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Dr Henry Foy was born in July 1900, and went to Oxford in 1918 to study physiology under Julian Huxley. After graduation he taught biology at Gresham's School, Holt and Malvern College. In 1925 he took up a teaching post at Imperial College, Trinidad, where he became involved in a leper colony in Manaus on the Upper Amazon and developed a keen interest in tropical diseases. In 1932 he was appointed to run the League of Nations Malaria Research Laboratory in Salonika, where Dr Athena Kondi was his laboratory assistant. She had gained her MB from Athens University in 1930, and her MD in 1933.

The League of Nations Research Laboratory was funded initially by the Rockefeller Foundation, and when funding ended in 1937, Foy gained Wellcome Trust funds via Sir Henry Dale. The laboratory was extended, with beds provided for clinical research on patients, under the care of Kondi. Foy and Kondi were to work together for the rest of their lives, so closely that they were known as 'Foyandkondi' by the local people in Nairobi. When Greece was invaded in 1941, they left to work first at the South Africa Institute for Medical Research in Johannesburg and then, after a brief return to Greece, their laboratory was established in Nairobi in 1948. Foy believed Nairobi provided excellent opportunities for the study of malaria and sickle cell anaemia - a condition they had begun to study in Greece at the end of the war. Despite being based in Nairobi, Foy and Kondi made lengthy visits to Assam, the Seychelles and Mauritius to carry out survey projects, and it was after observing the connection between hookworm infection and anaemia in the Seychelles that Foy decided to establish a colony of baboons at Nairobi to undertake more sytematic study of the phenomenon. In 1961 accomodation was built for 150 baboons and a breeding nucleus. The colony was subsequently employed in several research projects, chiefly into the various effects of B vitamin deficiencies, and research continued after the official retirement of Foy in 1970.

In addition to laboratory-based research with the baboons, Foy and Kondi also took part in large scale projects, including investigations of anaemias in children with kwashiorkor and marasmus, survey of the incidence of tropical sprue in East Africa and surveys of anaemias in India, Mauritius and the Seychelles. The achievements of Foy's laboratories in Salonika and Nairobi were praised by Sir Henry Dale, and the idea of a small expert team working on well defined projects using locally gathered data and with secure financial support was used as a model for planning research facilities in other tropical countries.

In Domesday the manor of Hendon was assessed at 20 hides, 10 of which were in demesne. In 1312 the abbot of Barking took the manor into his own hands, and thereafter Hendon manor was retained by the abbey until the Dissolution, although it was leased in 1422 and 1505. In 1541 the king granted the manor to Thomas Thirlby, bishop of Westminster. With the suppression of the bishopric it reverted to the Crown but was granted in 1550 first to Thomas, Lord Wentworth, and afterwards to Sir William Herbert, created earl of Pembroke in 1551. In 1757 the manor and estate was purchased by James Clutterbuck, who conveyed it in 1765 to his friend David Garrick, the actor. Garrick died in 1779, leaving the manor in trust for his nephew Carrington Garrick, later vicar of Hendon. It was sold in 1825 to Samuel Dendy, who was succeeded in 1845 by his son Arthur Hyde Dendy. In 1889 it was held by Arthur Dendy's widow, Eliza, on whose death it was conveyed to Sir John Carteret Hyde Seale, Mrs. Russell Simpson, and Major H. Dendy, who were joint lords in 1923.

From: 'Hendon: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 16-20. Available online.

Ernst Fraenkel was a Jewish Professor of Economics and Social History, who was born in Breslau, Lower Silesia; served as an officer in the German army in the First World War; was a representative of the Silesian provincial Landtag in the 1930s; secretary of the Gesellschaft für die Wissenschaft des Judentums in Berlin; emigrated to UK in 1939; returned to Germany in 1947 and became Director of the Institut für Wirtschafts und Sozialgeschichte at University of Frankfurt a. M.; died Frankfurt, 1971.

Elsa Fraenkel (1892-1975) was a sculptor and artist who became friends with Sylvia Pankhurst during the post-war period. They met for the first time in 1950 Fraenkel herself became interested in Ethiopia, the country with which Pankhurst was involved at the time. By 1950 the former was helping to organise cultural events featuring the African nation in London and contributed some of her own work to the celebration that was held in London when the Princess Tsahay Hospital was dedicated. Before Sylvia Pankhurst went to live in Ethiopia in 1956, she left her paintings and sketches with Mrs Elsa Fraenkel, herself a sculptor. When Pankhurst had moved to Ethiopia, Fraenkel contacted her with the aim of creating an exhibition of her work during her time with the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Pankhurst was unable to help her having left behind much of the work she had created at the turn of the century, but was able to give her information on the time and send her photographs of a WSPU fete in the Princes Skating Rink. The eventual exhibition of work which was eventually arranged by Fraenkel and Lady Winstedt took place at the French Institute on 5 Dec 1959, sponsored by the Suffragette Fellowship, the Women's Freedom league and the Royal India, Pakistan and Ceylon Society. Fraenkel also wrote an (undated) article on 'Sylvia Pankhurst : student days' which was based on notes supplied by Sylvia. After Pankhurst's death in 1960, Elsa offered a portrait of her to the National Portrait Gallery.

