Showing 292 results

Archival description
GB 1556 WL 649 · 20th Century

Typescript list of Gestapo and SS war criminals, with brief details of the nature of their crimes.

Unknown
GB 1556 WL 825 · Collection · 1940-1945

Copies of lists of hidden Jewish children and their guardians in Belgium during the Nazi occupation, 1940-1945, created by the Comité de defense de Juifs (Jewish Defence Committee).

Committee for Jewish Defence
GB 1556 WL 572 · Collection · 1933-1938

Correspondence of Irmgard Litten, mother of the lawyer Hans Litten (1903-1938), regarding attempts to secure his release from prison, including a letter dated 11 February 1938 from Dachau, containing a list Hans Litten's personal effects.

Litten , Irmgard
GB 1556 WL 1578 · Collection · 1941-1942

Lodz Ghetto papers, 1941-1942, comprise copies of registration cards of Isaak and Martha Teich-Birken, confirming their entry to and departure from the Lodz Ghetto, Poland.

Lodz Ghetto authorities
GB 1556 WL 518 · Collection · 1945

Partial alphabetical list (letters R-Z) of names of the survivors of Lodz ghetto, Poland, during World War Two, including date of birth and last known address (1939). Created, 13-27 June 1945.

Unknown
Lodz Ghetto: Various papers
GB 1556 WL 559 · Collection · 1940s

Microfilm of facsimile documentation from the Lodz ghetto, 1940s, including material on the controversial role of the chairman of the Judenrat, Mordechai Rumkowski, including printed public ghetto announcements in Yiddish and German dealing with such subjects as food rationing, forged ghetto money, saluting Germans, sanitary conditions, the use of electric cookers, and arrangement for the 're-settlement' of ghetto inmates, 1941-1944; fragment of a calendar covering part of the year 1942, the front bears an image of Rumkowski with the ghetto in the background and the month of January opens with the slogans 'work', 'bread', 'care of the sick', 'protection for the children', 'peace in the ghetto'; plan of Lodz ghetto entitled 'plan of Litzmannstadt showing Jewish populated areas' [1940] and school reports from former pupils of the Humanistischen Lyzeum, Lodz.

Lodz Ghetto
GB 1556 WL 1344 · 1979

Account of Paul Loebl's experiences during the Nazi era. It is described as 'a translation of a report to the Director of the VAD'. The original is thought to have been in German. It is not known what the VAD is.

Loebl , Paul , fl 1939-1985
GB 1556 WL 1041 · Collection · 1936-1941

Papers of Lord Fisher of Camden, 1936-1941, comprise a Gestapo file of correspondence and reports relating to the political reliability of Heinrich Niemöller, retired clergyman and father of Martin and Wilhelm Niemöller. It contains original correspondence between the Gestapo offices in Düsseldorf, Bielefeld and Wuppertal, the Reichssicherheitshauptamt and the Reichspressekammer, 1936-1941. The collection also includes a report from the commandant of Dachau concentration camp to the Gestapo, Düsseldorf, relating to Leo Lorch, a Jewish inmate, 1938.

Unknown
GB 1556 WL 819 · Collection · 1938

Copy of a school report, 1938, stating that the pupil (unnamed) being non-aryan will not be allowed to continue to pursue his studies.

Unknown
GB 1556 WL 638 · Collection · 1937-1938

Letters from Otto Löwenstein from prison in Hamburg to his wife, Katia, and child, 28 Mar 1937-13 Mar 1938. The letters are written on prison letter forms, designed for ease of purpose, including date of censor's clearance. Topics include family business and the personal needs of the author. They average one per week.

Löwenstein , Otto , fl 1937-1938
GB 1556 WL 888 · Collection · 1946-1988

Copies of correspondence, 26 Apr 1946-21 Nov 1988, mostly from Hermann Maas, a German protestant minister, to Paul and Martha Rosenzweig, two siblings, Jewish 'Mischlinge' emigrés, whom Maas helped to save from the Nazis.

