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Papers of Jeremy Bentham, 1750-1885, consist of drafts and notes for published and unpublished works, and cover many subjects including: Bentham's codification proposal, a plan to replace existing law with a codified system, an idea which manifested itself in Constitutional Code (London, 1830), a blueprint for representative democracy and an entirely open and fully accountable government, 1815-1832; penal code, which involved penal law giving effect to the rights and duties of civil law, [1773]-1831; punishment, to certain actions which, on account of their tendency to diminish the greatest happiness, would be classified as offences, [1773-1826]; Bentham's Panopticon, a way of maintaining and employing convicts in a new invented building, 1785-1813; Chrestomathia, the secondary school designed by Bentham, 1815-1826; evidence in law, [1780]-1823; religion, and the Church, 1800-1830; logic, ethics, deontology (the science of morality), morals, utilitarianism and the greatest happiness principle, 1794-1834; political economy, [1790]-1819; Supply without burthen or Escheat vice taxation, a proposal for saving taxes, 1793-1795; legislation, including law amendment and law reform, [1770-1843]; procedure, and procedure codes, [1780]-1830; law and issues in other countries, including Greece, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium and Tripoli, 1810-1830; A Comment on the Commentaries, being a criticism of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, also Bentham's and Blackstone's views on civil code, [1774]-1830; sexual nonconformity, [1774]-1816; Scotch reform, 1804-1809; Court of Lords delegates, 1807-1821; parliamentary papers, and parliamentary reform, [1790]-1831; poor law, and poor plan, 1796-[1845]; correspondence, 1761-1866, including a corrected draft letter to James Madison, President of the United States of America, in which Bentham made an offer to draw up a complete code of laws for the USA, 1811.

Papers of the Parkes family, 1634-1865. The main part of the collection consists of letters to Joseph Parkes. In addition, there are a few letters to his elder brother Josiah, to their father John, and to other members of the family. There are also a few miscellaneous papers. The Parkes family deeds are also part of the collection, consisting of family deeds, subsidiary title deeds, grants of mineral rights, deeds held as Trustees, and miscellaneous. The deeds are dated 1634-1800 and the correspondence is dated 1801-1865.

Papers of the writer Sir Richard Rees, c1920-1970 and undated.

Manuscripts and typescripts for Rees' published and unpublished work include material for an unpublished book of essays; a typescript of his unpublished novel; unpublished shorter pieces, including lectures on literary and cultural subjects, among them George Orwell and Simone Weil.

Miscellaneous personal papers and writings, 1926-1960s, include notes on dreams; travel notes on the USA, 1929; a Russian diary, 1935; papers relating to the Spanish Civil War; typescript papers of the International Commission for War Refugees, 1941-1944, and other correspondence and papers on its work; papers relating to Rees' service in World War Two; correspondence concerning Rees' membership of the committee of the Pilgrim Trust; papers relating to sales of Rees' books; printed papers, comprising various articles and book reviews relating to Rees' interests.

Correspondence, c1920-1970, comprises items to Rees and carbon copies or drafts of his letters, the correspondents including prominent literary and other public figures, for example David Astor, Vanessa Bell, Joseph Conrad, Victor Gollancz, Frieda Lawrence, Iris Murdoch, Sonia Orwell, Sir Herbert Read, Hugh Trevor-Roper, A L Rowse, John Sparrow, Stephen Spender, R H Tawney, and many others, and including letters relating to George Orwell, J Middleton Murry, R H Tawney, and Simone Weil; correspondence with his literary agents A D Peters and with publishers, on his publications and broadcasts; letters to the press; personal papers, including c100 letters from Rees to his mother, c1938-c1942, other family letters, and snapshots; correspondence with J Middleton Murry and his wife, 1936-1937, relating to personal matters leading to Rees' resignation from the Adelphi, and other papers relating to the Adelphi, 1935-1936.

Other material includes a notebook including typescript reviews and letters to editors; memoranda of agreements with publishers for books, articles, etc, 1954-1969; press cuttings on various political, literary, artistic, and other subjects, including reviews of some works by Rees; typescript diary of a visit to Italy, 1959.

Rees' papers on George Orwell, 1949-1963, relating to his role as literary executor include correspondence and papers, some relating to Orwell's death, adopted son Richard, and proposed posthumous publications, and including material relating to his wife Sonia; papers on the George Orwell Archive Trust; typescript transcripts of poems Orwell contributed to the Adelphi, 1933-1936; two book reviews by Orwell, 1943-1944.

Rees' papers on Simone Weil largely comprise translations, typescripts and proofs for Rees' publications on Weil. There are also some writings by Weil; a photograph of her, 1942; letters to Rees from Weil's mother and brother, André, and other correspondence on Weil, 1958-1970; press cuttings on Rees' publications on Weil.

Rees' papers on R H Tawney, relating to his role as literary executor, include correspondence and papers of Tawney; Rees' correspondence on Tawney, largely dating from 1960-1970; correspondence and papers relating to the sale of Tawney's belongings and his will, with other personal documents relating to Tawney and his wife; correspondence relating to the disposal of Tawney's collection of books on economic history, 1952. The correspondents include a number of prominent literary and other public figures.

The later deposit comprises a typescript on Orwell and a typescript and corrected proofs on Murry.

The collection represents the contacts through two centuries of a group of men and women of high distinction ramifying through the medical, legal and literary worlds. It forms a not unimportant fund of minor historical material, comprising more than a thousand letters from nearly five hundred writers.

The autograph letters are mounted in 10 large volumes: -

1. Letterbook of John Arbuthnot (1667-1735). The most interesting letters are those of Pope and Swift and their circle written in 1714 when the Queen's death involved the destruction of their political hopes. Letterbook of William Hunter (1719-1783). It includes letters from Tobias Smollett the novelist, from Dr. Johnson thanking Hunter for presenting his book to the King, and from Edward Gibbon 'proposing himself the pleasure of attending some of Dr. Hunter's Anatomical lectures.'

