pupils. Besides his professorial work, he served for a short period as an actuary and he often gave opinions on questions of insurance. He again resigned his Chair in November 1866 due to his view that personal religious belief of a candidate should not be taken into account in appointing a candidate for the vacant Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic: others did not agree. De Morgan had many children, some of whom died before him. De Morgan himself died on 18 March 1871. In 1828 De Morgan had been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society and he was also a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contributing a great number of articles to its publications. He also wrote on mathematical, philosophical and antiquarian points. After De Morgan's death, his library, which consisted of about three thousand volumes, was bought by Lord Overstone who presented it to the University of London.

No information could be found at the time of compilation.

The artist Alfred Stevens (1818-1875) in 1856 entered a competition to design a monument to Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852), Duke of Wellington, for St Paul's Cathedral. Although his design was placed only sixth in the competition in 1857, it proved to be the only one fit for the proposed site and consequently execution of the monument was entrusted to him. Partly through his procrastination, but chiefly owing to bureaucratic and financial hindrances, the work was unfinished at his death and remained for many years standing in an unfavourable position in the consistory court of St Paul's. In 1892, owing to the recommendation of the artist Sir Frederic (afterwards Lord) Leighton (1830-1896), who raised and contributed to a fund for the purpose, it was moved to the position originally intended. It consisted of a sarcophagus supporting a recumbent bronze effigy of the Duke, surmounted by an arched canopy of late Renaissance style, flanked by large bronze allegorical groups. An equestrian statue of the Duke, designed to surmount the canopy, was never executed.

Born in Great Berkhamsted, 1850; entered University College London, 1867; Demonstrator at University College London; Professor of Anatomy, University College London, 1877-1919; married Jenny Klingberg of Stockholm, god-daughter of the famous soprano Jenny Lind, 1884; three children, but his only son died young; examiner in anatomy at many universities, and to the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons; a founder member of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and President, 1896-1897; knighted for his services to medical education in London and as inspector under the Vivi-Section Act (1876), 1919; Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University College London; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England; LLD, Edinburgh; ScD, Dublin; Fellow of the Zoological Society; a member of various scientific societies overseas; died, 1930. Publications: with others, edited and contributed to Quain's Anatomy (9th and 10th editions) and Ellis's Demonstrations of Anatomy (10th and 11th editions).

Bertel Thorvaldsen (or Thorwaldsen): born in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1768 or 1770; son of an Icelandic wood-carver who had settled in Denmark; studied at the Copenhagen Academy; arrived in Rome on a travelling scholarship, 1797; lived in Rome for most of his life, inspired by the Italian enthusiasm for classical sculpture; the success of Thorvaldsen's model for a statue of Jason (1803) attracted the attention of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova andlaunched his internationally successful career; returned to visit Copenhagen, progressing through Berlin, Warsaw and Vienna, 1819; returned from Rome and settled in Copenhagen, 1838; a Neoclassical museum in Copenhagen, designed to house his collection of works of art (the models for his sculptures) and endowed with a large part of his fortune, was begun, 1839; died, 1844; buried at the museum endowed by him; his Neoclassical works were regarded by contemporaries as reincarnating the antique, but his reputation declined in the 20th century.

No information on J M Thiele could be found at the time of compilation, but he is presumably the author of Danmark 1845. fotografisk genoptryk af 'Kortfattet Beskrivelse af Den danske Stat', ed Richard G Nielsen (Odense, Historisk Topografisk Information, 1978, a facsimile reprint of the edition published in Copenhagen, 1845).

Written in England.

Born in Marton, Cleveland, 1728; became an apprentice to shipowners in Whitby; became master of his own ship, HMS Northumberland, 1759; the following winter, while laid up in Halifax, studied mathematics and attained a sound knowledge of astronomical navigation; went on to become an eminent circumnavigator and made many geographical discoveries, including establishing knowledge of the Southern Pacific; kept a crew at sea without serious losses from sickness and death, which was unusual at that time; killed by natives of Hawaii, 1779.

