Identity area
Reference code
Title
Date(s)
- 1918-1919 (Creation)
Level of description
Extent and medium
1 volume
Context area
Name of creator
Biographical history
The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.
The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.
The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.
Repository
Archival history
Created by the Royal Air Force Staff College (1922-1997) and passed on to the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Bracknell in 1997 which relocated to Shrivenham in 2000. These documents are part of a collection of papers and books donated to the Royal Air Force Staff College by the family of Viscount Trenchard following his death in 1956. Most of Lord Trenchard's private papers were donated to other establishments. The records of the Independent Force form a discrete collection within the donation. Many of the books that had previously formed Lord Trenchard's personal library were passed to the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell in 1996 prior to the closure of the Royal Air Force Staff College.
GB 2009 JSCSC IF 1/10 1918-1919 Collection (Sub-fond of Royal Air Force Staff College collection) 1 volume Trenchard , Hugh Montague , 1873-1956 , 1st Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton , Marshal of the Royal Air Force x Trenchard of Wolfeton , 1st Viscount
The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.
The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.
The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.
Created by the Royal Air Force Staff College (1922-1997) and passed on to the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Bracknell in 1997 which relocated to Shrivenham in 2000. These documents are part of a collection of papers and books donated to the Royal Air Force Staff College by the family of Viscount Trenchard following his death in 1956. Most of Lord Trenchard's private papers were donated to other establishments. The records of the Independent Force form a discrete collection within the donation. Many of the books that had previously formed Lord Trenchard's personal library were passed to the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell in 1996 prior to the closure of the Royal Air Force Staff College.
The family of the 1st Viscount Trenchard post-1956.
30-page typescript foolscap volume with photographs and plans pasted onto and between the pages.
This volume is one of a set of seven that records the damage caused by the Independent Force's bombing raids during 1918 and the enemy counter-measures that were encountered. This volume analyses German counter-measures to defend against air raids in the Independent Force's area of operations. The counter-measures studied were the German telephone communication system, the organisation and procedures for the warning of air raids, and anti-aircraft defence measures including AA guns, searchlights and balloon barrages.
1 volume as outlined in Scope and Content. Shelved with Royal Air Force Staff College collection.
Open. Access to the Joint Services Command and Staff College Library is by appointment only. Contact Chris Hobson, Head of Library Services, Joint Services Command and Staff College, Faringdon Road, Watchfield, Swindon SN6 8TS. Information on personnel is subject to Ministry of Defence regulations.
Copies, subject to the condition of the original and normal copyright restrictions, may be supplied for research use only. Requests to publish original material should be submitted to Chris Hobson, Head of Library Services, Joint Services Command and Staff College.
English
No additional finding aids.
Sources: The War in the Air Volume VI by H A Jones, Oxford University Press, 1937. Compiled by Chris Hobson.
Compiled in compliance with General International Standard Archival Description, ISAD(G), second edition, 2000; National Council on Archives Rules for the Construction of Personal, Place and Corporate Names, 1997.
March 2009 Aerial bombardment Air warfare Warfare Military engineering Air force Armed forces Military organizations Organizations World War One (1914-1918) World wars (events) Wars (events) Aerial photographs Photographs Visual materials Air raid damage War damage War International conflicts Anti-aircraft defence Defence State security Independent Force , Royal Air Force Germany Europe
Immediate source of acquisition or transfer
The family of the 1st Viscount Trenchard post-1956.
Content and structure area
Scope and content
30-page typescript foolscap volume with photographs and plans pasted onto and between the pages.
This volume is one of a set of seven that records the damage caused by the Independent Force's bombing raids during 1918 and the enemy counter-measures that were encountered. This volume analyses German counter-measures to defend against air raids in the Independent Force's area of operations. The counter-measures studied were the German telephone communication system, the organisation and procedures for the warning of air raids, and anti-aircraft defence measures including AA guns, searchlights and balloon barrages.
Appraisal, destruction and scheduling
Accruals
System of arrangement
1 volume as outlined in Scope and Content. Shelved with Royal Air Force Staff College collection.
Conditions of access and use area
Conditions governing access
Open. Access to the Joint Services Command and Staff College Library is by appointment only. Contact Chris Hobson, Head of Library Services, Joint Services Command and Staff College, Faringdon Road, Watchfield, Swindon SN6 8TS. Information on personnel is subject to Ministry of Defence regulations.
Conditions governing reproduction
Copies, subject to the condition of the original and normal copyright restrictions, may be supplied for research use only. Requests to publish original material should be submitted to Chris Hobson, Head of Library Services, Joint Services Command and Staff College.
Language of material
- English
Script of material
- Latin
Language and script notes
English
Physical characteristics and technical requirements
Finding aids
No additional finding aids.
Allied materials area
Existence and location of originals
Existence and location of copies
Related units of description
Notes area
Alternative identifier(s)
Access points
Subject access points
Place access points
Name access points
Genre access points
Description control area
Description identifier
Institution identifier
Rules and/or conventions used
Compiled in compliance with General International Standard Archival Description, ISAD(G), second edition, 2000; National Council on Archives Rules for the Construction of Personal, Place and Corporate Names, 1997.
Status
Level of detail
Dates of creation revision deletion
Language(s)
- English