Brenda Francis (fl. 1930s-1980s) was a London County Council (LCC)/Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) Advisory Teacher in the field of domestic science. She retired in the 1980s.

Advisory Teachers are experienced classroom teachers who are either seconded or employed permanently by their Local Education Authority to provide advisory and inspection services in schools in order to meet the training and development needs of teachers. They do so by arranging in-service training, helping schools prepare for inspection, and identifying and disseminating good practice.

The London County Council was the local government body for London from 1889 to 1965. It gained responsibility for education in London in 1904, as a result of the 1902 Education Act (which passed responsibility of education to Local Education Authorities). As such, it instigated a number of educational reforms and institutions within London, such as school medical services, school meals, open-air schools for delicate children, and the division of schools into primary and secondary stages.

The LCC was also influential in the passing of the 1944 Education Act, which introduced free secondary education for all children, with particular emphasis on girls and those of a lower socio-economic status. The Act also introduced comprehensive secondary schools, which had particularly strong political and administrative support in London. The first purpose-built state school in the United Kingdom was Kidbrooke School, in Greenwich, which opened in 1954.

In 1963, the London Government Act (an overhaul of general administration of the capital influenced by the 1957-1960 Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, also known as the Herbert Report) abolished and replaced the LCC with the Greater London Council (GLC). This came into force from 1965.

Responsibility for the education of Inner London (the London boroughs of Camden, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Lewisham, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth, and the City of Westminster) was transferred to the newly-created Inner London Education Authority (ILEA).

The ILEA was considered to be a 'special committee' of the GLC, and consisted of members of the GLC from the Inner London area, plus one member delegated from each of the inner London boroughs and the City of London.

The ILEA was involved in some experimental approaches towards education, such as introducing an educational television network where programmes were prepared and presented by practising London teachers on secondment, with the assistance of professional television staff. By 1970, all London schools had been brought into the closed circuit network. The ILEA's desire to disseminate information and promote learning and training among the teachers as well as the pupils was also reflected in the number of advisory and resource books published by the organization during its existence.

By 1970 the ILEA had established Teachers Centres which provided in-service (INSET) education for ILEA teachers and had a team responsible for the development of home economics. Maureen Walshe was the Staff Inspector of home economics and was responsible for 4 subject inspectors who were each responsible for a region of the ILEA, oversaw the wardens of the Teachers Centres, and were responsible for an subject area of home economics comprising, needlecraft; special education; health education; and child development. From 1972 Brenda Francis was the ILEA Subject Inspector responsible for needlecraft and the East & North East and Central Regional of the ILEA. She also oversaw the warden of the Exton Street Teachers Centre. Advisory teachers were also appointed to work with each subject inspector to help develop the different subject areas.

Towards the end of the 1970s, ILEA was noted for its adoption of a culturally pluralist approach towards ethnic minorities in London schools. As such it issued a number of policy statements endorsing multiculturalism, with an emphasis on allowing children who had immigrated to London from countries outside the UK to be fully integrated into the education system. This reflected the current educational climate in the UK that propounded the belief that learning in schools should mirror the growing multicultural nature of the UK. The ILEA's publications on life in the Caribbean contained in this collection are part of this emphasis on integration of ethnic minorities into UK culture.

By the 1980s, the ILEA came under criticism from Conservative politicians, in particular the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who believed that the organisation was over-spending and over-bureaucratic. Subsequently the ILEA was abolished in 1990 as a direct result of the Education Reform Act of 1988. Responsibility for education in London was transferred to the individual London Boroughs.

David Lloyd Francis was born in England but emigrated to New Zealand with his family in about 1920. He and his wife worked with the Melanesian Mission for sixteen years in the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz Islands, including six months on the Island of New Britain in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea. He was ordained in May 1937. During the Second World War he worked as a medical missionary/chaplain for the Allied armed forces in a military camp in the Solomon Islands. After the War, Francis toured New Zealand with an exhibition of 'Melanesian Curios', which he brought to Britain in 1947. He settled again in Britain, doing occasional work for the BBC. He died in the early 1990s.

William Blair-Bell (1871-1936) was co-founder (with William Fletcher Shaw) of the College and its first President. The second son of William and Helen Bell, he was born in Wallasey in 1871 and educated at Rossall School, King's College London and King's College Hospital. In 1905 he left general practice in Wallasey and was appointed to the post of Assistant Consultant Gynaecologist to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. In 1918 he became senior surgeon and in 1921 was appointed to the Chair of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Liverpool University, a position he held until 1931. In 1929 he married his cousin, Florence.

Blair-Bell was President of the Obstetric Section of the Royal Society of Medicine and of the North of England Gynaecological Society and the Liverpool Medical Institution. In 1911 he founded the Gynaecological Visiting Society (GVS). He was co-founder of the College in 1929 and presented the College with its first headquarters at 58 Queen Anne Street. He established the money for the William Blair-Bell memorial lectures and for other research projects. He was President of the College from its inception until 1935, the year before his death (bibliography: Sir John Peel, Lives of the Fellows, pp 73-77).

