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Papers of Professor Percy Groom, [1917-1930], comprising files of correspondence, reports and papers relating to timber technology, notably concerning machinery and apparatus, tests and test machines, 1918-1927; Royal Aircraft Establishment reports, 1918; supply of aeroplane timbers to Egypt, 1917; correspondence with Indian Munitions Board, Royal Air Force (India) concerning the use of timbers for aircraft construction, 1918-1919; types, properties and testing of timber, 1917-1920; use of plywood in aircraft construction, 1917; work for the Manilla Hemp Association, [1920]; dry rot, 1925-1926; wood pulp; seasoning and Powell process of seasoning, 1917; specific gravity of wood; water in wood, including warping tests; preservation of mine timbers, [1917]; analyses of infected imported timbers, 1920-1927; fireproofing, 1917-1927; home grown timbers, [1919].

Scientific papers of T H Huxley, 1846-1898, comprising notebooks made whilst Assistant Surgeon to HMS RATTLESNAKE, 1846-1850, containing his observations, sketches of specimens, notably oceanic hydrozoa, mollusca and crustacea, related notes;

scientific notebooks, papers and correspondence, [1855-1888], relating to botany and principally zoology, bound in volumes largely according to zoological classification, including invertebrata, crustacea, vertebrata, teleostei, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia, carnivora, primates, anthropology, mycological, bacteria, hirudinea, mollusca, petromyzon, ganoidei, sturiones, dipnoi, teleostei, salmonidae, insectivora, rodentia, lepus, canidae, fossil fishes, dinosauria, ethnology, origins of biology, gentiana; correspondence concerning deep sea soundings, 1857; syllabus and notes for lectures, [1860-1886], for the Government (later Royal) School of Mines, Royal Institution, working men, London Institution, University of Edinburgh, notably on natural history, zoology, ethnology, elementary geography, physiography; correspondence, 1851-1894; notebooks, [1847-1884], concerning visits to Switzerland, Tenby, Italy, notes on anatomy and vertebrae;

drawings, [1847-1895] many illustrating laboratory work, and relating to observations in his notebooks, relating to protozoa and botany; coelenterata, brachiostomata, echinodermata, mollusca; vermes and arthropoda with peripatus; pisces with tunicata and amphioxus; mammalia; anthropological photographs, [1868-1898].

Papers of Lord Willis Jackson, 1916-1970, comprising papers transferred from his office in Imperial College, namely personal and biographical papers, 1923- 1970, including student notebooks, [1923], visits abroad, 1961-1968, speeches and addresses, 1950-1970, family correspondence, Parliamentary correspondence, 1957-1970, photographs [1916]-1967, mainly of official events, laboratories and apparatus, Willis Jackson; papers relating to Associated Electrical Industries and Metropolitan-Vickers, 1951-1969, notably appointment as Director of Research and Education, 1953, correspondence and press cuttings, 1951-1969, engineering and staff courses, 1954-1959; papers relating to Imperial College, 1950-1969, notably lectures and speeches, 1950-1968, correspondence, 1953-1970, including with Professor Colin Cherry, 1950-1969, the Rector, Lord Penney, 1967-1970, papers concerning academic matters, 1955-1968, Committees, 1963-1969, societies and associations, 1950-1970, Electrical Engineering Department, 1964-1969; correspondence with Ministers, reports and papers relating to Government Departments, principally concerning committees and advisory councils, 1944-1970, notably the Admiralty (later Ministry of Defence), 1950-1968, Ministry of Education, 1954-1969, Ministry of Technology, 1965-1970, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1944-1965, Ministry of Overseas Development, 1965-1969, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (ORCD), 1961-1969, University Grants Committee, 1953-1969, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1953-1958, Delhi Institute of Technology, 1957-1970; correspondence, reports and committee papers relating to the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1950-1968; correspondence, 1950-1970, notably with professional institutions and associations, such as the Association of Supervising Engineers, 1960-1968, Educational establishments, notably the University of London, 1953-1970, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1951-1970, Sir Eric Ashby, 1959-1966, Bertram Vivian Bowden, 1958-1968, Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, 1957-1969, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 1961-1969, Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, 1953-1964, Dennis Gabor, 1951-1969, Sir Harold Hartley, 1961-1968, Eric Balliol Moullin, 1953-1958, Kathleen Mary Ollerenshaw, 1958-1964, John Arthur Saxton, 1960-1967, Joseph Sidney Weiner, 1967-1968.

autobiographical scrapbooks, 1916-1970, from Lady Jackson, comprising 91 loose-leaf binders compiled from 1952, containing heterogeneous papers, including photographs, biographical material such as letters of appointment, comments and narratives, manuscript and published texts of lectures and speeches, press cuttings, social correspondence, travel schedules and reports on visits.

