Zone d'identification
Cote
Titre
Date(s)
- Created 1866-1954 (Création/Production)
Niveau de description
Étendue matérielle et support
5 boxes
Zone du contexte
Nom du producteur
Notice biographique
Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).
In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.
James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.
Histoire archivistique
Formerly MS 191931.
GB 0102 PP MS 67 Created 1866-1954 Collection (fonds) 5 boxes Hart , Sir , Robert , 1835-1911 , 1st Baronet , Inspector-General of Customs in China
Campbell , James Duncan , 1833-1907 , Commissioner of Chinese Maritime Customs
Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).
In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.
James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.
Formerly MS 191931.
After the death of James Campbell in 1907 Hart's letters were returned to the London office of the Chinese Maritime Customs. Their immediate fate is unclear, but they passed from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank and were deposited at SOAS in December 1965. Letters from Campbell, 1874-1877, have a different provenance, and were transferred to SOAS from the Foreign Office in 1967.
Papers of and relating to Sir Robert Hart, 1866-1954, comprising two series of private letters from Sir Robert Hart to his personal representative in England, J D Campbell, one dating from 1868-1879 and one from 1879-1906; a run of semi-official letters to Campbell, 1874-1906; a file on the Chinese Fleet, 1876-1894; correspondence and papers, 1866-1954, concerning the letters, including their ownership. A run of Campbell's letters to Hart, 1874-1877, is also included in the collection.
The correspondence between Hart and Campbell consists of two main series: one from 1868-1879 and one from 1879-1906. These and the other series of letters are each arranged in chronological order.
Unrestricted.
No publication without written permission. Apply to archivist in the first instance.
English
Published catalogue (Papers Relating to the Chinese Maritime Customs 1860-1943, SOAS, 1993), unpublished handlist and database.
The School of Oriental and African Studies holds a volume of typescript copies of Sir Robert Hart's letters to Sir Francis Arthur Aglen, 1888-1911 (Ref: MS 211081); a volume of typescript copies of Sir Robert Hart's letters to J D Campbell, 1903-1907 (Ref: MS 211351); two letterbooks containing J D Campbell's copies of his letters to Sir Robert Hart, 1898-1906 (Ref: MS 211353). For other related collections at SOAS, see published guide: Papers Relating to the Chinese Maritime Customs 1860-1943. In addition to Sir Robert Hart's papers, these include the papers of Sir Frederick Maze (Ref: PP MS 2); George H Fitzroy (Ref: MS 258361); Edward Charles Macintosh Bowra and Cecil Arthur Verner Bowra (Ref: MS 201813); and Sir Francis Arthur Aglen (Ref: MS 211355).
The Second Historical Archives of China, Nanjing, hold the administrative archive of the Chinese Maritime Customs. The customs records date from 1861 and are largely in English. A published guide Brief Guide to the Second Historical Archives of China is available. Queens University of Belfast Library holds correspondence, diaries and papers, 1854-1908, of Sir Robert Hart (see Manuscript Sources for the History of Irish Civilisation, supp. 1965-1975, 1979). The British Library, Manuscript Collections, holds a manuscript of 'The Peking Legations' (Ref: Add MS 46499). Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Department of Western Manuscripts, holds miscellaneous letters and papers, 1866-1908, of Sir Robert Hart (Ref: MSS Eng Lett c 304, d 319-27, e 124-27, Eng misc b 108-09, c 530-31). The National Library of Wales, Department of Manuscripts and Records, holds Sir Robert Hart's correspondence with Lord Rendel, 1880-1910 (Ref: NLW MSS 19440-67, 20569-72, 23028-35) and his letters to Lord Rendel, 1882-1900 (Ref: 31). The Public Record Office holds Sir Robert Hart's correspondence with Sir E M Satow, 1901-1906 (Ref: PRO30/33/10/3).
The National Library of Wales, Department of Manuscripts and Records, holds J D Campbell's correspondence with Lord Rendel, 1881-1894 (Ref: NLW MSS 19440-67, 20569-72, 23028-35).
Revised by Rachel Kemsley as part of the RSLP AIM25 project. 15 May 2000, revised Mar 2002 Campbell , James Duncan , 1833-1907 , Commissioner of Chinese Maritime Customs China Chinese Fleet Chinese Maritime Customs x Imperial Maritime Customs Customs policy Diplomacy East Asia Exports/imports Finance Foreign relations Hart , Sir , Robert , 1835-1911 , 1st Baronet , Inspector-General of Customs in China International relations International trade Maritime transport Trade Trade (practice) Transport Water transport
Source immédiate d'acquisition ou de transfert
After the death of James Campbell in 1907 Hart's letters were returned to the London office of the Chinese Maritime Customs. Their immediate fate is unclear, but they passed from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank and were deposited at SOAS in December 1965. Letters from Campbell, 1874-1877, have a different provenance, and were transferred to SOAS from the Foreign Office in 1967.