Harold Hugh Francis, BSc, MB, ChB, MRCS, LRCP, became a Member of the College in 1950 and a Fellow in 1959. Now retired, he served on the Joint Committee on Contraception from 1977-1981 (bibliography: RCOG, Register of Fellows and Members 1997 p 38).

Enfranchisement was the process by which a copyhold title was changed to a freehold. Copyhold land belonged to a Manor and was, notionally, property of the Lord of the Manor. The Lord, through his steward, ratified any transfer of land by surrender of the transferring party at a manorial court and admission of the new owner. Gradually copyhold land was enfranchised until the Law of Property Act 1922 abolished copyhold status, converting all such land into freehold land which is said to be land held in fee simple, absolute in possession and subject to no conditions or uses.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Groome, John (1678/9-1760), Church of England clergyman and benefactor, was the son of John Groome of Norwich. After attending Norwich grammar school he entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, as a sizar on 14 October 1695, and graduated BA in 1699. In July 1709 he was presented to the vicarage of Childerditch, Essex, and became also chaplain to Robert, Earl of Holdernesse. Groome married Mary Moor of the parish of St James, Westminster, at Gray's Inn chapel on 28 June 1718. The couple did not have any children.

Groome was the author of several devotional works. The Golden Cordial (1705) provided prayers for every day of the week. The Sinner Convicted (1705) was an attack on atheism. In addition, grieved at what he saw as unjust reflections cast upon the clergy, Groome wrote The Dignity and Honour of the Clergy Represented in an Historical Collection (1710). This aimed to show the significant contribution which the clergy made to the nation 'by their universal learning, acts of charity, and the administration of civil offices'.

Groome died in the parish of St Mary, Whitechapel, on 31 July 1760, and was buried at Childerditch. By his will he bequeathed property for founding exhibitions at Magdalene College, preference to be given to clergymen's sons from Essex. He provided for the payment of £6 a year to the succeeding vicars of Childerditch for ever, that they might go to the college on St Mary Magdalen's day, 22 July, 'when the publick benefactions are read over' to see that his exhibitions were filled in, the profits of such as were vacant to go to the vicar. Groome also gave his library to Magdalene College.

From: Gordon Goodwin, 'Groome, John (1678/9-1760)', rev. Robert Brown, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

The Francis Bacon Society, which was founded in 1886, is best known for its campaigning on the issue of the authorship of plays attributed to Shakespeare. The Society's range of interests also includes Elizabethan history, philosophy, and cryptography.

Francis Montague was born in London on 31 August 1858. From University College School and University College London, he went to Balliol College Oxford in 1875. He gained a first class degree in Classical Moderations in 1877 and became a prize-fellow of Oriel College in 1881. He then decided to become a barrister. However, in 1891 he returned to Oxford and took up teaching. He lectured on law and was later (1893-1927) Lecturer in Modern History at Oriel. He also took part in the training of candidates for the Indian Civil Service (1892-1920). From 1893 to 1927 he was also Professor of Medieval and Modern History at University College London, of which he had become a fellow in 1880: he travelled between Oxford and London by train to give his lectures. Montague wrote many historical books but he did not have much literary success. In 1930 he was elected an honorary fellow of Oriel. He never married. He died at Oxford on 8 April 1935.

Francis Nicholls White and Company originated before 1858 as Robinson, Nicholls and Company of 13 Old Jewry, London. In 1863 the name was changed to Francis Nicholls White and Company, in 1866 to Nicholls and Leatherdale and, in 1885, back to Francis Nicholls White and Company. From its beginnings, the firm practised as accountants dealing only with insolvency matters; it also acted as proprietors of a debt collection business known as the British Mercantile Agency and of a number of trade associations. The practice continued at 13/14 Old Jewry Chambers until 1924 when it moved to 73 Cheapside; in 1954 it moved to 19 Eastcheap. In 1967 the firm amalgamated with Parkin S Booth and Company.

Tenney Frank was born in Kansas in 1876. He was educated at the University of Kansas and the University of Chicago, receiving his PhD from the latter in 1903. He was Professor of Latin for many years at Bryn Mawr College and subsequently Johns Hopkins University. Frank's research into Roman history and classical literature was influential. He died in Oxford, England in 1939.

Viktor Semonovich Frank (1909-1972) was born in St Petersburg, Russia. He left with his family to settle in Germany where he attended the Frederick Wilhelm University, Berlin.

The author of this eyewitness testimony regarding Kristallnacht, Vincent C Frank, is a family friend of the depositor, W F Jaspert, and is said to be a blood relative of the famous diarist, Anne Frank.

Heinz and Lucie Frank were the parents of the depositor's husband. Heinz Frank was a lawyer and the family lived in Cologne. The family was affected by the rise of the Nazis. The Frank family had originated in Holland where there remained some distant cousins. So Heinz and Lucie Frank, with their sons, Hermann and Hans (now John), transferred to Amsterdam. Hermann had just received his doctorate in dentistry. Despite all his efforts the best he could achieve was to work clandestinely in a friendly dental practice. In 1936 he came to England. Hans left Holland only after the occupation, and with the help of the underground, made his way to Portugal and then, via a year or more in Cuba, to the USA.