Papers of Henry Chapman Jones, 1875-[1907], comprising notes on Professor Frankland's lectures, 1875-1876; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry, 1876; 'Notes on my work', [1889-1907], notably relating to experiments on silver, HgCl2, gelatine staining and photography.

Papers of Dr Mary Désirée Waller, 1908-1969; comprising personal correspondence, photographs and papers relating to her education, research and teaching at Bedford College and the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women (LSMW), 1908-1952, comprising:
note on the establishment of Bedford College Science Demonstration Club, c1908;
papers on the life and work of her father, Professor Augustus D Waller (1856-1922), head of the University of London Physiological Laboratory and lecturer at LSMW, particularly his discovery of the electrocardiogram in 1887, and her mother, Alice (née Palmer) a former student at LSMW;
notes for speeches by Waller, mainly at LSMW Prizegivings and dinners;
scrapbook, 1912-1952, containing notes, offprints of articles, correspondence, press cuttings, including papers on Waller's appearance on BBC Television in 1937 and 1938, giving a demonstration of the properties of frozen carbon dioxide;
correspondence, papers and proofs relating to the posthumous publication of Waller's book Chladani Figures, A Study in Symmetry, 1957-1969; including correspondence between Waller's literary Executor, Dr Bertha Turner and the publishers, G Bell & Sons, London and with the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine on income from the book being credited to the Augustus and Alice Waller Research Fund, 1960-1969;
photographs of the Waller and Palmer families, c1890-1949, figures and illustrations for books.

Volume commemorating Longmoor Baby Week, May 1930, containing programmes, leaflets, reports, press cuttings and photographs illustrating the events of baby week including a baby show, mothercraft examinations and exhibitions, handicraft classes and competitions, cookery classes and lectures and films on child welfare and hygiene This was the first local Baby Week to be held by a military centre, and events were also open to mothers and children from the nearby communities, Liphook, Liss, Longmoor, Petersfield, Blackmoor, Bordon, Greatham, Headley and Langrish.

Papers of Sir Geoffrey Elton relating to his publications, 1948-1994, comprising correspondence with historians and publishers, agreements, statements of royalties and other papers.

Papers are boxed as: Historical problems; Books; Miscellaneous publications; Miscellaneous series and Scripta minora; Sources in History; Fontana History of Europe; Correspondence on publications; Studies in History - files; Studies in History Correspondence 1975-1987; Studies in History meeting papers 1980-1991; Studies in History agenda and annual reports; Royalty Payments before 1989; Royalty Payments after 1989; and RHS correspondence.

Papers of George Prothero comprising:

personal correspondence 1886-1922 (15 bundles);

subject files, 1866-1921, arranged chronologically - including papers relating to his early academic career and publications, his memoir of Henry Bradshaw, the RL Nettleship memorial 1892-4, Lord Acton, and the Quarterly Review, 1866-1899 (16 bundles); papers relating to the British Academy, the death of Bishop Creighton, and Prothero's Presidency of the Royal Historical Society, 1900-1901 (8 bundles); correspondence and papers relating to bibliography and the teaching of modern history, 1902-1904 (5 bundles); Creighton and Harvard Lectures, `Colonial administration', 1905-1910 (12 bundles); Monypenny's Life of Disraeli, AJ Butler, Sir H Lyall, 1911-1912, (8 bundles); Quarterly Review, British Academy, Lady Ritchie Fund, pamphlet on the War (and related correspondence), etc; papers 1914-1920 (7 bundles); letter from CH Firth about foreign archives and a related paper, a collection of autograph letters, 1921 (4 bundles);