Maas , Hermann , 1877-1970 , protestant minister Rosenzweig , Paul , fl 1946-1988 , refugee Rosenzweig , Martha , fl 1946-1988 , refugee
GB 1556 WL 1346 · Collection · 1887-1944

Papers of Phillipp Manes comprising the 'Theresienstadt Chronicles', a diary of life in Theresienstadt concentration camp by Manes, 1942-1944; war diaries written by Manes for the benefit of his children, 1939-1942; autobiographical and family history writings; family correspondence; poems and prose and material relating to the German fur industry.

Manes , Philipp , 1875-1944 , fur trader
GB 1556 WL 1212 · 1934

Typescript notice, 1934, from the mayor of Nuremberg instructing council officials to ensure that they always use 'correct' German, (free from foreign influence). The last paragraph strongly urges individuals, professions, businesses etc be described in terms of their ethnicity: either German or Jewish.

Mayor of Nuremberg
GB 1556 WL 1414 · Collection · 1915-1936

Papers of Franz Mendelsohn, 1915-1936, primarily comprising copies of correspondence of a German Jew in London (Mendelsohn), with his wife and friends still in Germany around the time of his arrival in Great Britain, June 1934. Later correspondence (1936) shows evidence of his arrival in Cape Town, South Africa. There is additional evidence which suggests that Mendelsohn must have returned to Germany at some point as his departure with his wife and son is recorded in the 13 Aug 1940 issue of the Deutscher Reichsanzeiger und Preussischer Staatsanzeiger, Nr. 188.

Mendelsohn , Franz , b 1899
GB 1556 WL 703 · Collection · 1942

Letter from SS Oberreiter Emmerich Menzner to his friends back home, describing life in the regiment and in particular making reference to an apparent war crime which his unit carried out, 1942.

Menzner , Emmerich , fl 1939-1942 , SS cavalryman
Merzbach family papers
GB 1556 WL 1236 · 1793-1924

Letters of condolence from colleagues in the banking world on the death of Wilhelm Merzbach, 1924. In additon there are some original and copy documents dating back to the era of the ghetto and the 'protected Jew'.

Merzbach family
GB 0097 COLL MISC 0494 · Collection · 1921-1930

This collection contains photocopies and photographs of original letters from Ernst Meyer; Copies of his reports to the Politburo, the Zentral Komitee and the Comintern, 1928-1930; Statements and resolutions by Ernst Meyer, 1921, 1926, 1929; letters to and from Meyer by G Zinoviev, A Thalheimer, W Ulbricht and others, 1922-1929.

Meyer, Ernst, 1887-1930, Chairman of the German Communist Party
GB 0099 KCLMA MF 338-339 · 1945, 1980

Potsdam Conference Documents, 1945: The Presidential Documents Series is a themed microfilm collection including the personal and official documents and correspondence of President Harry S Truman during proceedings of the Potsdam Conference, 29 Mar-2 Aug 1945. Papers are drawn from a variety of originating bodies including US President Harry S Truman; US Gen of the Army George Catlett Marshall; US Gen of the Army Douglas MacArthur; Gen Dwight David Eisenhower, Supreme Commander Allied Forces Europe; George Frost Kennan, US Chargé d'affaires in Moscow; Rt Hon Winston (Leonard Spencer) Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain (until 26 Jul 1945); Rt Hon Clement Richard Attlee, Prime Minister of Great Britain (after 28 Jul 1945); Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek; Soviet Premier Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin; the US Joint Chiefs of Staff; and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. Papers relate to US foreign policy concerning the reconstruction of Western Europe; the partition, de-nazification, demilitarisation, and future reparations payments of Germany; the trial of major war criminals; the unconditional surrender of Japan; former Axis satellite states; Austria; Yugoslavia; the withdrawal of Allied forces from Iran; the retention of Allied forces in Italy; Lend-Lease liquidation; Bulgarian reparations payments to Greece; the reconstruction of Poland, Czechoslovakia; Yugoslavia and the Balkans; Anglo-Soviet rivalry in the Middle East; civil affairs in China.