2. Hunter and Baillie family letters and reminiscences, including the letters written by John to William Hunter from active service in 1761-62; poems by Sophia Baillie, Jenner family letters.

   3. Letters to Matthew Baillie from the Royal Princesses. Letters of the Bentham family, including three from Jeremy Bentham. Autograph letter collection includes letters from Thomas Carlyle and Charles Dickens. 1735 - 1845

3. Denman family collection; autographs collections of Lady Bell and Dr. William Whewell; letters of John Baron, Edward Jenner's biographer; fragment of unpublished music by Mozart; letters from Joanna Baillie's friends including c.1782-1877

4. Letters to Joanna Baillie includes letters from Sir Walter Scott and Maria Edgeworth. Various dates

5. William Hunter's diplomas, and letters to him, Hunter family documents, and notes on family history compiled by Joanna and Matthew Baillie. Locks of hair and christening caps worn by Hunter family. Various dates

6. Matthew Baillie's letters to William Hunter includes material relating to treatment of George III and to his wife Sophia (Denman) and his diplomas. C. 1783-1823

7. Matthew Baillie's professional correspondence including notes on illness of George III and on labour of Princess Charlotte. Letter to Helen Hunter Baillie from George Peachy re Matthew Baillie's notebooks (1923). 1783-1923

8. Joanna Baillie's letters and papers relating to her plays, sale of her works, mss. of two stories and a comedy, letters from Mrs Sigourney, Henry Siddons, Anne Hunter, Mary Somerville; Agnes Baillie's reminiscences, prescriptions by Matthew Baillie

9. Princess Mary's letters to Baillie concerning the illness of Princess Amelia, Anne Hunter's autograph poems, libretto of Haydn's Creation; account of death of Princess Charlotte.

   The Hunter Baillie collection comprises also a number of manuscript books, the oldest of which is a commonplace book of the early eighteenth century, giving details of family history of the Hunters. Matthew Baillie's notebooks include: -

Journal of a tour in Europe in 1788 and A short memoir of my life, 1818. 'Some brief observations from my own experience upon a considerable number of diseases', in two volumes. n.d. With these are his casebooks, fee-books and other professional notes, including details of his attendance on King George III. Baillie records that his total annual fees mounted from £121 in 1792 to £9,995 in 1815.

The manuscript is entitled Memoranda on the State and Resources of Great Britain., 1751.

Manuscript volume containing a treatise by Marc Antonio Cartagna, 14 May 1651, giving political and economic advice to the Venetian Republic which could result in a large annual income, entitled 'Consiglio politico economico proposito...alla serenissima Reipublica di Venetia per stabilire un'entrata annua perpetua di grossissima somma di ducati, con notabilissimo benefico publico e privato'.

Letters, drafts and notes, 1830-1831, on agriculture, trade with the colonies, bullionism and other matters regarding politics and trade often in connection with fellow customs official Augustus Grenville Stapleton.

Letter from Richard Brash of 4 Printers Place, Spa Road, Bermondsey, London to Mr Joseph Hume MP of 6 Bryanston Square, Oxford Street, London, 13 Sep 1826. Accompanying 2 copies of Brash's books. 'The first was intended to arouse the minds of the people in favour of the Greeks, and the second to overturn Cobbett's misleading principles.' On the dorse is written: 'his books are mere nonsense', and (in another hand) 'Recd and ansd 13 Sept. 1826. thanks for his pamphlets and that I cannot assist him'.

Autograph, with signature. Bears a seal marked: R B.

Letter from Charles Jenkinson (1st Earl of Liverpool) of Addiscombe Place to James Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale, 24 Aug 1793. Returning to him a copy of Turgot's Réflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses (1788). 'It contains all that Mr Adam Smith has written on the influence of capital and on the commerce of a nation; but M. Turgot develops his principles in a more neat and clear manner by far, than Adam Smith, who appea[rs] to have borrowed greatly from him'.

Autograph, with signature.

(a) Letter from Robert F Crawford of 55 College Place, Camden Town, [London] to Sir James Hannen, president of the Parnell enquiry, 6 Feb 1888. Covering letter accompanying copies of Crawford's published writings, including A political essay on money and Letters on usury.

(b) Covering note from Sir Henry Cunynghame, Probate Division, Royal Courts of Justice, [c1925-1935]. Forwarding Crawford's letter and works to Professor H S Foxwell, [University of London Library].

Both letters are autograph, with signatures.

2 letters from E R Le Mare of Hazelwood, Clevedon, Somerset to J O Chadwick of 46 Bolton Road, St John's Wood, London.

(1) Urging Chadwick to enter the House of Commons - 'we want practical men, men who will dare to think for themselves, and maintain their opinions'; with part of the envelope, bearing stamps and the address, 31 October 1879.

(2) Describing how Le Mare is 82 years old and nearly blind. To write, he uses 'a frame of woodwork with a frame of wire work laid upon it with thin bars across to keep the lines straight, 7 November 1879.

Autographs, with signatures.

Letter from Thomas Robert Malthus of London to [David] Ricardo, Esq of Gatcombe Park, Minchin Hampton, Gloucestershire, 9 Oct 1814. 'I think that a letter now and then on these subjects will do us no harm, and perhaps may be the means of settling some important points relating to the metaphysics of Political Economy'.

Autograph, with signature. A note states that Ricardo replied on 23 Oct 1814.

Correspondence of William Carey, John Campbell, Jospeh Hume, Thomas Babington Macaulay and John Philips, 1805-1847, comprising a letter from Joseph Hume to John Campbell, Apr 1843, regarding the petition from Montrose against the Factory Bill; a letter from Thomas Babington Macaulay to an unknown recipient, 6 Apr 1847, regarding the probable loss of his seat in Parliament; a letter from John Philips of Aberdeen to his brother, 19 Apr 1815; a letter from William Carey of Calcutta, to his father, 31 Dec 1805, describing conditions in India; and a letter from John Campbell to his "Christian Brethren" in Copenhagen, 7 Jan 1807.