correspondence relating to the World War One 1914-1922 with British, European and American correspondents (6 bundles);

papers relating to historical studies c1871-1914, including undergraduate and other notebooks, papers on 16th and 17th century historical documents (Statutes, Court of High Commission, etc), notes for his Creighton Lectures on Napoleon III, manuscripts on contemporary international relations (5 bundles);

papers relating to the Bibliography of Modern British History including correspondence, notes on British and foreign libraries and archives, and other working papers 1904-1914 (5 bundles and a drawer of index cards (V/5));

and printed papers including newspaper cuttings, scrapbook, articles (for the Quarterly Review, etc) and papers relating to societies and associations (6 bundles).

Papers of concentration camp inmates, 1942-1944, comprise copies of correspondence concerning concentration camps and the death of Jews and notably include a letter from the commandant of Gross Rosen concentration camp, Lower Silesia, to the Gestapo, Düsseldorf regarding the disposal of belongings of deceased Jew, Max Zobel, 1942; letter from Ernst Kaltenbrunner to all police chiefs stating that all executions are to be reported to the local justice department, with reasons for the executions withheld, 1942 and a letter from Stürmbahnführer, SD Latvia, suggesting a lack of concern about notifying the relatives of dead Jews, 1942.

Anti-Nazi activities worldwide collection consists of leaflets and circulars of anti-Nazi organisations in various countries across the world, 1940s, notably from South America, Austria, United Kindom and United States of America. The papers notably include manifesto of 'The Free Germany Movement', Brazil, 12 May 1942; manifesto of the 'Austrians in Great Britain' movement; leaflet entitled 'Zero hour for Germany destruction or revolt?' advertising a meeting at Central Hall, Westminster, organised by Allies Inside Germany Council and Appeal of the German American Congress for Democracy against Hitler's Juden Massaker.

Papers of Mitchell family, 1938-2001, comprise papers including a good conduct certificate for Edith Rosenthal (1000-/1); war-time Red Cross telegrams from Edith Rosenthal, in England, to her father in Berlin (1000/2-1000/3) and a letter providing some biographical information about Ernest Mitchell's family.

Papers concerning Antisemitism in the USA, 1925-1930s, comprising antisemitic printed tracts including correspondence between Hugo Valentin, N W Rogers and The Jewish Central Information Office regarding the antisemitic material in the Wiener Library (Ref 1001/1 - antisemitic tracts collection).

Report by François Bondy on conditions in Camp du Vernet, Ariège, France, 2 Aug 1940; with the following sub-headings: arrests; the stadium Roland Garros (camp); transports to other camps; Vernet, who is interned and why?; work; discipline; food; hygiene; 'the prison' and visits.

Heilbrunner's account of life in Dachau, 1933, is a typescript memoir of Jewish inmate, Heilbrunner, in 1933. Written in the form of a narrative in the first person; structured into four chapters, describes in some detail the conditions in the camp and the brutality of the camp guards, contains manuscript annotations and corrections.

Papers of Dr Max Dienemann, [1928-1936], comprise cuttings including one from Jüdisch liberale Zeitung showing article by Dr Dienemann, 'Das jüdische Ehescheidungsrecht' (Jewish divorce right), 1928; typescript essay by Dr Dienemann concerning divorce, entitled 'Die Ehescheidung auf bürgerlichen und jüdischen Recht', containing corrections and annotations, undated, and manuscript notes on the subject of Jewish divorce, by Dienemann, undated.

Papers of Osnabrück war crimes trial and appeal, 1968-1970, comprise a trial judgement against 5 former members of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, in which the state court of Osnabrück found 3 of the defendants guilty of mass murder and 2 of being accomplices to mass murder in Italy in 1943, 1968, and a trial judgement of the appeal of the 5 defendants, in which the Bundesgerichtshof upheld the appeal on the grounds that the period of 20 years under the statute of limitations had lapsed, 1970.

Papers concerning the situation of non-Aryan lawyers in Germany, c 1934, comprises a report describing their situation, which helps explain the background to the level of discrimination against them.