Henri Frankfort was born, 1897; brought up in the Netherlands and served in the Dutch armed forces during the First World War. He later studied at University College London and the British School at Athens and led archaeological excavations in Egypt before taking his PhD from Leiden University in 1927. He subsequently spent several years in Iraq carrying out fieldwork for the University of Chicago, where he became a Professor in 1932; he also held an Extraordinary Professorship at the University of Amsterdam concurrently with the Chicago chair. In 1949 he left the United States to become Professor of the History of Pre-Classical Antiquity at the University of London and Director of the Warburg Institute, a post he retained until his death in 1954. Prominent among his research interests were the religions of Ancient Egypt and the Near East. The art historian Enriqueta Harris was his second wife.

Adolf Frankl was born in 1903, the son of a Jewish businessman in Bratislava. Having shown an aptitude for art at an early age, he was discouraged from making a career out of his talent and went to work in his father's business from 1920. He married Renee Nachmias in 1933 and founded his own interior decoration business in 1937. The advent of the Nazis and, in particular, the establishment of the puppet Tiso-regime in Slovakia, resulted in pogroms against the country's Jewish population. Frankl's business was aryanised in 1941 and he was forced to live in a ghetto with his family.

Frankl was sent to Auschwitz in 1944, where he survived. It was only after the war that the full horror began to trouble him in the form of recurrent nightmares. It was suggested that he paint as a way of working through his horrific experiences. The paintings which were used in the exhibition entitled Visionen aus dem Inferno were the result. Material relating to this exhibition is described below.

After the war Frankl lived in Vienna and New York then, from the 1960s, in Germany. He died in 1983.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born, 1825; PhD; Professor of Chemistry, Owen's College, Manchester, -1857; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1853; Royal Medal, 1857; Copley Medal, 1894; Secretary of the Royal Society, 1895-1899; Vice President of the Royal Society, 1887-1888; died, 1899.

Born, 1825; PhD; Professor of Chemistry, Owen's College, Manchester, -1857; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1853; Royal Medal, 1857; Copley Medal, 1894; Secretary of the Royal Society, 1895-1899; Vice President of the Royal Society, 1887-1888; died, 1899.

Born, 1905; educated, Clare College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; Lawrence Scholarship and Gold Medal, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1933 and 1934; Temple Cross Research Fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1934-1935; Honorary Consulting Physician, Department of Child Health, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Honorary Consulting Paediatrician, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London; co-founder, The Osler Club, London; President, British Society for Medical History, 1974-1976; President, International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981-1982; died, 20 September 1984.

Publications: Editor of The care of invalid and crippled children (Oxford University Press, London, 1960); editor of World-blindness or specific developmental dyslexia (Pitman Medical Publishing Company, London, 1962); editor of Cancer report 1948-1952 with M P Curwen (E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1963); editor of Children with communication problems (Pitman Medical Publishing Company, London, 1965); editor of Selected writings of Lord Moynihan (Pitman Medical Publishing Company, London, 1967); editor of Assessment and teaching of dyslexic children with Sandhya Naidoo (London, 1970); compiler of The Tunbridge Wells study group on non-accidental injury to children: report and resolutions (Tunbridge Wells, 1973); editor of Concerning child abuse: papers presented by the Tunbridge Wells study group on non-accidental injury to children (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1975); Pastoral paediatrics (1976); Widening horizons of child health: a study of the medical health needs of children in England and Wales [1976]; editor of The challenge of child abuse: proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Royal Society of Medicine, 2-4 June 1976 (1977); editor of Child abuse: prediction, prevention and follow up (1977); editor of The abused child in the family and in the community: selected papers from the second international congress on child abuse and neglect, London, 1978 with C Henry Kempe and Christine Cooper (1980); editor of Family matters: perspectives on the family and social policy (1983).

Born, 1905; educated, Clare College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; Lawrence Scholarship and Gold Medal, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1933 and 1934; Temple Cross Research Fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1934-1935; Honorary Consulting Physician, Department of Child Health, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Honorary Consulting Paediatrician, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London; co-founder, The Osler Club, London; President, British Society for Medical History, 1974-1976; President, International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981-1982; died, 20 September 1984.