Press cuttings, printed material and typescript duplicated circulars sent to Welsh Independent Labour Party (ILP) branches by R Stanton, the ILP Welsh Divisional Secretary: Volume 1. Press cuttings and leaflets 1922-1924, includes some copies of the "ILP Chronicle"; Volume 2. Circulars, 1923; Volume 3. Circulars, 1924; Volume 4. Circulars, 1925, includes list of branches and their secretaries, and rough list of contents of the volume; Volume 5. Circulars, 1926; Volume 6. Circulars, 1927; Volume 7. Circulars, 1928.

General and Executive Committee minute book of the South Paddington Divisional Labour Party.

24 letters from Richard Cobden to Thomas Thomasson on political and personal matters and one memorandum (2 letters incomplete).

This collection contains photocopies and photographs of original letters from Ernst Meyer; Copies of his reports to the Politburo, the Zentral Komitee and the Comintern, 1928-1930; Statements and resolutions by Ernst Meyer, 1921, 1926, 1929; letters to and from Meyer by G Zinoviev, A Thalheimer, W Ulbricht and others, 1922-1929.

Papers of Independent Labour Party (ILP) Branch members: File 1. Papers of R W Rawlins, Secretary of the ILP London and Southern Counties Division 1930-1959. File 2. Press cuttings of the ILP and communism in Britain, probably collected by R W Rawlins 1908-1959. File 3. Papers of Ernst Spencer, ILP Rochester Branch. Includes papers on the Rochester Municipal Election 1908 and a letter to R E Dowse about Rochester ILP 1908-1959. File 4. Papers of R E Muirhead, Glasgow. Includes resolutions of the Scottish Provisional Conference and correspondence with Central Office regarding General Election results 1918-1924 with statistical annexes 1918-1926. File 5. Letter from Benjamin Sachs to Robert Edward Dwose regarding the ILP 1959.

Minutes of the Independent Labour Party Fifth Division (East Anglia including Norwich, Ipswich, Great Yarmouth and March).

Political papers of Alan Crosland Graham. The early papers refer to his appointment as private secretary to the Earl of Balfour, Secretary of State for War, from 1925 to 1929, and Viscount Halisham, President of the Council, from 1932 to 1935, and his parliamentary contests at Stirling, Denbigh, Darwen and Wirral. During World War Two his papers illustrate an involvement in anti-Nazi and anti-Communist groups in Europe, and there are files relating to Austria, Poland, France and the Never Again Committee.

Official programme of Reform League demonstration in London, 3 Dec 1866, giving details of times and places of meeting, routes of processions etc.

Material for a biography of Robert Edward Dell, 1895-1973, collected by his elder daughter Sylvia Blelloch in the 1960s, notably family correspondence, 1854-1940, mainly between Dell and his wife and daughters; general correspondence to Robert and Sylvia Dell, 1889-1973, with correspondents including Edmund Bishop concerning Catholic affairs, Clifford Sharpe, Dorothy Frances Buxton (wife of Charles Roden Buxton), Joseph Cailleux (French Minister of Finance), Herbert George Wells, Rabbi Stephen Wise (Rabbi of the Free Synagogue, New York), Maxim Litvinov (Soviet Foreign Minister), Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (President of the League of Nations Union), and Diana Sheean (wife of James Vincent Sheean); letters and press cuttings relating to the publication of Germany unmasked (Martin Hopkinson, London, 1934) and The Geneva racket, 1920-1939 (Robert Hale, London, 1921), 1934-1973; papers concerning Dell's relations with Anatole France, [1913-1939], including typescript copies and photocopies of correspondence between the two, [1913-1922], material relating to the Cercle Carre, and a typescript of part of 'Anatole France as I knew him' by Dell, [1930-1939]; rough draft of an autobiography by Dell, [1930-1940]; typescript articles by Dell, 1900-1940, mainly concerning European politics following World War One, especially relating to Germany and France, and the build up to World War Two; published pamphlets and articles by Dell, 1899-1940, notably relating to Catholicism, foreign affairs, and the Geneva League Assembly; biographical material relating to Dell, [1950s-1960s], including papers relating to Dell's membership of the Fabian Society, his work as Editor of the Surrey Mirror, his work as a Catholic modernist, as well as photographs, certificates and correspondence of Sylvia Blelloch relating to her research.

Papers of the Rt Hon Evan Frank Mottram Durbin, 1918-1948, comprising lectures and notes on miscellaneous subjects, 1935-1944, including English politics, socialism, social history, peace and war, Russia, sociology and economics; secondary historical material, 1931-1944, namely working and research notes by Durbin; correspondence collected by Elisabeth Durbin from his papers and correspondents, 1928-1961, including Reginald Bassett, Sir (Henry) Roy (Forbes) Harrod, John Maynard Keynes, the Rt Hon Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell, the Rt Hon Clement Richard Attlee, (Edward) Hugh (John Neale) Dalton, Baron Dalton, and the Rt Hon Sir (Richard) Stafford Cripps, as well as papers and correspondence relating to his political work, his election as an MP, and his appointment to the Ministry of Works; material relating to monetary and trade cycle theory, 1935-1948, mainly comprising lecture notes on economics, psychology, causes of war, political theory, and general politics, with associated correspondence; galley proofs of articles by Durbin on economics, 1935-1946, with royalty statements, 1940-1946; copies of The Times relating to the Colonial Education Committee, 1945; working materials, drafts and transcripts of 'The economics of democratic society' by Durbin, 1942-1943; press cuttings of reviews of published works, 1932-1942; papers relating to Oxford University, 1918-1940, mainly comprising notes, essays, letters and examination papers; drafts and manuscripts of Purchasing power and trade depression: a critique of under-consumption theories (Jonathan Cape, London and Toronto, 1933); material relating to Taunton School, 1918-1939, including school exercise books, correspondence and notes; notes, research and texts for lectures on economics, [1938-1947], notably monetary theory, economic history, industrial fluctuations, taxation and land tenure; drafts and notes for research articles, mainly unpublished, [1937-1939]; personal financial material, 1935-1948.