Papers of Robert Michaelis, [1962-1972], comprise original source material, 1056/1; drafts and notes, 1056/2 and printed source material, 1056/3 regarding the Dreyfus affair. Original source material includes correspondence including that of Marcel Thomas, conservator at the Bibliothèque Nationale and Robert Michaelis regarding the authenticity of recently discovered documents relating to the Dreyfuss affair; drafts and notes include an annotated draft of Der Prozess Dreyfus and printed source material including newspaper cuttings and various publications concerning the Dreyfus affair.

The Austrian Anschluss papers, 1980s, comprise records created during the making of a documentary about the Anschluss and most notably comprise transcripts of interviews of a variety of people who experienced the Austrian Anschluss (1938) ranging from modern well-known personalities, former resistance members, former Nazis and diplomats, c 1987 (1057/1-2). The remainder of the collection includes notes on the programme design, biographical notes and cuttings on the interviewees c 1987 (1057/3-9).

Papers of Annie Hoek-Wallach, c 1943, 1987, notably include an illustrated book entitled Ha-ha, Ja ja written and illustrated by Annie Hoek-Wallach, dedicated to her husband, Dr. Henri Hoek, c 1943; notes documenting the lives of Annie and Henri Hoek, placing the illustrated book Ha ha Ja ja in context, undated, and a possibly incomplete, taped interview with Annie Hoek-Wallach, 1987.

Papers of Erich Kaiser, 1939-1986, comprising original correspondence notably between Erich and sister Ilse, 1939-1940; examples of Erich Kaiser's journalism, 1939 onwards; miscellaneous papers including a letter from Erich's father to relatives in New York, 1941 and correspondence with the Wiener Library Endowment Appeal to Ilse Kaiser regarding an entry in the Wiener Library Memorial book for Erich Kaiser, 1986.

Papers concerning Theresienstadt, 1940s, comprise copies of a report by Dr Muneles on the Hebrew book cataloguing project at Theresienstadt, 1945; typescript report regarding Theresienstadt, an inventory of the land and property, 1945; history of Theresienstadt during the Nazi era and typescript report on the situation there, providing statistical information relating to the inmates and transcriptions of documents produced during the camp's existence by both the Nazi camp authorities and the Jewish self-governing body.

Papers of Norbert Masur, 1945, 1993, comprise a report describing a meeting between Norbert Masur and Himmler in Berlin, 20 April 1945 concerning the release of female prisoners from Ravensbrück concentration camp, and correspondence regarding Norbert Masur's report, 1993.

Papers of Hamburg-Amerika linie, 1939, comprise of a notice from the Breslau office of the Hamburg Amerika Linie, travel company, regarding sailings and prices for illegal emigration to Palestine.

Papers of the Morris family, 1901-1905, comprise letters between Frieda Morris' grandmother and father in Poland and her brother and uncle in London. The collection includes translations.

Papers concerning Breendonk Camp, Belgium, 1944 comprise a report on Breendonk concentration camp containing the following sub-headings: atrocities committed against the civilian population of Breendonk; details of life and conditions within the camp; particulars of Germans and collaborators mentioned in the report; appendices including statements and summaries of statements made by former inmates.

Papers of Hebrew Committee of National Liberation, 1945, comprise a letter from Hillel Kook (Peter Bergson), Chairman of the Hebrew Committee of National Liberation, to Chaim Weizmann, President of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, in which he explains in some detail his ideas for the settlement of Palestine.

Correspondence of the Ohly family, 1941-1947. This collection documents in part the experiences of a German Jewish family from Munich. The papers include original correspondence from friends and relatives and material from the Jewish organisations which arranged the details of the transport to Terezin. Includes: correspondence from Karl Traumann in Gurs, 1941, and Anna Ansbacher, Switzerland, 1945; papers and instructions from the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (Jewish Community), Munich and the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (National Organisation of German Jews) and postcards from Terezin to Gertrud Ohly from Lotte Pariser, 1944.

