Papers, 1877-1985, of Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant and his family. Family papers include correspondence, private and official, and diaries of his parents, (Sir) Francis Morgan and Lady Bryant, 1877-1938, and other papers, 1899-1979, including Bryant's correspondence with his parents and brother Philip. Bryant's own papers include his extensive correspondence, 1919-1985, with over 170 correspondents, among them politicians including the Rt Hon Leo Amery, Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, Sir John Buchan, R A Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, Frederick James Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton, and Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven; literary figures including Sir John Betjeman; other public figures including William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook of Beaverbrook, New Brunswick and Cherkley, Surrey, and John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith; historians including Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs of Lewes, Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton of Headington, Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier, Sir John Neale, A L Rowse, G M Trevelyan and Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton. The correspondence reflects the diversity of Bryant's interests and touches upon the development of Conservative thought and British right wing politics in the mid twentieth century, attitudes towards the Spanish Civil War in Britain, the appeasement movement of the 1930s, and, in the 1960s, the merits of Britain's entry to the Common Market and her role in the postwar world. Other papers relate to literary, political and teaching matters, including Bonar Law College, Ashridge, 1929-1946; Bryant's literary output, including fan mail, 1931-1984; diaries, notebooks, account books and letters to the press, 1916-1982; notes; proofs, pamphlets, reviews and articles by Bryant, 1929-1984; book manuscripts, 1929-1984; reviews of Bryant's works, mid 1920s-1970s; pageants, invitations and honours, 1924-1984; clubs, societies and committees, 1939-1984; film scripts, certificates, and miscellanea, 1930-1954; other papers relating to personal business and financial affairs, 1920-1985.
Bryant , Sir , Arthur Wynne Morgan , 1899-1985 , Knight , historical writer Bryant , Sir , Francis Morgan , 1859-1938 , Knight , chief clerk to Prince of Wales , Registrar of the Royal Victorian Order May Bryant , fl 1898 , wife of Sir Francis Morgan Bryant Philip Bryant , d 1960 , master and chaplain of Harrow SchoolLetter form Henry Peter Brougham of York to T Hodgkin, Esq, of 5 Brunswick Terrace, Pentonville, [London], 5 Aug 1830. Written on the eve of Brougham's election as one of the four MPs for Yorkshire: 'I have not the least shadow of a claim to sit for this immense county except my principles and my known devotion to them.' Refers to the July Revolution in France: 'Never was such a death blow dealt to tyranny and priestcraft, never such a severe lesson inflicted on our own infatuated rulers ...'. Autograph, with signature.
Brougham , Henry Peter , 1778-1868 , 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , statesman x Brougham and Vaux , 1st BaronPapers relating to early career, including material on early aviation, 1911-1913, and texts of lectures given at the RAF Staff College, Andover, 1922-1926. Material relating to post as Air Officer Commanding, British Forces in Iraq, 1928-1935, including correspondence, memoranda and telegrams relating to operations in Iraq and Kuwait, 1928-1930, and negotiations for the Anglo-Iraq Treaty, 1930; news cuttings and notes relating to political and military affairs in Iraq, and the situation of the Assyrians and Kurds, 1930-1935. Papers created as Air Officer Commanding in Chief, Air Defence of Great Britain, 1933-1935, mainly relating to a Royal Review of the RAF at Mildenhall, Suffolk, and Duxford, Cambridgeshire. Papers relating to post as Air Officer Commanding in Chief, Middle East, notably memoranda, cypher signals, letters and notes, 1931-1936, relating to RAF operations, mainly planning and preparation for the possibility of war between the League of Nations and Italy following the Italian invasion and annexation of Abyssinia; correspondence with ACM Sir Edward Leonard Ellington, Chief of Air Staff, 1935-1936; memoranda, telegrams, correspondence and newscuttings on operational matters relating to the Arab Rebellion against the British Mandate in Palestine, 1936; material collated by Brooke-Popham for lectures on the Middle East, 