Papers of Professor Ernest André Gellner, [1946]-1996, notably correspondence with friends and colleagues, [1946-1995], including Professor Sir Isaiah Berlin, Professor (Avram) Noam Chomsky, Professor Bernard Rowland Crick, Professor John Horsley Russell Davis, Professor Ralf Dahrendorf, Baron Dahrendorf of Clare Market, Professor Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, Professor Sir Raymond (William) Firth, Professor (Walter) Bryce Gallie, Sir Victor Gollancz, Professor John Rankine (Jack) Goody, Professor Richard Mervyn Hare, Professor Sir Edmund Ronald Leach, Professor Claude Lévi-Strauss, Anne Mary Lonsdale, Professor Alan Donald James Macfarlane, (Jean) Iris Murdoch, Professor Sir Karl (Raimund) Popper, Professor Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, Professor Gilbert Ryle, Professor Edward W Said, Charles Percy Snow, Baron Snow, George Soros, Professor Alfred Stepan, Professor (Ann) Marilyn Strathern, and Professor Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams; material relating to Gellner's teaching work at the London School of Economics and Cambridge University, 1977-1989, including individual files relating to his PhD students, 1977-1984, and correspondence with Macfarlane regarding the administration of the Anthropology Department at Cambridge, 1988-1989; papers created during Gellner's time as Director of the Centre for the Study of Nationalism at the central European University, 1992-1996, notably correspondence with students, material relating to conferences, Senate papers, documents concerning the financial future of the Centre, details of project funding and grant proposals, and correspondence relating to the Erasmus Chair at Warsaw University; material relating to field trips to Morocco, [1950-1968], probably in connection with Gellner's PhD thesis, including maps, manuscripts, correspondence, field notes, research notes, reports and photographs; manuscripts, 1957-1995, some with corrections, of Gellner's published books and articles, as well as unpublished material, on subjects including anthropology, Islam, social science, nationalism, politics and religion, imperialism, Marxism, the London School of Economics, philosophy, history, culture, psychoanalysis, Eastern Europe, and Russia; offprints and newspaper cuttings of reviews of Gellner's work, 1957-1995, and reviews written by Gellner concerning the work of others, 1960-1995; papers relating to the publishing of books, [1957-1996], including proofs, contracts with publishers, and correspondence; tapes and films, 1982-1990, mainly comprising lectures on philosophy by Gellner; obituaries and papers relating to the memorial service in Prague, 1995.

Papers of Charles Rider Hobson, c1922-c1946, comprise personal correspondence.

Lansbury's personal and political correspondence; correspondence between Lansbury's biographer, Raymond Postgate, and others after his death; correspondence and papers on subjects of interest to Lansbury, including schools, the Labour Party, unemployment, agriculture, India, the 1931 Cabinet Crisis, and the Metropolitan Police; photographs, personal and official, and caricatures from the press; press reviews of Lansbury's published works; printed matter, including articles, pamphlets, speeches and leaflets by or concerning Lansbury, election addresses, and personal ephemera. Volumes 1 - 26 consist of the personal and political correspondence and papers used by Lansbury's son-in-law, Raymond Postgate, in researching The Life of George Lansbury, published in 1951. These papers were presented to the British Library of Political and Economic Science by Professor Postgate in 1950. Volumes 27 - 30 were added to the collection some time later, and volume 31 consists of three files of personal correspondence which were added to the collection in 1994 and one file found in 1999.

Records of the Liberal Party, 1901-1988, notably minutes and working papers of the National Executive Committee, 1954-1987; papers of the Liberal Party Organisation, 1940-1988, including minutes, 1958-1979, bulletins, 1940-1943, correspondence, 1938-1987, working and administrative papers; papers of the Party Council, 1970-1987, including working papers, correspondence and publications; minutes, working papers and correspondence of the Standing Committee, later the Policy Committee, 1960-1987; material created by Central Committees, 1936-1987, including the Organising Committee, 1961-1965, the Constitutional Review Committee, 1936-1987, the Publicity Sub-Committee, 1980-1983, the Officer's Committee, 1975-1977, the Corporate Appeals Committee, 1977-1979, the Candidates Committee, 1973-1987, the Membership Committee, 1983-1987, and the Campaigns and Elections Committee, 1965-1987; Annual Reports and Accounts, 1934-1987; financial material, 1963-1987, including minutes and correspondence of the Finance and Administration Board, and papers relating to fundraising; papers relating to Liberal Assemblies, 1912-1987, notably agendas, organisational papers, resolutions, press releases and correspondence; material concerning General Elections (fought by the Liberal Party and the Alliance), 1945-1987, including leaflets and publicity, manifestos, press cuttings, lists of candidates, results and statistics, broadcast transcripts and electoral addresses; material concerning by-elections, 1957-1986, comprising press cuttings, leaflets, and speeches; papers relating to the Liberal Party and Europe, 1976-1987, notably copies of European International, minutes and papers of the Liberal European Action Group, material concerning the European Liberals and Democrats, and papers relating to European elections; transcripts of party political broadcasts from various British political parties, 1981-1988; press cuttings and releases of the party, 1924-1936 and 1960-1987, also relating to Jeremy Thorpe, David Steel and the Liberal/SDP Alliance; material relating to publications, 1901-1993, including Liberator, Liberal News and Hedben Royd Publications; various handbooks for Liberal candidates, speakers and election agents, 1929-1974; Liberal Party policy summaries, 1918-1985, on subjects including agriculture, animal welfare, civil liberties, crime, defence, education, electoral reform, employment, energy, Europe, finance, foreign affairs, health, housing, industry, the Labour Party, media, Northern Ireland, race relations, regional policy, trade, transport, and the welfare state; papers relating to the regional organisation of the Liberal Party, 1963-1987, including party regional reports, publicity, correspondence, constituency surveys, administrative records, manifestos, and area agents' reports and correspondence; papers of Liberal organisations, 1951-1987, notably the Alliance Action Group for Electoral Reform, the Association of Liberal Councillors, the Labour Unit, Liberal International, the Liberal Parliamentary Association, the National League of Young Liberals, the National Liberal Club, the Scottish Liberal Party, the Ulster Liberal Party, and the Women's Liberal Foundation; material relating to the Lib-Lab Pact, 1977-1978, including press releases and correspondence; papers concerning the Social Democratic Party (SDP), 1985-1987, comprising correspondence, publications, press releases and cuttings; material concerning the Liberal/SDP Alliance, 1969-1989, notably papers of the Joint Campaign Group, the Alliance Campaign Group and the Joint Priorities Group, papers relating to finance, funding, selection of candidates, and seat negotiations, as well as publications, press releases, campaign working papers and administrative material; videocassettes, [1970]-1987, mainly of party political broadcasts, Liberal Assemblies and media coverage of elections.