Hugh Franklin (1889-1962) was born on 27 May 1889 at 28 Pembridge Villas, Paddington, the son of Arthur Ellis Franklin, JP, a senior partner in the banking house of A Keyser and Co, and a director of several companies. The Franklins were practising members of the Jewish faith and were sufficiently prosperous to own property in the country, Chartridge Lodge, Chesham. Hugh Franklin was educated at Clifton College and in 1908 he went up to Caius College, Cambridge, where he read engineering. After his first year at Cambridge he made a break with the family tradition by declaring in a letter to his father his lack of religious belief that remained in some question for the next two years. In 1909 he attended with friends a suffrage meeting at the Queen's Hall, London, addressed by Mrs Pankhurst, Christabel Pankhurst and Mrs Pethick Lawrence, which was his first contact with the militants. During the summer he took part by selling papers in the processing from Kingsway to Hyde Park. From this he took up the suffragette practice of chalking pavements and sold papers for open-air WSPU meetings, in the Chesham area. At the beginning of the October term, 1909, Franklin decided to abandon the idea of a career in engineering that his father had intended for him and neglected his engineering studies for economics and sociology, which provoked further bitter family controversy. His interest in politics was growing and several drafts for speeches and debates exist for his years at Cambridge. Already a member of the Fabian Society and the ILP and the Cambridge Men's League for Woman Suffrage (for which he arranged meetings for Mrs Fawcett and Lady McLaren), he joined the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement on 22 Feb 1910. He provoked further dispute with his family by finally abandoning religious observance and by declaring his intention of not returning to Cambridge. After persuasion Franklin did return to Cambridge, but devoted all his energies to organising a meeting for Mrs Pankhurst in May at the Cambridge Guildhall and he was disciplined by his College authorities for his attempts at publicising it. On 26 May 1910 he joined the Young Purple White and Green Club. He took little trouble over his final examinations and missed some papers, as he was helping the MPU in London to organise for a Suffrage Procession from the Embankment to the Albert Hall and 'came down for good' from Cambridge at the end of June. In the following months, Franklin took an even more active part in WSPU and MPU meetings, both speaking and organising. He accepted reluctantly (after an initial refusal), an offer from Sir Matthew Nathan, Secretary to the Post Office, to be his private secretary (his uncle, Herbert Samuel, was Postmaster-General at the time). He gave evidence at the trial of Victor Duval, arrested in connection with an attempted protest at a meeting of Lloyd George's, at the Temple in October. He was among those present and was himself arrested during the events of 'Black Friday' (18 Nov 1910), at which large scale brutality by the police was alleged to have taken place when members of the WSPU attempted a mass lobby of Parliament. Franklin was among those who were discharged but he considered Winston Churchill, Home Secretary, personally responsible for police orders and was determined to make his protest. He was among those who interrupted Churchill's meeting at Highbury on 22 Nov 1910 and at Bradford on 26 Nov 1910, being ejected on both occasions. On the same train as Churchill returning from the Bradford meeting, Franklin approached Churchill with a dog whip and attempted to strike him, saying 'Take this, you cur, for the treatment of the suffragists'. For this offence, Franklin received six weeks imprisonment, the first of the three terms which he was to receive during the next three years for militant protests and which also caused his dismissal as Sir Matthew Nathan's Secretary. Franklin's activities were, from November 1910-1913 directed exclusively towards work for the Men's Political Union, as Honorary Assistant Organiser, while in Nov 1911 he resigned from the NUWSS affiliated Men's League for Women's Suffrage, being in disagreement with the League's reliance on a suffrage amendment to the Government's Reform Bill.

His second militant protest in Mar 1911 was that of throwing a stone at Churchill's house in Eccleston Square, for which he received a further month in prison and was forcibly fed throughout his term. The third and most dramatic of Hugh Franklin's acts of militancy consisted of setting fire to a railway carriage at Harrow station on 25 Oct 1912, for which he was sentenced to nine months in prison. Refusing food during his imprisonment, he was forcibly fed over 100 times and was the first suffragette prisoner to be released, in May 1913, under the Prisoners (Temporary Release for Ill-health) Act, 1913, more familiarly known as the 'Cat and Mouse Act'. Breaking his parole, Franklin escaped to the Continent, where he stayed under the alias of 'Henry Forster' until shortly after the outbreak of war. Franklin was disqualified for war service on grounds of eyesight and served on the staff of the Ordnance Factories, Woolwich. On 28 Sep 1915 he married Elsie Duval, sister of his MPU colleague Victor Duval, but she died only months after the War ended, on 1 Jan 1919, from heart failure, partly the result over the years of her own experience of forcible feeding. After the War he entered the timber trade and took no further part in politics until 1931 when he left business for writing and rejoined formally the Labour Party. In the 1931 General Election he contested Hornsey and in 1935, St Albans, unsuccessfully on both occasions. After standing in a number of local government elections, he won a seat on the Middlesex County Council in 1946. From 1934-1949 he held various co-opted and elected positions on committees of the LCC, Middlesex County Council and Metropolitan Water Board. He also held office in the New Fabian Research Bureau, the National Executive of the Labour Part and on boards of governors of schools and on hospital management committees. Franklin's imprisonment for his militant suffragette offences led him to a deep and abiding interest in penal reform. In addition to membership of the Howard League, he submitted a memorandum to his uncle, Herbert Samuel, when Home Secretary in 1932, and wrote a play 'On Remand' which he endeavoured to have produced in the theatre or filmed, but without success. In 1921 Hugh Franklin married a second time, Elsie Constance Tuke at Lewisham Register Office. He died 21 Oct 1962.