From c1750 Masters of HM Ships were required by the Admiralty to keep Remark Books of details of coasts and ports they visited. James Cook followed this practice when serving in HMS Pembroke and HMS Northumberland on the North American Station from 1758 to 1762.

Henry Meen: a native of Norfolk; entered Emmanuel College Cambridge, 1761; graduated BA, 1766; MA, 1769; BD, 1776; Fellow of Emmanuel College; ordained; appointed to a minor canonry in St Paul's Cathedral; instituted to the rectory of St Nicholas Cole Abbey, with St Nicholas Olave, London, 1792; collated as prebendary of Twyford in St Paul's Cathedral, 1795; also held the office of lecturer there; obtained no other preferment, these posts leaving him ample time for literary pursuits; studied the writings of Lycophron, and proposed undertaking an edition of Lycophron's works; his criticisms on Lycophron appeared in the 'European Magazine', 1796-1813, but his complete translation was never published; died at the rectory, Bread Street Hill, London, 1817. Publications: while an undergraduate, published a poem in blank verse, 'Happiness, a Poetical Essay' (London, 1766); revised and completed the Revd Francis Fawkes's unfinished translation of 'Apollonius Rhodius' (1780), annexing his own version of Colothus's 'Rape of Helen, or the Origin of the Trojan War', afterwards also published elsewhere; 'A Sermon before the Association of Volunteers' (1782); 'Remarks on the Cassandra of Lycophron' (1800); collected the poems of Elizabeth Scot, 'Alonzo and Cora' (1801); 'Succisivae Operae, or Selections from Ancient Writers, with Translations and Notes' (1815).Gilbert Wakefield: an associate of Henry Meen; born in the parsonage house of St Nicholas, Nottingham, 1756; educated at the free schools of Nottingham and Kingston; obtained a scholarship at Jesus College Cambridge, 1772; followed a distinguished university career; elected Fellow of his college; ordained deacon, 1778; curate at Stockport and Liverpool; endeavoured to rouse public opinion against the slave trade; studied theology, which led him to adopt Unitarian doctrines; resigned his curacy; married and vacated his Fellowship, 1779; never formally connected with any dissenting body; classical tutor at the liberal Warrington Academy, 1779-1783; moved to Bramcote, near Nottingham, 1783; later moved to Richmond, Surrey, and to Nottingham; intended to take on private pupils, but these were not numerous; left Nottingham and became classical tutor in the newly established dissenting college in Hackney, 1790; resigned, 1791; continued to reside at Hackney, and devoted himself to scholarship; his political opinions were increasingly radical, and he sometimes defended them impulsively; Wakefield's 'Reply' to the tract of Richard Watson, Bishop of Llandaff ( 'Address to the People of Great Britain', 1798, which defended Pitt, the war, and the new income tax), opposing the war and contemporary civil and ecclesiastical system and accusing the bishop of absenteeism and pluralism, brought a prosecution for seditious libel; Wakefield defended himself, but was convicted and sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Dorchester gaol, 1799; corresponded with Charles James Fox, and pursued his scholarly work; released, 1801; returned to Hackney, but died of typhus fever soon after; buried in St Mary Magdalene's Church, Richmond. Publications: editions of classical works; New Testament translations; many tracts and pamphlets on religious and political subjects.

Unknown.

Written in Germany.

Unknown.

Grágás consituted the legal code of medieval Iceland. It was memorized and proclaimed at annual meetings of the national assembly. From the early 12th century scribes made written records of these older laws. Among these manuscripts of medieval Icelandic laws are two known collectively as Grágás (Grey Goose), a title of uncertain origin.

Author of various works on Iceland, Icelandic language and literature, Britain, and English literature, 1923-1976.