Papers of the Liberal Party from their re-launch in 1989 onwards, mainly NEC minutes, press releases, leaflets and other publications, policy documents, assembly papers, regional reports, reports for the National Union of Liberal Clubs, election ephemera and copies of Liberal News.

Papers of Sir Isaac James Pitman, [1940-1972], mainly relating to his political career, notably the nationalisation of the Bank of England and the gas industry, and his work for the World Security Authority. The collection also contains printed material relating to Boots and Glaxo.

Papers of the Political Studies Association, 1950-1983, including minutes of the PSA, 1950-1981; conference papers, 1952-1981, including material on organisation; Chairman's correspondence, 1965-1968; Treasurer's correspondence, 1965-1968; correspondence and papers concerning the editing of Political Studies, 1965-1966; correspondence of the Executive Committee, 1965-1968, the Fulton Committee, 1966, and the Social Science Research (Heyworth) Committee, 1963-1964; correspondence of the Comparative Politics Group, 1967-1970; papers and correspondence with Oxford University Press, 1965-1968; membership letters, 1961-1975; material concerning the International Political Studies Association, 1963-1968.

Political papers of Lord Shore including material relating to the governments of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, Labour Party politics, opposition to Europe and the single currency and papers relating to constituency affairs.

Letters to Charles Villiers, most from Edward Hyde Villiers on family and political matters. The letters are largely undated and in considerable disorder. Many are incomplete.

The papers consist mainly of correspondence and memoranda relating to the political positions held by Lord Wigg, 1939-1983, and has been divided into the following sections:

1. Early life and personal papers;
2. Early Political Career, 1945-1951;
3. Labour Party Opposition, 1951-1964;
4. Paymaster General, 1964-1967;
5. Later Political Career, 1967-1983;
6. General Elections, 1945-1966;
7. Constituency Papers, 1945-1966;
8. Horserace Betting Levy Board, 1964-1972.
   
   A further 80 boxes of papers relating to the Horserace Betting Levy Board remain closed and unlisted.

Papers relating to local government deposited by Professor Kenneth Young, 1945-1985, comprising: Memoranda of evidence sent to the 1986 Committee of Inquiry into the Conduct of Local Authority Business (Widdicombe Committee), 1985. Kenneth Young acted as research director and adviser to the Committee (6 boxes). Also includes papers relating to the 1947 Local Government Boundary Commission, 1945-1954, including minutes of meetings, memoranda, statements submitted to the Commision, correspondence, statements of reasons and public relations bulletins. The papers were given to Kenneth Young by 2nd Baron Silsoe, son of the chairman of the Commission, Malcolm Trustram Eve (1 box).

Archives of the Conference of British Missionary Societies, largely dating from 1912-1970, including some material dating from 1872-1973, relating to administration, the work of other missionary bodies, and issues affecting missionary work.

Records, 1901-1970, of the Standing Committee and other committees comprise minutes, annual reports, and administrative papers and correspondence, including some relating to the CBMS constitution, finance, staffing, World War Two, and broadcasting, and papers relating to various other missionary bodies, including the Foreign Missions Conference of North America and National Council of Churches in Christ in the USA, 1893-1960 (Ref: S).

Records, 1907-1968, of the Home Council comprise minutes and administrative papers (Ref: H); records, 1926-1960, relating to audio-visual aids, including minutes, administrative papers, and reviews of films (Ref: H/AVA); records, 1920-1944, of the Far and Near Press Bureau, with detailed information on numerous individual missionaries and missionary issues, including BBC talks, publications, manuscripts and matching press cuttings, and obituaries (arranged chronologically), biographical files and photographs of people and regions (arranged alphabetically), and background information on various areas (Ref: H/PB); records, 1921-1960, relating to recruitment and training of missionaries (Ref: H/RT); records, 1946-1965, of the Schools Committee, relating to speakers, exhibitions and publicity material (Ref: H/Sc); records, 1939-1961, of the Youth Committee (Ref: H/Y); records, 1907-1968, of the United Council for Missionary Education and Edinburgh House Press, including minutes, finance papers, records of publications and papers relating to production, stock and publicity, book reviews, correspondence, and publications on missionaries and missionary subjects (Ref: H/UP).

Area files, including correspondence with national Christian councils, overseas governments and overseas churches and churchmen, comprise minutes of the Africa Committee and papers on missionary work in countries in Central, East, Southern and West Africa, 1915-1960, touching on educational work, political events and decolonization, African customs, Islam, social problems, and interethnic relations, including papers of the Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies (including areas outside Africa), 1927-1961 (Ref: A); records of the Committee on Work among Jews and Near and Middle East Committee and papers relating to missionary work in Middle Eastern countries and Egypt, 1921-1967, touching on work among Moslems, political events and refugee issues (Ref: N); records of the West Indies Committee and papers relating to missionary work in the Caribbean, 1938-1968, touching on social and economic development (Ref: W); records of the Asia Committee and papers on missionary work, including educational and medical work, in China, India, and other parts of East, South, and South East Asia, 1872-1964, including political events, the Sino-Japanese War and World War Two, the development of Communism in China, and political events and self-government in India (Ref: E).

Records on literature and medical work comprise records of the Christian Literature Committee and Christian Literature Council, including finance and policy papers, and papers relating to literacy and literature in Central, East, Southern and West Africa, East, South, and South East Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean and Latin America, 1920-1968 (Ref: L); records of the Medical Advisory Board and papers on medical missionary work in Africa, India and China, 1928-1963 (Ref: M).