Elsie Duval (1892-1919) was born in 1892, the daughter of Ernest and Emily Duval who together with their children were keen suffragists. Duval joined the Women's Social & Political Union in 1907, the year after her mother. Unlike her mother, however, she did not leave the organisation to join the Women's Freedom League when the Pankhursts changed the constitution, but the mother and daughter did work together for three years in the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement which Victor Duval, Elsie's brother, founded. The younger female Duval was arrested on the 23 Nov 1911 for obstructing the police. After this event, she was officially accepted by the Women's Social & Political Union (WSPU) as a militant protest volunteer. On 27 Jun 1912, Duval was arrested for smashing a Clapham Post Office window. Subsequently she was remanded for one week in custody 'for the state of her mind to be enquired into', and then sentenced to one month in the third division at Holloway, during which time she was forcibly fed nine times before being released on the 3 Aug 1912. She was arrested again in Apr 1913 for loitering with intent (with Phyllis Brady) and was again sent to prison for a month. She was forcibly fed during both remand and whilst serving her sentence, being seriously ill throughout and often resisting strenuously. Her prison diary for this year refers to 'pain at the heart' after one of these incidents. She was released under the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act, 1913, (commonly known as the 'Cat and Mouse' Act) which allowed for prisoners to return to prison on recovery. Duval was the first prisoner released from Holloway under the Act and the second to be released (Hugh Franklin) was the first) from any prison. During her last imprisonment (according to Hugh Franklin's biographical notes) a charge was being prepared for burning Lady White's house at Egham, with 'Phyllis Brady', (Olive Beamish) for which the latter received five years' imprisonment. Duval burnt also Sanderstead station and other places, before her arrest, together with 'Phyllis Brady'. Duval narrowly avoided arrest on her final release, instead, she and her fiancé Hugh Franklin left for France to avoid the re-imprisonment that her terms of temporary release had demanded. She spent several months working as 'Eveline Dukes' in Germany, Belgium and Switzerland armed with false testimonials provided by friends. She was only able to return to Britain at the outbreak of the First World War when a general amnesty was granted to suffragettes. After this she became active in the war work of the WSPU. She and Hugh Franklin were finally married in a Jewish ceremony at the London Synagogue in Sep 1915. Two years later, she joined the Pankhursts' Women's Party, but died on the 1 Jan 1919 of heart failure, a victim of the influenza epidemic.

Born 1899; postgraduate student, Faculty of Natural Science, King's College London, 1924-1926.

Born, 1786; educated at a preparatory school in St Ives, Huntingdonshire and at Louth grammar school; first-class volunteer in the Royal Navy; joined the Polyphemus, 1800; midshipman on Investigator; served aboard HMS Bellerophon at the Battle of Trafalgar, 1805; served at the Battle of New Orleans; first Arctic expedition, 1918-1822; second Arctic expedition, 1825-1827; Member of the Raleigh Club, Vice-President, 1830; Founder member of the Royal Geographical Society and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1830-1847; Lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land, 1836-1843; Northwest Passage expedition, 1845; died on the expedition, 1845.

Franklin entered the Navy in 1800. He served as midshipman under his cousin, Captain Matthew Flinders from 1801 to 1803, surveying the coasts of Australia. He began his Arctic career as second-in-command to Captain David Buchan (d c 1839) during the Spitsbergen expedition of 1818. From 1819 to 1822 he commanded an expedition down the Coppermine River of Canada to the Arctic Ocean. From 1825 to 1827 he commanded a second expedition to the Arctic Ocean down the Mackenzie River. He was knighted in 1829. Franklin was in the Mediterranean from 1830 to 1833 and between 1833 and 1844 was Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). In 1845 at the age of fifty-nine, he took command of an expedition in search of the North-West Passage in the EREBUS and TERROR. He died on board the EREBUS off King William Island. See Sir J Franklin, 'Narrative of the journey to the shores of the Polar Seas in the years 1819, 1820, 21 and 22' (London, 1823) and 'Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827' (London, 1828). Among a number of biographies is Richard J. Cyriax, Sir John Franklin's Last Arctic Expedition (London, 1939).

B.B. Franklin FSI, architect and surveyor of King Street, Luton, carried out building work at various properties in Greater London.

The company was formed by George Franklin who started practising as an accountant in Sheffield in 1871. In 1880 he was in practice at 187 Norfolk Street, moving to Imperial Chambers Norfolk Row in circa 1888. In 1890 the style of the company changed to Franklin, Wild and Company and an office was opened in London around this time at 14/15 Broad Street Avenue, which soon became a separate practice. The London firm moved to 5, 6 and 7 Broad Street Avenue in 1893; 22 and 23 Broad Street Avenue in 1895; 22-28 Broad Street Avenue in 1909; 42-45 New Broad Street in 1922, and 19-25 Argyll Street in 1964. In 1974 the company merged with Finnie, Ross, Welch and Co of London (and various other cities) to form Finnie, Ross, Wild and Company. In 1984, after a series of mergers, this firm became part of Finnie and Company, now part of Stoy Hayward.

Unknown

H Frantz made drawings of specimens of congenital dislocation of the hip, at the Musee Dupuytren, Paris. These were reproduced as illustrations in Sir Thomas Fairbank's article "Congenital Dislocation of the Hip", published in the British Journal of Surgery, volume 17, 1929-1930. No other biographical information about Frantz is available.

Sir (Harold Arthur) Thomas Fairbank was an Orthopaedic Surgeon at King's College Hospital. He was President of the British Orthopaedic Association in 1929 when he delivered the lecture on which the above mentioned article is based.