1930, 1936; correspondence, memoranda and minutes relating to the formation and working of an Executive Committee on Assyrian Settlement, 1943-1947. Papers relating to the creation and implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme in Canada and South Africa, 1939-1945, including personal correspondence with Arthur William Street, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Air, 1940. Papers relating to post as Commander in Chief, Far East, notably telegrams and memoranda relating to the requirements of the RAF and Army in the Far East, 1940-1949; personal correspondence with Maj Gen Sir Hastings Lionel Ismay, Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1940-1941; semi-official correspondence with Street, 1940-1941; material relating to the replacement of Brooke-Popham as Commander in Chief, Far East, Nov 1941; telegrams relating to reconnaissance sightings of Japanese convoys, the decision not to launch Operation MATADOR, the outbreak of war with Japan, and the sinking of RN battleships HMS PRINCE OF WALES and HMS REPULSE, Dec 1941; papers, correspondence and proofs relating to the publication of various despatches and reports concerning operations in Malaya, 1941-1947. Papers created whilst Inspector General of the Air Training Corps, 1942-1947, 1950-1952, mainly comprising inspection reports and material relating to the post-war organisation of the Air Training Corps. Booklets, memoranda, and reports collated by Brooke-Popham relating to RAF training, policy and operations, [1914]-1946. Material relating to research for and writing of articles, lectures and pamphlets, mainly relating to history, aviation or training, 1923-1952. Printed material, 1890-1953, mainly relating to aviation. Maps and photographs, 1917-[1945], including aerial photographs of the Western Front during World War One, 1917-1918.
Popham , Sir , Henry Robert Moore , Brooke- , 1878-1953 , Knight , Air Chief MarshalSouvenir brochure for a Mass Protest Demonstration at Hyde Park, Westminster, organised by the British Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Council to Champion Human Rights. The brochure includes an eye-catching swastika motif (symbol with clockwise arms, officially adopted in 1935 as the emblem of Nazi Germany) incorporating Adolf Hitler as the enemy of the Jewish, Catholic and Protestant religions and Liberty.
British Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Council to Champion Human RightsThe collection, c 1914 contains notes and transcripts of letters made by Godfrey Fox Bradby on the French Revolution.
Bradby , Godfrey Fox , 1863-1947 , historianFile of papers by Lt Col Charles Leofric Boyle on tensions between Hindu and Muslim troops on HM Troopship EMPIRE PRIDE, Oct 1947. Including report by Maj O A Mitchell, Officer Commanding 105 GPT Company, 10 Oct 1947, for Boyle as Officer Commanding Troops, HM Troopship EMPIRE PRIDE, on the morale of the Indian troops, both Muslim and Hindu (1 page); Seven telegrams between HM Troopship EMPIRE PRIDE and Bombay, 11-16 October 1947, on the worsening relations between the Muslim and Hindu troops on board, and obtaining permission to disembark Muslim troops at Karachi, instead of Bombay, as planned (7 items); report upon the diversion of HM Troopship EMPIRE PRIDE to Karachi, owing to the communal unrest on board by Boyle as Officer Commanding Troops, 19 Oct 1947; file also includes a photograph of Boyle and Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, [1940-45], standing on railway gun 'HMG Boche-Buster', near Canterbury, Kent
Boyle , Charles Leofric , 1899-1999 , Lieutenant ColonelPapers, c1900-1992, collected by Jean Boyd, relating to northern Nigeria from the late 18th century to the 1990s.
Papers on Nana Asma'u include copies of her manuscript poems (1820-1865) and later papers relating to her work, including translations, 1976-1984. Papers on works by Shehu dan Fodio include copies of his poems on male-female relationships (1789 and undated) and later papers relating to his work, 1975-1981. Papers on works by Asma'u's female relatives and descendants include copies of poems and writings by various authors (c1860-1934 and undated) and later papers relating to the subject, c1950-1990. Other material comprises field notes on the remnants of Asma'u's disciples, the Yan Taru, 1973-1990; papers on the milieu in which Asma'u lived in Gobir, c1900-1984, including Gobir chiefs; papers, including press cuttings, on the situation of women in northern Nigeria in the 1980s, the subjects including Muslims, prostitution, women's organizations, medical matters, and women's education.