Records on co-operative action with other missionary bodies relate to the World Missionary Conference and its Continuation Committee, 1907-1929, the International Missionary Council, 1917-1973, World Council of Churches, 1945-1960, and British Council of Churches, 1938-1960 (Ref: C).

Typescript reports, 1948-1972, of Sir Percival Griffiths containing information gathered by him on politics, government and economic affairs in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, comprising tour reports, for the India, Pakistan and Burma Association, on India, 1948-1971, and on Pakistan, 1955-1972, and reports on the political scene in India (1950-1972), 1972, and in Pakistan (1950-1969), 1969, including some information on Bangladesh.

Cassette copies and transcripts of recordings of unedited interviews assembled, 1972-1974, for the radio series 'Plain Tales from the Raj', including material not included in the broadcast programmes, and comprising c200 hours of material. The 82 subjects interviewed, including men, women, adults and children, lived and worked in India from the late 19th century to Independence (1947) and the interviews cover a wide range of civilian and military experience between 1876 and 1949. Military personnel range from the Commander in Chief of the Army in India to Army privates. Civil servants of various ranks and members of the business and commercial world, for example tea planters, are also included. Women mainly comprise wives and daughters, but also include a few nurses and governesses. The project covered the lives of the British in India and, although the material touches upon the effect of the Raj on India and its indigenous inhabitants, only a small number of Indians and Eurasians were interviewed. Subjects covered include accommodation and living conditions; daily routine; social life and recreation; health and sanitation; the effects of India postings on family life; relations between the British, other Europeans, Indians and Eurasians in social and work environments; events such as riots and earthquakes; the fauna and landscape of India; and political events. Full typescript transcripts (including inaccuracies in some cases) exist for most, but not all, of the recordings.

Papers and correspondence, 1949-1991, of Andrew Hake, accumulated during the course of his career in Kenya as an industrial missionary. The papers reflect the diversity of his work and interest in the urban and industrial community in Nairobi. The collection also includes publications collected by Hake, including Kenyan government publications and publications of the National Christian Council of Kenya.

Papers relating in particular to Alfred Sherman's activities at the Centre for Policy Studies in the period from 1974 to 1983.

Political papers of Lieutenant Commander Brian Ashmore, Liberal parliamentary candidate for Carlisle, 1941-1992, including material relating to Liberal Assemblies, 1950-1965; the Liberal Party Organisation and the Liberal Candidates Association, 1947-1975; the Oxford Liberal Club, 1941-1992; the Carlisle Liberal Association, 1962-1976; the Yorkshire Liberal Federation, 1950-1958; the North West Liberal Federation, 1950-1969; the Radical Reform Group, 1956-1959; the Penrith and Border Liberal Association, 1955-1965; correspondence, leaflets, speech notes, election addresses, campaign bulletins and leaflets, 1952-1974.

Minute books and financial records of the Bedford Constituency/Divisional Labour Party, 1923-1970, including minutes of the Executive Committee, 1923-1925, 1952-1969; minutes of the Sub-Committee, 1923-1925; minutes of the Organisation and Propaganda Committee, 1923-1925, 1938; minutes of the Organisation Committee, 1923-1925; minutes of the Conference of the Bedford Divisional Labour Party, 1923-1925; minutes of the Individual Members Meeting, 1923-1925; minutes of the Joint Trade Union Meeting, 1923-1925; minutes of the Finance Committee, 1923-1925, 1952-1956; minutes of the Literature and Propaganda Committee, 1923-1925; minutes of the Bedford Town Council Labour Group, 1939-1947; minutes of the General Committee and Annual General Meeting, 1947-1957, 1967-1969; minutes of the Women's Section, 1925-1934; minutes of the meetings of the Bedford Constituency Labour Party Young Socialists, 1966-1968, with correspondence; expenditure account books, 1949-1970; press cuttings book, 1954-1958; and attendance register, 1956-1961.

Records of the Society for the Relief of Persons Confined for Small Debts, including minutes; extracts of proceedings; Acts of Parliament; papers concerning J C Neild; financial accounts including legacy books, income books, general expenditure books, annual accounts and auditor's reports; papers regarding the disposal of surplus funds; bequests; press cuttings; correspondence; and histories of the Society.

The minutes contain reports of visits of inspection as well as names and numbers of prisoners assisted. A number of the papers relate to the destruction of the book containing the minutes and accounts of the Society 4 Mar 1818 to 5 Apr 1826 by John Camden Neild, treasurer 1814-1827.

These papers comprise the manuscript collection of F[rederick] Bacon Frank (1827-1911). They include a medieval medical miscellany (MS.550), material by or relating to the 17th century Yorkshire physician Nathaniel Johnston (MSS.3083-3086 and 6080), and some Bacon family administrative documents (MS.6079). One item relating to Nathaniel Johnston that did not form part of the Bacon Frank collection has been catalogued with it for convenience (MS.3086).