President Harry S Truman, and political and military representatives at the Potsdam Conference, 1945
GB 0099 KCLMA MF 321-322 · 1939-1942,

The Private War Journal of Generaloberst Franz Halder, Chief of the General Staff of the Supreme Command of the German Army, 1939- 1942 is a microfilmed copy of the desk journal of Generaloberst Franz Halder. In 1938, Generaloberst [Col Gen] Franz Halder took office as Chief of the General Staff of the German Army, Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), openly declaring himself opposed to the Nazi leadership of the German Armed Forces. By 1939, however, Hitler had begun to direct much of the operational decision making of the OKH. Although Halder would continue to voice opposition to the more impractical military directives, he nonetheless complied with the strategic demands proposed by Hitler and the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the Supreme Command of the German Armed Forces. From 1938-1942, Halder's duties were confined to operational decision making and desk planning, analysing reports sent to him by his subordinates and conferring with officers of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), the Supreme Command of the German Army, over administrative, operational, and logistical matters. Halder's short-hand notes and daily entries in his Kriegstagebücher summarised each day's work and acted as an aide mémoire to events, 1938-1942. The journal reflects the detail, routine, and bureaucracy encountered by Halder and his staff, as well as the decision making process between Halder, the General Staff, and Adolf Hitler. Kept by Halder personally, the journal should not be confused with the official War Diaries kept by the Supreme Command of the German Army. Intended to serve as a notebook, the diary does not furnish a complete record of all activities, 1939-1942; rather it reflects the German High Command decision making structure as well as the character of many German senior officers, including FM (Karl Rudolf) Gerd von Runstedt, FM Erich von Manstein, and Col Gen Heinz Guderian. After the war, the journal was introduced by the Prosecution as a documentary exhibit in the record of the case entitled the United States of America vs Wilhelm von Leeb et al, brought before Military Tribunal V (FM Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, Commander Army Group North, was tried for minor war crimes in 1948). The journal was subsequently translated and reduced to typewritten form from the original notes under the guidance of Phillip Willner, Chief of the Reporting Branch (German) of the Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, Office of the Military Government for Germany. It was then reviewed with Halder for continuity and published soon thereafter.

Generaloberst Franz Halder, Chief of the General Staff, Supreme Command of the German Army, 1938-1942
GB 0099 KCLMA MISC 68 · 1946-1947

Cuttings from the Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, 1946-1947, including serialised extracts from The Last Days of Hitler (Macmillan, London, 1947), by Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, 26 Nov-11 Dec 1946; three serialised extracts from Calculated Risk: the story of the war in the Mediterranean (Harper and Bros, 1950), about the Allied landings in North Africa, 1942, by Gen Mark Wayne Clark, 27-29 Jan 1947; article by former US Secretary of State for War, Henry L Stimson, entitled 'The decision to use the atomic bomb', 14 Feb 1947; three articles by former Prime Minister Rt Hon Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill relating to the development of the Truman Doctrine and aid to Greece and Turkey, 12-15 Apr 1947.

Daily Telegraph and Morning Post
GB 0099 KCLMA MISC 31 · 1937

Typescript chart, in German, detailing the organisation and function of the different levels of the German National Socialist Democratic Workers' (Nazi) party, 1937

Untitled
GB 0099 KCLMA MISC 60 · 1953-1956

Typescript article, in German, relating to German military leadership during the Battle of Stalingrad, Sep 1942-Jan 1943, based on the recollections of FM Friedrich Paulus, commander German 6 Army at Stalingrad, 1942-1943, and prisoner of war in the Soviet Union, 1943-1950; the article is entitled Beitrag zum Verständnis von Führungsentscheidungen während der Schlacht um Stalingrad 1942-43 and was written and edited by Paulus's son, Ernst Alexander Paulus, 1959-1963

FM Friedrich Paulus; Ernst Alexander Paulus
GB 1556 WL 544 · 1940-1958

The copy correspondence and papers in this collection document the systematic theft of Jewish property following the ransacking of Jewish lodges, libraries and archives; the subsequent confiscation of all art works in Jewish hands throughout Europe and their dispatch to Germany in special trains; and the plunder of the homes of Jews deported to the East collectively known in Germany as 'Möbelaktion'.

United Restitution Office
GB 1556 WL 1336 · 1929-1982

Papers, 1929-1982, documenting the lives of Paul Morgan and his wife Josa Morgan-Ruffner comprising correspondence, draft play scripts, newspaper articles, scrap-books of news cuttings, photographs and ephemera.