Eggert Ólafsson: born to a farming family at Snaefellsnes, Iceland, 1726; took his bachelor's degree at the University of Copenhagen; interested in natural history and carried out a scientific and cultural survey of Iceland, 1752-1757; poet, antiquarian and advocate of Icelandic language and culture; died at sea in Breida Bay, off the northwest coast of Iceland, 1768. Publication: Reise igiennem Island (2 volumes, 1772) (Travels in Iceland).

'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.

Livorno (in English Leghorn) in Tuscany, central Italy, is a port on the Ligurian Sea. It came under the rule of the Florentine Medici family, and Ferdinand I, grand duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, gave asylum to many refugees, including Jews from Spain and Portugal. Pisa in Tuscany, central Italy, lies on the alluvial plain of the Arno River c6 miles from the Ligurian Sea.

The manuscript was written by the Venetian scribe Marcus de Cribellariis (or Marco di Vicenza). Additions were made to the manuscript by Caleb W Wing, who produced a series of lithographical local views distributed by the Royal Marine Library, Brighton, 1826. He was living in London and producing portrait miniatures, c1836, and subsequently produced hundreds of 'medieval' and 'Renaissance' miniature illuminations. Originally employed to restore damaged items for John Boykett Jarman, c1846, he subsequently produced new work for insertion into genuine medieval and Renaissance books, most directly copied or adapted from genuine works; it is unclear whether his additions were intended to deceive, for although he was known as a professional facsimilist, his work was sometimes regarded subsequently as genuine. He died in 1875. John Boykett Jarman was a collector and dealer with premises off Bond Street; his illuminated manuscripts were seriously damaged by flood water in 1846. He died in 1864.

Luis De Molina: born at Cuenca, Spain, 1535; became a Jesuit at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, 1553; studied philosophy and theology at Coimbra, 1554-1562; taught at Coimbra, 1563-1567; taught at Évora, 1568-1583; spent his last years writing; devised the theological system of Molinism, which aimed to show that man's will remains free under the action of divine grace; died at Madrid, 1600.

Written in Italy, probably near Florence.

Tundal (or Tundall) was an Irish nobleman who in 1149 experienced a vision. His account of it was translated into several European languages. This manuscript was written in France.

Written by the grandson of the author of the commentary.

The manuscript is Italian.

The author of the text is presumably Nicolas Perron, a French writer who published various texts on Islamic culture, literature and law, 1825-1870, with the following published posthumously: L'Islamisme: son institution, son influence et son avenir, par le Dr Perron: ouvrage posthume, publié et annoté par son neveu Alfred Clerc (1877); Balance de la loi musulmane; ou, Esprit de la législation islamique et divergences de ses quatre rites jurisprudentiels ... Traduit de l'arabe par le Dr Perron, ed J D Luciani (Alger, 1898); Lettres du Dr Perron du Caire et d'Alexandrie à M Jules Mohl, à Paris, 1838-1854, ed Yacoub Artin (Le Caire, 1911); Maliki Law being a summary from French translations [by Perron, Seignette, & Zeys] of the Mukhtasar of Sidi Khalil, with notes and bibliography by F H Ruxton ... Published by order of Sir F D Lugard ... Governor-General of Nigeria (London, 1916).

Born, 1917; educated, Canford and Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, -1943; House Surgeon, Senior House Surgeon and Chief Assistant to the Orthopaedic Unit, Hill End Hospital (St Bartholomew's Hospital), 1943-1946; Registrar to the Peripheral Nerve Injury Unit, Hill End Hospital, 1946-; demonstrator , Anatomy Department of the London School of Medicine for Women (now the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine), 1946; Visiting Professor at Iowa State University; Reader, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine; helped set up the Unit of Primatology at Royal Free Hospital; Director of the Primate Biology Program of the US National Museum, Smithsonian Institution; Director of a similar unit at Queen Elizabeth College, University of London; Visiting Professorship of Primate Biology at Birkbeck College, University of London; founder of the Primate Society of Great Britain; died, 1987.

Unknown.