The Nuclear Age archive consists of typescript transmission scripts, interview transcripts and videotapes concerning the development of nuclear technology and strategy from 1938 to 1989. It includes twelve typescript transmission scripts and VHS (Vertical Helix Scan) videotapes for episodes 1-12, Jan-Mar 1989, and 267 typescript transcripts of interviews with 195 individuals, prominent in the political, diplomatic, scientific and military aspects of the development and deployment of nuclear technology, from the USA, USSR, UK, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, India, Pakistan and the People's Republic of China, 1938-1989, notably including Professor Georgiy Arkadevich Arbatov, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1974-[1989]; Professor Hans Albrecht Bethe, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1937-1975; Dr Norris Edwin Bradbury, Director, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, 1945-1970; Dr Harold Brown, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California, USA, 1960-1961; Zbigniew (Kasimierz) Brzezinski, US National Security Advisor, 1977-1981; James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, US President, 1977-1981; Rt Hon Denis Winston Healey, Secretary of State for Defence, 1964-1970; Rt Hon Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine, Secretary of State for Defence, 1983-1986; Dr Henry (Alfred) Kissinger, US Secretary of State, 1973-1977; Andrei Afanasevich Kokoshin, First Deputy Minister of Defence, Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 1992-1997; Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968; Professor Philip Morrison, Physicist, Metallurgy Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1943-1944; Paul Henry Nitze, Head of the US INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) negotiations, 1981-1984; Rt Hon Sir John (William Frederic) Nott, Secretary of State for Defence, 1981-1983; Professor Sir Rudolf (Ernst) Peierls, Professor of Mathematics and Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland, 1937-1963; Professor Isidor Isaac Rabi, Professor of Physics, Columbia University, New York, USA, 1937-1967; Lt Gen Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Prime Minister, 1974-1977; Professor Joseph Rotblat, Director of Research in Nuclear Physics, University of Liverpool, 1945-1949; (David) Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State, 1961-1969; James Rodney Schlesinger, US Secretary of Defense, 1973-1975; Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany, 1974-1982; Professor Edward Teller, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, USA, 1960-1975; Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, 1977-1980; Professor Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov, Soviet Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 1961-1984, and Professor of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 1973-1986; Caspar Willard Weinberger, US Secretary of Defense, 1981-1987; Professor Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1946-1960; Professor Freiherr Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Head of Department, Max Planck Institute for Physics, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany, 1946-1957; Rt Hon George Kenneth Hotson Younger, Secretary of State for Defence, 1986-1989; Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, Chief Science Adviser to the Secretary of State for Defence, 1960-1966, and Chief Science Adviser to HM Government, 1964-1971.

Personal papers of Hartley Booth, MP. The majority of the archive is concerned with Hartley Booth's parliamentary career. LMA/4021/01 relates to Booth's parliamentary responsibilities, in particular European affairs. In addition there are files containing correspondence and background material which relate to Private Members' Bills promoted by Booth. LMA/4021/01 also contains subject files on national issues that emanated from constituents' cases.

LMA/4021/02 contains constituents' correspondence and case files as well as subject files relating to local issues. LMA/4021/03 contains Conservative Party material and subject files which relate to the period when Booth was a prospective parliamentary candidate. These files relate to both local and national issues.

As the collection consists of parliamentary and constituency material, there is a closure period of 30 years. There is no closure period on the published material in LMA/4021/04.

Journals, pamphlets, leaflets, bulletins, handbooks, reports, congress reports, charters, academic papers issued by Amnesty International; Carrefour International; Congreso Latinoamericano de Trabajadores; Centro Libre de Experimentación Teatral y Artística; Comisión Evangélica Latinoamericana de Educación Cristiana; Conferencia Cristiana por la Paz de América Latina y el Caribe; Conferencia realizada por el Centro de Economía Mundial y Países en Desarrollo y el Centro de Economía Marítima de la Univ. Wilhelm Pieck (1988 : Rostock); Congreso Continental de Estudio; Congreso Latinamericano de Trabajadores; Continental Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean Region for Peace, National Sovereignty, and Economic Independence (1978 : Mexico City, Mexico); Continental Encounter Campaign, 500 Years of Indigenous, Black and Popular Resistance; Espacio de Laicos; Fe y Alegría. Asamblea General de Consulta (1a : 1978 : Panamá); Consulta Latino-Americana sobre Empresas Transnacionales (1980 : Itaici, São Paulo, Brazil); Federación Latinoamericana de Asociaciones de Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos; Federación Universal de Movimientos Estudiantiles Cristianos(FUMEC); First Summit of Indigenous Peoples (1993 : Chimaltenango, Guatemala); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Latin America; Human Rights Watch; Independent Liaison Centre; International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests; International Labor Office, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean; Joint Working Group for Refugees from Latin America; Labour Party (Great Britain) Executive Committee; Labour Party (Great Britain) Young Socialists; Leicester-Masaya Link-Group; MIEC-JECI (Perú); North American Congress on Latin America; PRIES-Cono Sur (Organization : Buenos Aires, Argentina); Russell Tribunal on the Rights of the Indians of the Americas (4th : 1980 : Rotterdam, Netherlands); Secretariado Latinoamericano de Derechos Humanos (SELADEH); Segunda Reunión de Pueblos Indígenas (1993 : Oaxtepec, Morelos); Semana Latinoamericana del Detenido Desaparecido (4th : 1985 : Costa Rica); Seminario de filosofía, ideología y política de la Indianidad (2nd : 1986 : Cosquín, Córdoba, Argentina;, Servicio Colombiano de Comunicación Social; Servicio Paz y Justicia en America Latina; South American Missionary Society; United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (VI : 1983 : Belgrade); UNESCO; World Council of Churches; World University Service (UK).

Pamphlets, reports, congress reports, documents, press cuttings, communiqués, and profiles, 1970 onwards, issued by Acción Cultural Popular, Acción Sindical del Atlántico, Amnesty International, Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights, Asamblea Nacional Popular, Colombia Human Rights Committee, Comité Costarricense de Solidaridad con el Pueblo Colombiano, Comité de Solidaridad con los Presos Políticos (Colombia), Comité por la Defensa de los Derechos del Hombre y de los Prisonieros Políticos en Colombia, Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC), Corporación Integral para el Desarrollo Cultural y Social (CODECAL), Grupo de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (GIDE), Integración para el Desarrollo y la Acción Social, Movimiento 19 de Abril Conferencia Nacional (7th : 1979 : Colombia), Primer Encuentro Internacional de Comités-Colombia en el Exterior (1979 : Paris), Solidaritätskomitee mit Kolumbien (Austria), United Nations Working Group of Experts on Slavery, Union Revolucionaria Socialista.

Pamphlets, reports, manifestos, programmes, seminar papers and conference reports, 1972 onwards issued by Central Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Clasistas(CEDOC), Confederación Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Sindicales Libres, Confederation of British Industry, Cotacachi (Ecuador), Frente de Defensa de Comerciantes Minoristas de Guayaquil (FREDECOMI), Fundación Ecuatoriana de Desarrollo Social, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Políticas (Universidad de Guayaquil (ILEP)), Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales (ILDIS), Ministerio de Recursos Naturales y Energéticos (Ecuador), Movimiento Revolucionario de los Trabajadores(MRT), Unión Regional de Organizaciones Campesinas del Litoral (Ecuador), Universidad Central del Ecuador Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas.