Ruffner , Josa , Morgan- , fl 1910-1960 , journalist x Morgan-Ruffner
Nabe, Gerda (fl 1935-1936)
GB 1556 WL 1253 · 1935-1936

School project by Gerda Nabe on Nazism, 1935-1936. The project begins by reporting the elections in Saarland, when the residents chose to revert back to Germany again and provides a history of the region and its people. It goes on to commemorate the deaths of fallen Nazi 'heroes'. It then marks the date that Hitler became Chancellor, going on to list his 'achievements' to 1935, including withdrawal from the League of Nations, introduction of new army regulations and build up of the airforce. The remaining work is a chronological listing of dates significant to the Nazi calendar, illustrated by descriptions of the most important such as the 'shameful' Treaty of Versailles; the infamous Nuremberg rally and the founding of the Nazi party. Noteworthy is the illustration of the Nuremberg Laws in the form of a family diagram depicting the levels of purity and 'mixedness', for which she received the top mark.

Nabe , Gerda , fl 1935-1936
Nazi Black List
GB 1556 WL 1330 · 1945

Transcript of a telex of the names on the Nazi Black List of people to be arrested in the event of a successful German invasion of Great Britain, dated 1945.

Nazi secret police
GB 1556 WL 846 · Collection · 1944

Copy of a letter from the head of a section in the German Foreign Office in Berlin, Wagner to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Head of Security Police, 5 Jul 1944, containing a German translation of an intercepted telegram from the British Legation in Bern to the British Foreign Office, London. The latter contains an account of the systematic murder of millions of European Jews by the Nazis with particular reference to the fate of the Hungarian Jewish population.

German Foreign Office
GB 1556 WL 767 · Collection · 1938

Confidential circular sent by the Ministry of Education and Science at the request of the Ministry of the Interior, 4 Feb 1938, stating that an enquiry is to be made into the marital status of civil servants and that promotion is not to be given to those unmarried or childless after 2 years of marriage unless there are good reasons.

Ministry of Education and Science (Nazi Germany)
GB 1556 WL 884 · Collection · 1941-1942

Copies of papers, 1941-1942, documenting Nazi fascination for and persecution of Freemasonry on the island of Jersey, Channel Islands, in the immediate aftermath of the looting of Jersey's Masonic Temple in 1941, comprising memorandum by Dr Bottner entitled 'Exploitation of the Lodge material of the Channel Islands Jersey and Guernsey', 1 Feb 1941, with covering letter addressed to Martin Bormann, probably written by Alfred Rosenberg, 4 Feb 1941; memorandum from Hermann Göring to Alfred Rosenberg issuing instructions that the latter should be given every assistance in the search for further material; English translation of the Adolf Hitler's decree authorising Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg to search libraries, archives and other cultural institutions in order to conduct the 'systematic spiritual fight against the ideological opponents of National Socialism', 1 Mar 1942 and supplement to an article entitled 'The Sack of the Masonic Temple in Jersey by the Nazis in 1941' by W. Bro. Dennis G. Perrin containing a detailed description of the context and significance of the above documents.

Untitled
GB 1556 WL 709 · Collection · 1937-1940s

Papers relating to Nazi propaganda against Great Britain including list of Nazi propagandists against Great Britain giving brief biographical details and letter from Dorothy Woodman, secretary of The Union of Democratic Control to Dr Warburg of the Jewish Board of Deputies regarding Max Kohl, a Nazi propagandist who had addressed a meeting held by the Salisbury Post War Brotherhood, 1937.

Unknown
Nazi propaganda leaflets
GB 1556 WL 833 · Collection · [1934]

Copies of Nazi propaganda leaflets including a leaflet announcing a solidarity meeting to be held in Trier, 1 July 1934; appeal to Roman Catholic boys and girls to join the Hitler Youth, refuting the accusation that the Hitler Youth movement is a heathen organisation that seeks the extirpation of religion.