Born in Motihari, Bengal, India, 25 June 1903; educated at Eton, 1917-1921; served in Burma in the Indian Imperial Police, 1922-1928; lived for several years in poverty, as a dish-washer in Paris, France, and as a tramp in England, 1928-1931; school teacher at the Hawthorns, Middlesex, 1932-1933; part-time assistant in a Hampstead bookshop, London, 1934-1935; wrote books and novels, 1933-1949; married Eileen Maud O'Shaughnessy (died 1945), 1936; reviewer of novels for the New English Weekly, until 1940; visited areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, 1936; wounded in Spain fighting for the Republicans, 1937; member of the Home Guard during World War Two; worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation Eastern Service, 1940-1943; Literary Editor of Tribune, 1943-1945; war correspondent for the Observer, 1945; regular contributor to the Manchester Evening News, 1943-1946; suffered from tuberculosis, often in hospital, 1947-1950; married Sonia Mary Brownell, 1949; died, 21 January 1950. Publications: Down and out in Paris and London (Victor Gollancz, London, 1933); Burmese days (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1934); The road to Wigan pier (Victor Gollancz, London, 1937); Homage to Catalonia (Secker & Warburg, London, 1938); Coming up for air (Victor Gollancz, London, 1939); The lion and the unicorn (Secker & Warburg, London, 1941); Animal farm (Secker & Warburg, London, 1945); Critical essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1946); The English people (Collins, London, 1947); Nineteen eighty-four (Secker & Warburg, London, 1949); Shooting an elephant, and other essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1950).

William Ramsay studied at Glasgow University from 1866 to 1869. In 1870 he went to Heidelberg intending to study under R W von Bunsen, but early in 1871 moved to Rudolf Fittig's laboratory in Tübingen, where he was awarded a PhD for research on Toluic and nitro-toluic acids. In 1872 Ramsay returned to Glasgow as an Assistant in Young's laboratory of technical chemistry. In 1880 he became Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol and in the following year he was made Principal of the Unversity. He married Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In 1887 Ramsay succeeded Alexander William Williamson in the Chair of General Chemistry, University College London, which he held until his retirement in 1912. Ramsay discovered argon in 1894, helium in 1895 and krypton, neon and xenon (with Morris W Travers) in 1898. In 1900 he visited India to report on the proposed Indian University of Research. He worked with Dr Frederick Soddy on radium in 1903 and with Robert Whytlaw-Gray on radon in 1909-1912.

Morris W Travers was a demonstrator at University College London from 1894 (Assistant Professor from 1898). He assisted Ramsay in experiments on argon, and collaborated with him in work on krypton, neon and xenon. In 1904 Travers was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol. From 1907 to 1914 he was Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 1927 he became Honorary Professor, Fellow and Nash lecturer in chemistry at Bristol. He became President of the Faraday Society in 1936, and in 1937 he retired from Bristol University. Morris W Travers was Ramsay's biographer, whose Life of Sir William Ramsay was published in London in 1956.

The Company was formed in 1839 and was the principal British shipping company serving the Caribbean and the east coast of Latin America. For further details on its history, see T A Bushell, Royal Mail: a Centenary History of the Royal Mail Line 1839-1939 (London [1939]).

The River Plate Trust Loan and Agency Company Ltd (founded in 1881), which administered various companies in South America, was succeeded in 1961 by the River Plate and Mercantile Trust Ltd (later the River and Mercantile Trust PLC).

Unknown.

The Shakespeare Association was set up in 1914. One of the founders was Charlotte Carmichael Stopes. The association organised lectures on Shakespeare and drama.

The Kenrick, Reid, Rogers and Sharpe families were a group of late 18th century and 19th century non-conformists largely associated with north London. Numbered among their members were such well-known figures as the poet Samuel Rogers (1763-1855); the barrister Sutton Sharpe (1797-1843), whose wide circle of friends included many literary figures; the businessman, Egyptologist and philanthropist Samuel Sharpe (1799-1881); and the highly respected York non-conformist minister John Kenrick (1788-1877). They and their relatives through successive generations were active in many different walks of life, and their interests and friends were very varied.