Papers of the office of Reichsführer SS, 1938-1944, mostly emanate from the office of Reichsführer SS and deal with administrative matters. The collection comprises correspondence between the office of the Reichsführer SS and Reichskulturwalter Hans Hinkel (mainly) regarding administrative and cultural matters, 1939-1944 and an incomplete monthly information sheet Befehle und Mitteilungen, 1939-1942. It most notably includes two original letters from Reichsführer SS, Himmler (1144/1/14-/23); an incomplete set of an in-house information sheet providing instructions to SS members on a variety of matters such as dress protocol for visits to concentration camps by SS members (1144/2/4); qualification for wearing the 'Death's Head' ring of the SS (1144/2/2); and orders forbidding membership of clubs deemed inappropriate.

Bad Aussee resistance movement and 'Operation Berhard' collection, 1944-1956, (1153/1-5) comprises copies of original documents. The collection notably includes copy documents regarding the hiding of art treasures and gold in salt mines at Ischla (copy of original which dates 1944)(1153/1); a copy of an affidavit of Bernhard Krueger, (copy of original which dates 1956) (1153/2), that on the orders of Himmler he was responsible for the production of counterfeit currency using inmates from Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz.

The collection also includes a copy of a report by Hans Kurzweil entitled 'Bericht über die Geldfälscheraffäre im Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen', (copy of original which dates 1956) (1153/3), in which he details his version of events and attempts to refute what he regards as the more sensational versions; copy transcript of an interview with a former Austrian resistance member, Frau Hauer-Frischmuth [1944-1956] (1153/4), including details of her activities as a courier whilst resident in the Seehotel, Bad Aussee and an account mainly concerned with the activities of the resistance movement at Bad Aussee [1944-1956] (1153/5), which was formed by Albrecht Gaiswinkler, Valentin Tarra, and Hans Moser.

Papers of Alice Fink, 1942-1949, comprise Red Cross telegram messages between Alice Redlich and her family in Berlin; copy documentation including certificate from the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad in recognition of Alice's service and copy photographs of pre-war Berlin.

Copy note from the health section of the Jewish Management Committee of Terezin regarding materials and shortage of doctors, 1945.

Papers of the Internationale Auschwitz Komitee, 1959, comprising copies of statements from former prisoners of Auschwitz about the activities of the following former SS men who worked there: Wilhelm Boger, Franz Hofmann, Rudolph Höss, Oswald Kaduk, Lachmann, Josef Mengele, Hans Stark, Eduard Wirth and Josef Klehr.

Letter from a woman to her children and her husband prior to her deportation to Theresienstadt (includes an English translation).

Papers documenting the activities of Lt Col Julian Layton in assisting German Jewish refugees before the Second World War and internees during the war, 1936-1993, including official papers regarding the internment of refugees including HM Government printed orders mostly on aliens, internment and refugees, notably a report of a Parliamentary Delegation into conditions at Buchenwald concentration camp immediately after liberation, 1939-1945. Correspondence, memoranda and reports, 4 Oct 1939-9 Jul 1945, on matters relating to Jewish internees, chiefly those transported to Australia including: report of a visit to Hay Camp, November 1940; report on segregation at camp No. 10 at Loveday, February 1942; report on the call up of aliens, Jun 1943; summary of Layton's duties whilst in Australia; report on the transportation of released UK internees to the UK and report on internees of Italian origin. Typescript report by Noel W Lamidey, Secretary of the Aliens Classification and Advisory Committee (Australia) to Arthur A Calwell MP, minister for immigration, entitled 'Some aspects of alien control in Australia during time of war' with covering letter from the author addressed to Julian Layton, 16 Oct 1947.

Correspondence relating to Julian Layton's activities with internees, Dec 1936-Mar 1993, including reference to the Kitchener Camp, Richborough, Kent; correspondence with the Rothschild family, Great Britain, including a copy agreement between Layton and James Rothschild on the provision of financial assistance to help refugee children and correspondence and papers relating to the experiences of those aboard the 'Dunera'. Julian Layton's personal diaries including reference to his activities with regard to the welfare of internees, 25 Mar 1941-22 Dec 1944.

Herta Ningo and Ningo family papers, 1880-1973 including school certificates, including from Rosa Smilowski; Jewish Reichspass; Red Cross letter from her mother, Meta Ningo; personal papers of the Rewald and Salzmann families including birth and marriage certificates; identity card with photo attached of Arthur Rewald; certificate of withdrawal from the Jewish community; correspondence to the Heilmann family in Berlin from the lawyer, Max Auerbach and Rewald (?) regarding restitution for the loss of income from the business, 18 Oct 1955-21 Sep 1956; original documents relating to Arthur Rewald's tax expenditure and photograph of the Heilmanns, 1934-1939.