Zone du contenu et de la structure
Portée et contenu
Papers of and relating to Sir Robert Hart, 1866-1954, comprising two series of private letters from Sir Robert Hart to his personal representative in England, J D Campbell, one dating from 1868-1879 and one from 1879-1906; a run of semi-official letters to Campbell, 1874-1906; a file on the Chinese Fleet, 1876-1894; correspondence and papers, 1866-1954, concerning the letters, including their ownership. A run of Campbell's letters to Hart, 1874-1877, is also included in the collection.
Évaluation, élimination et calendrier de conservation
Accroissements
Mode de classement
The correspondence between Hart and Campbell consists of two main series: one from 1868-1879 and one from 1879-1906. These and the other series of letters are each arranged in chronological order.
Zone des conditions d'accès et d'utilisation
Conditions d'accès
Unrestricted.
Conditions de reproduction
No publication without written permission. Apply to archivist in the first instance.
Langue des documents
- anglais
Écriture des documents
- latin
Notes de langue et graphie
English
Caractéristiques matérielle et contraintes techniques
The School of Oriental and African Studies holds a volume of typescript copies of Sir Robert Hart's letters to Sir Francis Arthur Aglen, 1888-1911 (Ref: MS 211081); a volume of typescript copies of Sir Robert Hart's letters to J D Campbell, 1903-1907 (Ref: MS 211351); two letterbooks containing J D Campbell's copies of his letters to Sir Robert Hart, 1898-1906 (Ref: MS 211353). For other related collections at SOAS, see published guide: Papers Relating to the Chinese Maritime Customs 1860-1943. In addition to Sir Robert Hart's papers, these include the papers of Sir Frederick Maze (Ref: PP MS 2); George H Fitzroy (Ref: MS 258361); Edward Charles Macintosh Bowra and Cecil Arthur Verner Bowra (Ref: MS 201813); and Sir Francis Arthur Aglen (Ref: MS 211355).
Instruments de recherche
Published catalogue (Papers Relating to the Chinese Maritime Customs 1860-1943, SOAS, 1993), unpublished handlist and database.
Zone des sources complémentaires
Existence et lieu de conservation des originaux
Existence et lieu de conservation des copies
Unités de description associées
The Second Historical Archives of China, Nanjing, hold the administrative archive of the Chinese Maritime Customs. The customs records date from 1861 and are largely in English. A published guide Brief Guide to the Second Historical Archives of China is available. Queens University of Belfast Library holds correspondence, diaries and papers, 1854-1908, of Sir Robert Hart (see Manuscript Sources for the History of Irish Civilisation, supp. 1965-1975, 1979). The British Library, Manuscript Collections, holds a manuscript of 'The Peking Legations' (Ref: Add MS 46499). Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Department of Western Manuscripts, holds miscellaneous letters and papers, 1866-1908, of Sir Robert Hart (Ref: MSS Eng Lett c 304, d 319-27, e 124-27, Eng misc b 108-09, c 530-31). The National Library of Wales, Department of Manuscripts and Records, holds Sir Robert Hart's correspondence with Lord Rendel, 1880-1910 (Ref: NLW MSS 19440-67, 20569-72, 23028-35) and his letters to Lord Rendel, 1882-1900 (Ref: 31). The Public Record Office holds Sir Robert Hart's correspondence with Sir E M Satow, 1901-1906 (Ref: PRO30/33/10/3).
The National Library of Wales, Department of Manuscripts and Records, holds J D Campbell's correspondence with Lord Rendel, 1881-1894 (Ref: NLW MSS 19440-67, 20569-72, 23028-35).
Note de publication
Zone des notes
Note
Identifiant(s) alternatif(s)
Mots-clés
Mots-clés - Sujets
- Finances » Politique douanière
- Relations internationales » Relations extérieures » Diplomatie
- Commerce » Commerce international » Exportation/importation
- Finances
- Relations internationales » Relations extérieures
- Relations internationales
- Commerce » Commerce international
- Transport » Transport maritime
- Commerce
- Transport
Mots-clés - Lieux
Mots-clés - Noms
Mots-clés - Genre
Zone du contrôle de la description
Identifiant de la description
Identifiant du service d'archives
Règles et/ou conventions utilisées
Statut
Niveau de détail
Dates de production, de révision, de suppression
Langue(s)
- anglais