In order to try and counter the activities of the British Union of Fascists and other bodies in the 1930s, in 1936 the Board of Deputies of British Jews, representing the Anglo-Jewish community, created a Co-ordinating Committee (for defence measures), which became the Defence Committee, concerning itself with social, political and economic matters in which anti-Semitism played a part. As well as addressing defamatory statements, its work included investigating periodic complaints about economic discrimination. In 1938 an ad hoc committee, known as the Trades Advisory Council, was set up to advise the Defence Committee on trade practices and related matters. It met infrequently until the outbreak of war in 1939. In 1940 it was reconstituted and a Secretariat appointed. It continued as an ad hoc committee, but in 1941 adopted a constitution as a democratic organisation based on a membership encompassing Jewish traders, industrialists and professional men. This Trades Advisory Council of British Jewry, generally known as the Trades Advisory Council (TAC), continued under the auspices of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The TAC aimed to strengthen goodwill in industry and commerce and to maintain standards of commercial integrity, and dealt with all questions involving Jews in trade and industry, concerning itself especially with removing the causes of friction between Jewish and non-Jewish manufacturers, merchants and traders, and also with relations between employer and employees, labour conditions and opportunities, refugees, discrimination against Jews by employers, insurance companies or trade organisations, and irregularities and complaints involving Jews and non-Jews, including misrepresentation in trade advertisements and defamatory statements in newspapers. It collected and disseminated information, studied legislation and administrative measures affecting its concerns, liaised with other trade organisations, and arbitrated in commercial disputes where one or both parties were Jews. The TAC comprised a Secretariat; a National Administrative Council and Area Councils; Sections for various trades; and Committees including Statistical, Financial, Membership, Disciplinary, and Refugee Traders. It had premises initially at 148 Leadenhall Street, London, and later its head office was at 280 Euston Road, London NW1. From 1940 its General Secretary was the Labour politician Maurice Orbach.

Lucien Wolf was born on 20 January 1857 in London. He was educated at private schools, the Athenee Royale in Brussels, and in Paris. He worked as a sub-editor and leader-writer for Jewish World, 1874-1893, and was later Editor there, 1906-1908. He also worked as an assistant editor for Public Leader, 1877-1878; foreign editor for the Daily Graphic, 1890-1909; and was London correspondent for Le Journal, Paris, 1894-1898. He was President of the Jewish History Society of England eight times. In 1919 he represented the Anglo-Jewish community at the Paris Peace Conference. He was Secretary of the Jewish Joint Foreign Committee from 1917. He was founder of and delegate to the Advisory Committee of the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations. Wolf's many publications are mainly concerned with Jews and Judaism. Wolf died on 23 August 1930.

Wood was a student at the Royal College of Science from 1906 to 1909. From 1910 to 1960 he was a member of staff of the Physics Department at University College London.

Sir T.C. Allbutt (1836 - 1925) was Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge University and Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. His book Arteriosclerosis: a summary view was published by Macmillan & Co in 1925.

Matthew Baillie was born on 27 October 1761, at Shots, Lanarkshire, the son of the Revd. James Baillie, minister of the parish and later Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, and his wife Dorothea, sister of William and John Hunter, celebrated anatomists. Baillie was educated at Hamilton Grammar School and then at the University of Glasgow. On the advice of William Hunter, his uncle, he chose medicine as his profession. He moved to London to live with William Hunter in 1779, at the age of eighteen. He obtained an exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, but found that his most valuable education came during the vacations at Hunter's house in Great Windmill Street, where a lecture theatre and museum adjoined the house. He attended the public lectures given by Hunter, helping in their preparation, carrying out demonstrations, and superintending the dissections undertaken by the students. Hunter supplemented the lectures by privately instructing Baillie.