Fraser entered the Navy in 1880. As a midshipman he served in the MONARCH and the AGINCOURT, Mediterranean Station, between 1882 and 1885 and then in the ACTIVE between 1885 and 1886 mostly in the East Indies. Having attended the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, he was promoted to lieutenant in 1888. In 1890 he was appointed to the KINGFISHER in the East Indies, after which he specialised in torpedo duties, serving at the torpedo school Vernon in 1894 and again between 1897 and 1900. He organized the illumination of the Fleet at the opening of the Kiel Canal in 1899, probably the first time this had been done by electricity. After promotion to commander in the same year, he joined the VINDICTIVE in the Mediterranean. During this period he became seriously ill and had eventually to be invalided, retiring as captain in 1907. During the First World War he served in the Torpedo and Mining Division of the Admiralty, specialising in defensive mining.

The copies of correspondence from Harold Fraser in Hamburg, provide an insight into the economic, social and political conditions of that city and of Germany in general covering the period of rampant inflation, record unemployment and the polarisation of political parties. Mention is made in the first letter of the strong presence in Germany of their competitor J. Henry Schroeder, another London- based merchant bank. The two companies happened to merge in 1962, now both have been subsumed under Citigroup, the European and American bank.

Born, 1783; tutored in Edinburgh; oversaw the family's sugar plantation at Berbice, Guiana, 1799-1811; sailed for India, 1813 where he sketched the scenery of the Himalayas and toured the region seeking the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges; crossed India via Delhi and Rajputana to Bombay, sketching and gathering geological information, 1820; travelled from Bombay to London via Bushehr, Shiraz, Esfahan, Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, and Tiflis, 1821-1823; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1838-1852; sent by the Foreign Office to report on Russian influence in Persia, 1833-1836; died, 1856.

Publications:

Views in the Himala Mountains

Views of Calcutta and its Environs

Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822 (1825)

Travels and Adventures in the Persian Provinces of the Southern Banks of the Caspian Sea (1826)

The Kuzzilbash, a Tale of Khorasan (1828)

The Persian Adventurer (1830)

The Highland Smugglers (1832)

Tales of the Caravanserai (1833)

Allee Neemro, the Buchtiaree Adventurer (1842)

The Dark Falcon (1844).

Military Memoir of Lieut. Col. James Skinner

Fraser was a marine painter who collaborated extensively with the Commendatore Eduardo de Martino (1838-1912), Marine Painter-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria. Martino also enjoyed special favour with Edward VII, who never went to sea without him, but although Fraser hoped to succeed to this position at Martino's death, he was disappointed.

Born 1890; educated Charterhouse and Sandhurst; served with the Gordon Highlanders in India and Egypt; served in World War One; transferred to Grenadier Guards, 1927; military attaché, Brussels, Belgium and The Hague, Netherlands, 1931-1935; commander, 1 Battalion, Grenadier Guards, 1937-1938; military attaché, Paris, France, 1938-1939; retired, 1944; chief of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Paris, 1945-1947; died 1964.

Born, Singapore, 1893; student, Royal School of Mines (Imperial College), 1910-1914; joined Royal Engineers, 1914; joined the Colonial Mines Service in Africa, 1925; Chief Inspector of Mines, Tanganyika; Chief Inspector of Mines, Nigeria, 1939; member, Legislative Council, Nigeria; CBE; retired, 1947; died, 1986.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Frederick Huth first established his own business in Corunna, Spain, in 1805. He came to London in 1809 and set up business as a merchant. In 1814 he took John Frederick Grüning into partnership and the resulting firm, Huth & Company, was formed. Throughout the 19th century the firm is described in London directories as 'merchants'; only from 1904 is the description 'bankers' added, although it is clear that the business always included banking. From 1912 the firm had a fur warehouse; it also had a tea warehouse from 1921. In 1936 the company was dissolved: the banking business was acquired by British Overseas Bank Ltd, and the fur business by C M Lampson & Co Ltd.

Frederick Huth first established his own business in Corunna, Spain, in 1805. He came to London in 1809 and set up business as a merchant at 17 Broad Street Buildings. In 1814 he took John Frederick Gruning into partnership and the resulting firm, Huth and Company, moved to 1 South Place, Finsbury. It moved again in 1818 to 9 South Street, Finsbury, where it remained until 1839; then it moved to 10 Moorgate before its final move in 1872 to 12 Tokenhouse Yard. Throughout the 19th century the firm is described in London directories as "merchants"; only from 1904 is the description "bankers" added, although it is clear that the business always included banking. From 1912-24 the firm had a fur warehouse at 64 Park Street, Southwark, and from 1925-36 at 58-60 Cannon Street; it also had a tea warehouse at 37 Fenchurch Street, 1921-1872.

A South American company was formed in 1854 which traded as Frederick Huth, Gruning and Company at Valparaiso and Lima until 1878 when it became Huth and Company of Valparaiso. Frederick Huth and Company of London received half the profits of this company.

In 1936 the company was dissolved: the banking business was acquired by British Overseas Bank Limited, and the fur business by C.M. Lampson and Company Limited.

The Kent brewery of Frederick Leney and Sons was bought in the mid-1920s for £270,000. As with the purchase of the Forest Hill brewery this action was primarily designed to secure outlets for the Whitbread brand. Frederick Leney & Sons brought with them 130 pubs of which most were freehold.

When the companies of Jude Hanbury and Mackeson were acquired in 1929, Leney and Sons was merged under the old management of Jude Hanbury. The group were known collectively as the Kent Breweries and were later controlled personally by Whitbread managing director Sydney Nevile.