Papers relating to Joachim Prinz, 1936-1937, including text of a speech by former members of Joachim Prinz's congregation, prior to Prinz's departure to the US, [1937]; newspaper cuttings including an article entitled 'Unsere jüdische Kultursituation' by Prinz from the Israelitisches Familienblatt, 7 Oct 1936 and an article written in honour of Prinz shortly prior to his departure to the US, 11 Jun 1937.

Papers of Neues Leben, the club devoted to nudism, including a membership list, 1934; article on its foundation; and miscellaneous papers.

Papers of the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad (JCRA) and the Jewish Relief Unit (JRU) including volume of original signed minutes of the JCRA; reports from individual JRU members covering a wide variety of JRU activities in various countries and 6 bundles of apparently original lists of Mauthausen Concentration Camp inmates.

Log book of the Rover Scout Crew at Hay Internment Camp, NSW, Australia, 1940-1941, containing minutes of meetings reporting the activities of the group.

Papers of the Bad Kissingen field office of the International Refugee Organisation (IRO) in the American zone of occupation of Germany, 1948-1949, comprising information sheets, administrative and provisional orders and printed IRO statistics on the occupational skills of refugees.

Papers comprising an account of life in a Polish ghetto, 1942, contain copy extracts from a letter by a Jewish woman in a ghetto in Poland, in which she describes the horrendous living conditions. Mention is made of the immanent arrival of a Swiss commission of inspection.

Personal account by Louis Lustig of his arrest for treason in March 1938 and his subsequent imprisonment in Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Correspondence and papers of the head office of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, Wien (IKW) (Jewish Cultural Community, Vienna), 1939-1942, including correspondence and statements from the housing and emigration departments of the IKW, which provide biographical details of Jews who have suffered persecution under the Nazis and have subsequently fallen on hard times; copies of letters sent from the head office of the IKW to various municipal authorities and the police regarding treatment of individual Jews; report (author unknown) entitled 'Zwölf Fragen über die Auswanderung aus Wien, 1 Januar bis 30 April 1940', in which many aspects of the Jewish emigration from Vienna are discussed; an original Jewish tram pass issued to Berta Brand and 2 pieces of 'Jude' badges (housed in the Wiener Library 'Special Collections').

Papers of 'Breda' war criminals comprise transcript of a radio interview, which deals with misunderstandings concerning the Germans still imprisoned in Breda, 1955; press release of the Dutch embassy (in Germany) regarding the Breda prisoners including lists of the following categories of prisoners: those originally sentenced to death and later commuted to life (with details of their offences); those sentenced to death (with details of their offences); those sentenced to 20 years (with details of their offences); those released in 1952 after serving two thirds of their sentences.

Papers of G A Soedicke-Bayens, 1943-1945, comprise a memoir of events within Holland from 30 September 1943 to 5 May 1945.

Papers of German Confessional Church, 1939-1957, relate to racial origins and aryanism within the German Confessional Church and comprise copies of correspondence including a letter from the temporary directorate of the German Evangelical Church to its regional administrations asking that clergymen submit proof of their Aryan origin, 1939; letter to the temporary directorate of the German Evangelical Church from Alberz and Böhm regarding emigration of those who are non-aryan or related to non-aryans from the German Confessional Church, 1939, and a letter from Alfred Wiener to Pastor Niemoeller, 1957.

Copy of a script for a documentary (which was never produced) about Plitt's capture of Julius Streicher, containing the transcript of an interview with Plitt; various copies of photographs including of Plitt with the captured Robert Ley and Julius Streicher and copy of a New York Times article on the capture of Julius Streicher.

Papers, 1947-1950, relating to the trial of former SA men who were guilty of aggravated breach of the peace on Kristallnacht in Nuremberg, including statements of defendants, indictment, verdict and judgement.

Account of the Hascharah training centre at Braunton, Devon, comprising typescript notes, transcripts and copies of correspondence and other documents annotated by Fred Dunston, 1993.