In 1783 William Hunter died and Baillie inherited £5,000, Hunter's house, theatre, and museum, for a period of 30 years, and a small Scottish estate, Long Calderwood, which he handed over to John Hunter, acknowledging him as the natural heir. (The museum subsequently went to Glasgow.) Baillie took on William Hunter's anatomical lectures and proved a successful teacher. He became particularly interested in every kind of diseased structure. It is said that his demonstrations were

`remarkable for their clearness and precision, ... he possessed a perfect conception of his subject; and imparted it with the utmost plainness and perspicuity to his hearers' (Munk's Roll, vol. II, p.403).

He graduated MB in 1786, and in 1787 he was elected physician to St George's Hospital. In 1789 he obtained his MD, from Oxford, and became Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians the following year. He became a Censor of the College in 1791 and 1796. The advancement of Baillie's career was due in some part to Baillie's connections with the Hunters and through his marriage to Sophia Denman, daughter of Dr Thomas Denman, physician, in 1791. His practice grew considerably. In his consultations `he was famed for the clearness with which he expressed his opinion in simple terms' (DNB, vol. II, p.420).

In 1793 Baillie published the work for which he is famous, The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (1793). It was the first book on the subject in English, and the first to make the morbid anatomy a subject itself. Rather than giving the history and symptoms of every case, as had been the trend, Baillie dealt with the morbid appearances of each organ in turn. The work is limited in so far as it discusses the thoracic and abdominal organs and the brain, and leaves untouched the skeleton, muscles, nerves, and spinal cord. He was the first to define cirrhosis of the liver, to distinguish renal cysts from the rare cysts of parasitic hydatids of the kidney, and to challenge the opinion that death was often due to a growth in the heart. There were additional notes describing symptoms that appeared in 1797, whilst a series of engravings to illustrate the book was published in 1799.

Baillie delivered a number of eponymous lectures during his professional career. These included the Goulstonian Lectures in 1794, the Croonian Lectures in 1796, 1797, and 1798, and the Harveian Oration in 1798, all at the Royal College of Physicians. He also wrote papers for the Transactions of the College. His unpublished contributions to clinical medicine were privately printed, posthumously in 1825, and were entitled, Collected Works; Lectures and Observations on Medicine by the Late Matthew Baillie (1825).

His practice extended further throughout the 1790s. This was due in part to Baillie acquiring a large number of patients from the practice of fellow physician Dr Richard Warren, former physician to George III, after his death in 1797, and his friend, Dr David Pitcairn, physician, recommending Baillie to his patients on a temporary secession of practice in 1798. In 1799 he gave up his post at St George's Hospital and his lecturing, and moved to Grosvenor Street to devote himself fully to his practice. For many years Baillie's successful practice ensured £10,000 a year. In 1810 he became physician extraordinary to George III, after being called to consult the Princess Amelia. He also became physician in ordinary to Princess Charlotte, in 1816. Baillie attended the King in his last illness, but declined the baronetcy offered him. For years Baillie worked for sixteen hours a day. Ultimately his large practice overwhelmed him and his health was affected. He was forced to withdraw from all but consultation practice.

Baillie was honoured during his life by election as honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, in 1809. In the same year he was named an Elect of the Royal College of Physicians, London. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Baillie was a member of a great many medical societies and charities, including the Medical and Chirurgical Society of which he was a founder member in 1805, and President in 1808-9.

In 1823 he retired to his country house in Gloucestershire. He died of phthisis on 23 September 1823, at the age of 62, and was buried in Duntisbourne, Gloucestershire. He left a widow, a son and a daughter. His first son had died only aged a few months, in 1792. He is commemorated by a bust and inscription in Westminster Abbey. Baillie bequeathed his books, and drawings to the Royal College of Physicians, with the sum of £300, having already donated his collection of anatomical specimens some years earlier. His wife subsequently presented his gold-headed cane to the College, formerly the property of the eminent Dr John Radcliffe, King William III's physician.