National Socialist German Workers Party x Nazi Party
GB 1556 WL 910 · Collection · 1943-1946

Papers concerning Nazi war crimes, comprise an unrelated collection of papers which document Nazi war crimes, notably including a copy of a circular letter, with certified English translation, of the inspector of the Sicherheitspolizei and SD regarding the special treatment of foreign workers, 1945; report of a 'work education camp' at Lahde-Weser and Liebenau and certified translations of documents from the Sicherheitspolizei and SD regarding 'special treatment' of resistance movement members at Auschwitz, 1943.

Various
Nazis in Greece
GB 1556 WL 1360 · Collection · 1940s-1990s

Copies of primary and secondary sources from archives in USA, Germany, Greece and Great Britain on the Nazi occupation of Greece and the persecution of Greece's Jewish population, used by Mark Mazower for his book, Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944, (Yale University Press, 1993). Mark Mazower provides a commentary on the sources and their value in the chapter 'Notes on Sources'.

Mazower , Mark , b 1958 , historian
GB 1556 WL 565b · Collection · 1975-1978

Microfilm of lists of names of Nazis who survived World War Two, [1975] and correspondence between H Rubin and various institutions regarding Nazis who survived the war, 1975-1978.

Rubin , H , fl 1975
Neo-Nazi material (1980s)
GB 1556 WL 632 · Collection · [1980-1989]

Copies of German neo-Nazi material, [1980-1989] including periodicals; publications of (or about) neo-Nazi organisations in Germany; articles on neo-Nazi activities from the German press.

Unknown
Neues Leben (New Life)
GB 1556 WL 1215 · 1934

Papers of Neues Leben, the club devoted to nudism, including a membership list, 1934; article on its foundation; and miscellaneous papers.

Neues Leben , nudist club
GB 1556 WL 1023 · 1850-1984

Papers of the Neumann family, 1850-1984. Comprising early family documents including a will of 1864 from the Stern family, death notices and certificates of mostly Stern family members and travel pass for Emil Neumann, dated 1922; personal papers of Ludwig Neumann including passports and id cards (unnumbered) amongst which is a Reisepass of the Third Reich stamped with the letter 'J'; copy birth and death certificates, membership cards of the Reichsbund Jüdischer Frontsoldaten (National League of Jewish Combatants) and death notices; personal papers and correspondence of Dina Neumann and Luise Elkisch Neumann including passports and identity cards, testimonials; correspondence from Nazi authorities and British authorities; 'Familienstammbuch' (document registering a marriage) of Richard Elkisch; English hate-mail received around the time of naturalisation, c 1947; personal papers and correspondence of Ludwig Neumann, mostly relating to the re-establishment of the company, Neumann and Mendel in Mönchengladbach. Membership certificates for organisations including the Jewish Community, Mönchengladbach, 1950s; papers regarding transfer of money to Germany; various travel papers; papers regarding tax; papers regarding compensation; family correspondence mostly between Luise and her brother Ludwig (aka Lutz) comprising postcards and small letters, 1919-1947 (mostly 1940s and post war); letters, 1921-1984, many between friends and former acquaintances immediately after the war; early 1950s correspondence, mostly between Luise and Ludwig during Ludwig's stay in Mönchengladbach and business papers.

Neumann family
GB 1556 WL 745 · 1933-1939

Correspondence from Hellmut Lange to Jessie Nicholson including newspaper cuttings c1935; Correspondence from German friends to Jessie Nicholson. Whilst precious little is known about the recipient of the letters, they provide a valuable insight into the mentality of an ordinary German whose nationalist and antisemitic leanings develop into full-blown Nazi sympathy by the outbreak of war.

Nicholson , Jesse , fl 1933-1939 , teacher
GB 1556 WL 841 · Collection · 1941

Information sheets and circulars disseminating information and instructions from the Nazi party hierarchy, via the regional offices of the NSDAP Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord (North Rhine-Westphalia) to lower level officials, 2 Apr 1941-25 Aug 1941. Topics include orders on the evacuation of women and children; instructions regarding restrictions of Mischlinge and Gypsies and advice on how to deal with enemy propaganda.