Papers, 1903-1992, including articles, reports and press cuttings, on Sokoto relate to geological history, prehistory, palaeontology, archaeology, pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial history, the subjects including the social and economic history of the city of Sokoto, colonial administration, British fears over Mahdism, and local government and economic issues in Sokoto state in modern Nigeria.
Three volumes contain over 500 postcards, many in colour, relating to Nigeria, including images of people, cultural events, various places, and other aspects of Nigerian life [late 20th century].
Boyd , Jean , fl 1978-2000 , authorMaterial relating to politics in Botswana including constitutions, platforms, manifestos, leaflets, election results, speeches, party histories, letters, telegrams, membership cards, interviews and other materials issued by the Bechuanaland Liberal Party, the Bechuanaland National Democratic Party, the Bechuanaland People's Party, the Bechuanaland United Progressive Party, the Botswana Congress Party, the Botswana Democratic Party, the Botswana Independence Party, the Botswana National Front, and the Botswana People's Party.
Institute of Commonwealth StudiesDiary of Margaret Bondfield, with papers, cuttings and posters, relating to the joint delegation of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the Labour Party to the Soviet Union in 1920 and the "Hands Off Russia" movement against Allied military intervention. Also papers relating to the International Trades Union Congress, 22-27 Nov 1920.
Bondfield , Margaret Grace , 1873-1953 , Trade Unionist, Suffragist and Cabinet MinisterThis microfilm collection of correspondence documents the experiences of Julius Bloch and family and friends, some of whom managed to escape Nazi occupied Europe, and others, who did not. The papers include correspondence from his brother in Gurs concentration camp in the French Pyrénees, where he died.
Bloch , Julius , 1877-1956 , Jewish community workerThe archive consists of two parts.
Part 1 consists of records collated during Billington-Grieg's membership of a large number of international women's organisations, associated correspondence, drafts of papers presented at conferences, as well as publications received from the organisations. In addition there are papers related to her unpublished biography of Charlotte Despard.
Billington Grieg was a keen suffrage historian, and her historical writings on suffrage (as well as papers reflecting her own suffrage activism) are represented in her archive.
Subjects covered include: women's suffrage, post-suffrage campaign period, status of women, equal pay, women workers, women's education, war and peace, sex and prostitution, international women's activism.
Formats include: correspondence, drafts and notes of speeches and articles, photographs and printed material (press cuttings, newspapers, leaflets, pamphlets, journals and books).
Part 2 contains leaflets, circulars, election papers and reports of meetings of the Central Women's Electoral Committee established by the Women's Freedom League (1937-1939); papers of the Women's Freedom League itself including incomplete executive committee minutes (1937-1941), papers of conferences (1937, 1938, 1952, 1953, 1955), publications and circulars; files, publications, committee papers and other official papers of the Women for Westminster group and Teresa Billington Greig's notes and related correspondence (1938-1950); minutes, related correspondence and official papers of the Married Women's Association (1937-1961); publications of the Fawcett Society (1937-1961); publications, notices of meetings and agendas of the Women's Council (1948-1959); publications and papers of the Six Point Group (1959-1961); the Women's Publicity Planning Association (1942-1949); the International Alliance of Women (1946-1961); the British Commonwealth League (1947-1961), periodicals, invitations and news sheets (1950-1960); minutes, conference agendas, correspondence and papers of the National Women Citizen's Association (1939-1961); notes and quotations for articles, miscellaneous leaflets, pamphlets and government publications (1905-1961); notes and press cuttings related to the Commonwealth and the 'Third World' (1949-1961); and materials collected by Teresa Billington Greig for articles and a biography of Charlotte Despard including notes, a draft memoir and essays, list of interview questions and replies, pamphlets by Despard, correspondence and photographs.
Greig , Teresa , Billington- , 1877-1964 , suffragistPress cuttings, articles and papers relating to Biafra, 1968-1971.
UnknownRecords of Bethnal Green Labour Party consists of:
Minute book 1910-1911, folio 2 to folio 50.