Publications:
The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (London, 1793)
Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, by William Hunter published by Baillie (1794)
A Series of Engravings Tending to Illustrate the Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (London, 1803)
Collected Works; Lectures and Observations on Medicine by the late Matthew Baillie (privately printed, 1825)

Publications by others about Baillie:
The Life and Works of Matthew Baillie (1761-1823), Franco Crainz (Rome, 1995)

William Henry Broadbent was born at Lindley, near Huddersfield, on 23 January 1835, the eldest son of John Broadbent, woollen manufacturer and a prominent Wesleyan. He was educated at Huddersfield College until the age of fifteen, when he entered his father's factory. He spent two years working in the factory, learning the processes of manufacture. In 1852, at the age of seventeen, he decided that he wanted to study medicine and became apprenticed to a Manchester surgeon, and was enrolled at Owens College. He also attended the Manchester Royal School of Medicine, where he progressed well, winning numerous medals. In 1856 he was awarded gold medals in anatomy, physiology, and chemistry, at the first MB London examination. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. In 1857 he went to Paris to continue his studies, strengthening his clinical experience, visiting the wards of the Paris hospitals and attending the Ecole de Medecine, and becoming fluent in French. He returned to sit his final MB examination in 1858, and took the gold medal in obstetric medicine and a first class honours degree.

He obtained the post of obstetric officer at St Mary's Hospital, London, in 1858, becoming resident medical officer there in 1859. In 1860 he was appointed pathologist and lecturer on physiology and zoology in the medical school of the hospital, and obtained his MD, London. In the same year he was elected physician to the London Fever Hospital. In 1861 he was appointed lecturer in comparative anatomy in St Mary's Hospital medical school, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1863 he was appointed visiting physician to the Western General Dispensary. In 1865 he was made physician in charge of outpatients at St Mary's, and then in 1871 he was appointed full physician, with a lectureship in medicine. It was his work at St Mary's with the outpatients and in the wards, his attention to detail and accuracy in diagnosis, that established his reputation as one of the finest clinical teachers of his day' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, p.169). He becameboth an investigator of medical problems and... an expert on the treatment of specific diseases' (DNB, 2nd Supplement, vol. I, p.226). His skill and reputation eventually ensured a large, lucrative practice.

Broadbent developed particular interests in neurology and cardiology, and, to a lesser extent, cancer and typhoid. He wrote and lectured extensively on these subjects. An important early work was his book Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (1866), which described his treatment of cases by the injection of acetic acid into the tumour. Despite some initial good results Broadbent discontinued this method when later outcomes proved unsatisfactory. One paper to attract attention was his Sensori-motor Ganglia and Association of Nerve Nuclei', which appeared in the British and Foreign Medical Clinical Review (1866). In this he explained the immunity from paralysis of bilaterally associated muscles in hemiplegia and advancedBroadbent's hypothesis', in which he explained the unequal distribution of paralysis in face, trunk, arm and leg, in the ordinary form of hemiplegia. The essential principle has remained widely applicable to neurological questions, and to the solution of problems in physiology, pathology, and psychology.

Broadbent was also responsible for valuable work on aphasia. In On the Cerebral Mechanism of Speech and Thought', which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society (1872), he was the first to propose the notion of a separate centre for conception of ideation. One of his most important works was Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment (1897), written with his eldest son, John Francis Harpin Broadbent. He had been influenced by Francis Sibson, the eminent cardiologist, with whom he had worked at St Mary's in his early days at the hospital, assisting Sibson on autopsies, with a particular interest in studying diseases of the chest. He became aleading authority' on the subject (ibid, p.227). He also contributed to advances in the treatment of typhoid fever, deprecating the 'do nothing' treatment and enforcing careful dieting, nursing, and hydro-therapeutic measures. He also gave a number of eponymous lectures, including the Lettsomian Lectures at the Medical Society of London, in 1874, the Harveian lectures, to the Harveian Society, in 1884, and was Croonian Lecturer and Lumleian Lecturer, in 1887 and 1891 respectively, at the Royal College of Physicians.