The posters relate to the 'George Davis is Innocent' campaign, 1975, where friends of alleged armed robber George Davis were involved in widespread minor vandalism and grafitti to publicise what they saw as his unjust imprisonment; and a campaign by Islington Tenants against the activities of a local estate agents, Prebble and Company, who they accused of ejecting old tenants from properties in order to sell them at a profit.

The landscape painter Robert Freebairn was articled to Philip Reinagle R.A. and sent his first picture to the Royal Academy from Reinagle's house in 1782. He exhibited landscapes up to 1786 when he appears to have gone to Italy. In 1789 and 1790 he was in Rome and sent views of Roman scenery to the Academy. In 1791 he returned to England. His stay in Italy formed his style and most of his productions were representations of Italian scenery. He occasionally painted views of Welsh and Lancashire scenery. Freebairn died in London on 23 January 1808.

Physician at Dulwich Hospital, from 1947.

no further information

Professor Maurice Freedman, 1920-1975, was educated at Hackney Downs school and took a shortened two year degree in English at Kings College London in order to enter the army. He served in the Royal Artillery from 1941 to 1945, three years of which were spent in India. In 1946, he entered the Anthropology Department of the London School of Economics, where he became interested in social anthropology. His main interest was the study of Chinese society, a subject on which he produced many works, spending two years from 1949 to 1950 in field research among the Hokkien speaking Chinese of Singapore. In 1950 he was made a lecturer, in 1957 a reader, and in 1965 a professor. In 1970 he left LSE to take over the chair of social anthropology at Oxford on the retirement of Sir Edward Evans Pritchard. Freedman's interest in Asia prompted him to become first organising secretary and them chairman of the London Committee of the London-Cornell Project for research in south and south-east Asia. He was also greatly interested in Jewish culture and ideas, becoming the managing editor of the Jewish Journal of Sociology, which was founded to provide a forum for serious writing on Jewish affairs.

Born, 1948; educated at Whitley Bay Grammar School, Northumberland, Manchester University, York University, and Nuffield College, Oxford; Teaching Assistant, York University, 1971-1972; Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University, 1974-1975; Research Associate, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1975-1976; Research Fellow, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1976-1978; Head of Policy Studies, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1978-1982; Professor of War Studies, King's College London, since 1982; Member of Council, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1984-1992; Honorary Director, Centre for Defence Studies, from 1990; Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1991; Fellow of King's College London, 1992; Chairman, Committee on International Peace and Security, US Social Science Research Council, from 1993; Fellow of the British Academy, 1995; awarded CBE, 1996, KCMG, 2003; Head of the School of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, from 2001.

Publications: US Intelligence and the Soviet strategic threat (Macmillan, London, 1977); Arms production in the United Kingdom: problems and prospects (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1978); The West and the modernisation of China (Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1979); Britain and nuclear weapons (Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1980); The evolution of nuclear strategy (Macmillan in association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1981); Nuclear war and nuclear peace (1983); editor of The troubled alliance. Atlantic relations in the 1980s (Heinemann, London, 1983); Atlas of global strategy (Macmillan, London, 1985); The price of peace: living with the nuclear dilemma (Firethorn, London, 1986); Terrorism and international order (Routledge and Kegan Paul for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1986); Why is arms control so boring? (Council for Arms Control, London, 1987); Britain and the Falklands War (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988); edited with Philip Bobbitt and Gregory Treverton, US nuclear strategy: a reader (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1989); editor of Military power in Europe: essays in memory of Jonathan Alford (Macmillan in association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Basingstoke, 1990); with Virginia Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals of war: the Falklands conflict of 1982 (Faber and Faber, London, 1990); editor of Europe transformed: documents on the end of the Cold War (Tri-Service, London, 1990); editor with John Saunders, Population change and European security (Brassey's, London, 1991); editor with Michael Clarke, Britain in the world (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991); editor of War, strategy and international politics. Essays in honour of Sir Michael Howard (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992); with Efraim Karsh, The Gulf conflict, 1990-1991: diplomacy and war in the new world order (Faber and Faber, London, 1993); editor of War (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994); Military intervention in European conflicts (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994); The revolution in strategic affairs (Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford, 1998); editor of Strategic coercion: concepts and cases (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998); The politics of British defence, 1979-98 (Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1999); Kennedy's wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (Oxford University Press, New York, 2000).

Papers of Freedom Press, an anarchist periodical started in 1886 by a group of friends around Peter Kropotkin after their separation from the English Anarchist Circle and The Anarchist edited by Henry Seymour; in addition to Freedom, the group eventually set up the Freedom Press, the main publisher of anarchist literature in England; first editors of Freedom were Charlotte M. Wilson 1886-1895, Alfred Marsh 1895-1912 and Thomas H. Keell 1912-1932; among the contributors to the periodical were George Bernard Shaw, Max Nettlau and Kropotkin; a rival Freedom was published by opponents of Th. Keell, including John Turner and Oscar Swede 1930-1936; ceased publication in favour of Spain and the World 1936-1938, edited by Vernon Richards, and changed its name to Revolt in 1939; this was continued as War Commentary, renamed Freedom in 1945, the publication of which continues still today.