Leaflets, pamphlets, reports, enquiry reports, congress reports, documents, programs, appeals, speeches, journals, newsletters, biographies, posters, booklets, address lists, official decress and statements, bulletins, resolutions, declarations, dossiers and miscellaneous other materials, 1965 onwards issued by Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Academics for Chile, Action for Women in Chile, ADHU-CHILE, Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (Chile), Agrupación de Familiares de Exiliados (Concepción), Agrupación de Familiares de Presos Políticos, Agrupación Sindical Solidaridad Sector Vicuña Mackenna, Amnesty International, Arzobispado de Concepción, Arzobispado de Santiago, Asamblea Nacional de la Civilidad, Asociación Central de Pescadores de Coquimbo, Asociación de Derechos Humanos para Chile, Banco Central de Chile, Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, Bertrand Russell Tribunal on Brazil and Repression in Latin America, Bloque Popular Unitario, Canadian Enquiry into Human Rights in Chile, Casa de Chile en México, Catholic Church, Catholic Institute for International Relations, CEDETIM, Central Unitaria de Trabajadores, Centro de Estudios Sociales (Santiago, Chile), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Educación, Centro de Investigaciones Socioeconómicas (Chile), Chile Committee for Human Rights, Common Front for Latin America, Chile Campesino - CF, Chile Comunitario, Chile Information Bureau, Chile Lucha, Chile Sindical - CF, Chile Solidarity Campaign, Chilean Anti-Fascist Committee, Chilean Commission for Human Rights, Chilean Government, Chile-Komitee Aachen, Comisión Chilena de Derechos Humanos, Comisión International de Investigación de los Crímenes de la Junta Militar en Chile, Comisión Nacional contra la Tortura, Comisión para la defensa de los derechos humanos en Centroamérica, Comitato Vietnam, Comité Chileno de Solidaridad con la Resistencia Antifascista, Comité Chileno para el Congreso Mundial del Año Internacional de la Mujer, Comité de Defensa de los Derechos del Pueblo (Chile), Comité de Défense des Droits du Peuple (Chile), Comité de Derechos Humanos Oscar Romero, Comité de Soutien à la Lutte Révolutionnaire du Peuple Chilien, Comité Hondureño de Solidaridad con el Pueblo Chileno, Comité Juan Alsinam, Comité Nacional de Solidaridad y Apoyo a Chile, Communist Party of Great Britain, Conferencia Mundial de Solidaridad con Chile (1978 : Madrid), Consejería Nacional de Promoción Popular, Consejo Ejecutivo Presos Políticos, Coordinador Nacional de Juventudes, Coordinadora Nacional de Presos Políticos Chilenas (CNPP), Coordinadora Nacional Sindical (Chile), Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (Chile), Corporación para la Reforma Agraria (CORA), Council of Revolutionary Co-operation, Coventry Chilean Committee, Ecumenical Program for Inter-American Communication and Action, Escuela de Negocios de Valparaíso (Chile), FASIC (Agency), Federación de Sindicatos de Trabajadores de Maipu, La Fédération Mondiale de la Jeunesse Démocratique, Frente de Trabajadores Revolucionarios (Chile), Frente Unitario de Trabajadores (Chile), Fundación de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias Cristianas, Group of Solidarity with the Chilean Political Prisoners, Gruppe Internationale Marxisten, IDOC-North America Inc., Instituto Apostolico, Instituto Chileno de Educación Cooperativa, Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Reforma Agraria (Chile), Inter-church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America, International Commission of Enquiry into the crimes of the Military Junta in Chile, International Marxist Group, Joint Working Group for Refugees from Chile in Britain, Junta de Gobierno (Chile), Juventud Radical Revolucionaria, Juventad Socialista de Chile, Letelier-Moffitt Memorial Fund for Human Rights, Liga Comunista de Chile, Lutte ouvrière, Il Manifesto di Milano, MAPU (Chile), Militantes Trotskistas Chilenos, Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitaria (MAPU), Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitaria Obrero-Campesino (Partido MAPU-OC), Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Chile), National Trade Union Co-Ordinating Committee (Chile), National Union of Mineworkers, Northampton Chile Solidarity Committee, Northern California Chile Coalition, Oficina de Planificación Nacional (Chile), Organización de Izquierda Cristiana de Chile, Organización de Presos Políticos Local de San Miguel (Mujeres)', Organización Poder Obrero de Chile, Panorama DDR, Partido Comunista de Chile, Partido Comunista Revolucionario de Chile, Partido Comunista Revolucionario (Marxista-Leninista) de Chile, Partido de Unità Proletaria, Partido Democrata Cristiano, Partido Socialista (Chile), Patriotic Front for National Liberation (Chile), Political Prisoners of Chile, Presos Politicos de Chile, Programa de Acción Solidaria (P.A.S.), Revolutionary Communist Group, Servicio Paz y Justicia en Chile, Sociedad de Profesionales Consultores (SUR), Society for Latin American Studies (Great Britain), Solidarity Committee of the GDR, Taller de Análisis Político Institucional, Taskforce on the Churches and Corporate Responsibility (TCCR), Teatro Popular Chileno, Tendance Marxiste Révolutionnaire Internationale, Unidad Popular, Unión Comunista, Unión de Jóvenes Democráticos, United Nations, Universidad de Chile, Women's Campaign for Chile, World Confederation of Labour, World Council of Churches, World University Service.

Argentina: Political Pamphlets Collection comprising reports, conference reports, pamphlets and histories, 1944- issued by Anglican Council of South America, Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos (Argentina), Asociación de Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, Comisión Argentina para los Refugiados, Comité de Défense des Prisonniers Politiques Argentins, Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Southern Cone, Foro de Buenos Aires por la Vigencia de los Derechos Humanos and Juan Domingo Perón.