In 1869 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. From 1872 Broadbent moved to Seymour Street, where his private consultant practice continued to expand, chiefly among the upper classes. In 1879 he retired from his post of physician to the London Fever Hospital, becoming consultant physician. In the 1880s he took on the role of examiner in medicine to the universities of London, 1883, and Cambridge, 1888.

In 1892 Broadbent moved to a larger address in Brook Street in order to accommodate his huge practice, which had continued to thrive. It is said that `he refused twice as much work as he could undertake' (ibid), and in 1891 his income had exceeded 13,000 pounds. His patients soon included the royal family, as in 1892 Broadbent was appointed physician in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, receiving a baronetcy the following year. In 1896 he retired from the active service of St Mary's Hospital, becoming honorary consulting physician. In this year he also became consulting physician for the Victoria Hospital for Sick Children, and the New Hospital for Women. It was also in 1896 that he became physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, and in 1901, on her death, physician in ordinary to King Edward VII and the new Prince of Wales, later King George V, whom he had attended during an attack of typhoid fever ten years earlier. In 1901 he was made KCVO (Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order).

Broadbent offered his services to a number of institutions throughout his professional career, playing a prominent part in public movements affecting the prevention of disease. He had served as a member of the Royal Commission on Fever Hospitals in 1881. He was greatly involved with the Royal College of Physicians, giving several eponymous lectures and serving as Censor in 1889, and as Senior Censor in 1895, although he was defeated in his run for the presidency in 1896. Other commitments included chairing the committee for organising the National Association for the Prevention of Consumption, in 1898, chairing the organising council of the British Congress on Tuberculosis, which met in London in July 1901, and chairing the advisory committee for King Edward VII's Sanatorium at Midhurst, to which he became a consulting physician. He also became consulting physician to the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers. Broadbent was always a generous subscriber to the British Medical Benevolent Fund, of which he was secretary, 1864-72, treasurer, 1872-1900, and subsequently President in 1900.

He was an Honorary Member and Fellow of many medical societies, both at home and abroad. He had been made President of the Harveian Society, in 1875, the Medical Society, in 1881, the Clinical Society, in 1887, and the Neurological Society, in 1896. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1897, in recognition of his scientific contributions. Abroad he was an Honorary Member of the Verein fur Innere Medicin, Berlin, the Gesellschaft fur Innere Medicin und Kinderheilkunde, Vienna, the Societe Medicale de Geneve, and the Imperial Society of Constantinople. He was chief organiser and first President of the Entente Cordiale Medicale, in 1904, and was honoured with their Grand Cross and Insignia of Commander of the Legion of Honour, at a banquet held in Paris in 1905. Broadbent also received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws (LLD), from the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews, Montreal, and Toronto, between 1898-1906, and Doctor of Science (DSc), from Leeds University in 1904.

Broadbent married Eliza Harpin in 1863, and they had three sons and three daughters. One of the sons was Sir John Francis Harpin Broadbent and another Walter Broadbent, both of whom became physicians, and later fellows of the Royal College of Physicians. Broadbent died in London of influenza, on 10 July 1907. He was buried in the parish church of Wendover, Buckinghamshire, where he had his country house.

Publications:
Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (London, 1866)
The Practice of Medicine, revised by Sir William Broadbent (7th ed., London 1875)
The Pulse (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887) (London, 1890)
Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment, with John Francis Harpin Broadbent (London, 1897)

Publications by others about Broadbent:
Selections from the Writings, Medical and Neurological, of Sir William Broadbent, Walter Broadbent (ed.) (London, 1908)
The Life of Sir William Broadbent KCVO, FRS, M.E. Broadbent (ed.) (London, 1909)