National Socialist German Workers Party x Nazi Party
GB 1556 WL MF 29 · 1912-1945

Microfilm of papers from the Nationalsozialistische DeutscheArbeiterpartei (NSDAP) Hauptarchiv, comprising material relating to the history of the NSDAP, in particular the years 1919-1933 (material back to 1890 was collected to encompass the political and ideological forerunners of Nazism, including material on other 'Voelkisch' movements and the Deutsche Demokratische Partei); material on Hitler including personal papers and correspondence of the family; reports from old party militants particularly relating to the attempted coup, 9 Nov 1923; the literary estates of some prominent old party members including Anton Drexler and Dietrich Eckhardt; papers on Nazi organisations and affiliated groups, particularly pre 1933; material on the organisation of the 'Reichsparteitage'; correspondence from Germans all over the world during the mid 1930s; private archive of Abt Schachleiter, a prominent Nazi and Catholic Church dignitary; files from the Munich police and the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior relating to the NSDAP but also other 'voelkisch' groups.

Microfilms of the Julius Streicher collection including writings on the 'Jewish Question'; correspondence with Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft; Nuremberg court trial judgement against Streicher and prison correspondence from Stadelheim.

Microfilms of the Heinrich Himmler collection including personal documentation from youth including school reports; correspondence with parents, 1917-1922; correspondence with daughter, 1927-1941; appointments diaries, 1940s; family pedigree research material; correspondence with Marga and diaries.

Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei x NSDAP x National Socialist German Workers Party x Nazi Party
GB 1556 WL 1144 · Collection · 1938-1944

Papers of the office of Reichsführer SS, 1938-1944, mostly emanate from the office of Reichsführer SS and deal with administrative matters. The collection comprises correspondence between the office of the Reichsführer SS and Reichskulturwalter Hans Hinkel (mainly) regarding administrative and cultural matters, 1939-1944 and an incomplete monthly information sheet Befehle und Mitteilungen, 1939-1942. It most notably includes two original letters from Reichsführer SS, Himmler (1144/1/14-/23); an incomplete set of an in-house information sheet providing instructions to SS members on a variety of matters such as dress protocol for visits to concentration camps by SS members (1144/2/4); qualification for wearing the 'Death's Head' ring of the SS (1144/2/2); and orders forbidding membership of clubs deemed inappropriate.

Reichsführer SS
GB 1556 WL 1136 · 1941-1947

Correspondence of the Ohly family, 1941-1947. This collection documents in part the experiences of a German Jewish family from Munich. The papers include original correspondence from friends and relatives and material from the Jewish organisations which arranged the details of the transport to Terezin. Includes: correspondence from Karl Traumann in Gurs, 1941, and Anna Ansbacher, Switzerland, 1945; papers and instructions from the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (Jewish Community), Munich and the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (National Organisation of German Jews) and postcards from Terezin to Gertrud Ohly from Lotte Pariser, 1944.

Ohly family
Oppenheim family papers
GB 1556 WL 864 · Collection · 1939-1943

Copies of the papers of the Oppenheim family of Kassel, 1939-1943, including travel documents, references, correspondence with the Refugee Children's Movement and typescript family history by Julius Oppenheim.

Oppenheim family
GB 1556 WL 1180 · 1938

Order from the Führer des SS Oberabschnittes Österreich, Vienna, to all SS units referring to an order of Gauleiter Buerckel that all section leaders were to be responsible for preventing actions by the SS against Jews and that if measures have to be taken against Jews these would be carried out by the authorities and the Gestapo, 5 April 1938.

Führer des SS Oberabschnittes Österreich , Vienna
GB 1556 WL 994 · Collection · [1938-1944]

Papers of Ordinary German women, [1938-1944], comprise copies of diary entries praising the Führer and written by a German woman whilst expecting her child and after his birth, at and near Bielefeld, Westfalia, 1938-1939, and a manuscript collection of essays in praise of Hitler and the German Volk by Frau E Hennig, [1944].

Unknown
GB 1556 WL 1050 · Collection · 1968-1970

Papers of Osnabrück war crimes trial and appeal, 1968-1970, comprise a trial judgement against 5 former members of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, in which the state court of Osnabrück found 3 of the defendants guilty of mass murder and 2 of being accomplices to mass murder in Italy in 1943, 1968, and a trial judgement of the appeal of the 5 defendants, in which the Bundesgerichtshof upheld the appeal on the grounds that the period of 20 years under the statute of limitations had lapsed, 1970.

Unknown