Flyer advertising open-air demonstration at Mansford Street, Bethnal Green, 14 Aug [1910], folio 39.
Flyer advertising a procession from Mile End to Bethnal Green Road, 1910, folio 40.
Second annual report of 1909 dealing with the history and administration of the branch, folio 42 to folio 46.
Scrapbook of Frederick Bernal, includes American Civil ephemera, together with a number of commissions.
Bernal, Frederick, 1828-1903, diplomatPapers, 1946-1974, of Mary Benson, comprising drafts, research notes and transcripts for interviews she used for her publication The African Patriots: The Story of the African National Congress of South Africa (London, Faber & Faber, 1963). Also includes articles on famous African leaders written by Z K Matthews, and newspaper cuttings and pamphlets concerning political protest in South Africa.
Benson , Mary , b 1919 , civil rights campaigner and authorPapers of Benario family, 1920s-1980s, comprise copies of documents and photographs regarding the life of Olga Benario-Prestes, including papers documenting her relationship with the authorities; a letter written to her husband whilst in custody in 1938; photographs regarding the founding of a gallery in her name in Berlin in 1984 and further papers regarding the Benario family history, including a family tree and many photographs.
Benario familyLetters, 1911-1912, from Laura Beckingsale, written in diary form to colleagues in London describing her experiences during the Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912, in Wuchang and Hankow, where she worked for the London Missionary Society.
Beckingsale , Laura Elsie , 1886-1983 , missionary and teacherThe papers consist of notes and notebooks of William Bayliss' experiments. There is also correspondence, press cuttings and photographs, a great part referring to the 'Brown Dog Affair' of 1903 and to other disputes between anti-vivisectionists and University College London.
Bayliss , Sir , William Maddock , 1860-1924 , Knight , physiologist Bayliss , Leonard Ernest , 1900-1964 , physiologistCopy of a circular letter from the Bavarian Political Police to all heads of Police and local legal civil authorities, 13 Apr 1935, instructing them to watch out for propaganda by Jewish organisations and the Jewish press declaring the desire of Jews to remain in Germany. It states that the presence of Jews is not only undesirable on technical grounds but it is also against all Nazi principles.
Bavarian Political PoliceThe collection includes minutes of meetings, annual reports, and letters, as well as papers relating to the General Strike of 1926.
Please contact the Archive for further information.MSS. 5958-5963 comprise journals of A B Barton, mainly written while he was a medical officer in the service of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P & O), 1853-1858. They cover his journeys between Bombay, Singapore and Hong Kong; to the Crimea; and to the Far East. They include descriptions of the progress of the Chinese rebellion (MS. 5959), tending to and transporting the sick and wounded from Balaclava to Scutari (MS. 5960), and his shipwreck off the coast of Ceylon, together with General Henry Havelock, on the steamer Erin (MS. 5962). Some are manuscript or typescript copies. MSS. 7589-7594 comprise journals and sketches mainly relating to the Yangtse expedition, led by Captain Thomas W Blakiston, on which Barton served as a medical officer, 1861. One journal, MS. 7591, also records the end of the expedition and Barton's journey to Ceylon via Singapore, with entries on hunting expeditions in Ceylon. The journals are all fair copies. MS. 7592 comprises a narrative of the Yangste expedition read by Barton to the Royal Geographical Society, based on his journals. MS. 7593 is a series of mainly topographical illustrations relating to the expedition, comprising sketches by Barton, plus photographs and engravings based on other sketches by Barton, some of which were used to illustrate Five Months on the Yang-Tse by Thomas W Blakiston (London: John Murray, 1862). MS. 7594 comprises later papers of Brian M Gould relating to Barton and his journals, 1967 and n.d.
Barton , Alfred Bowyer , 1825-1905 , physician Gould , Brian M , fl 1967Records of the Association of Greater London Older Women (AGLOW), 1980s - 2012, including minutes and reports; papers and correspondence; newsletters; publications and articles; received publications; audio-visual material; and records relating to the Older Women's Project.
Association of Greater London Older Women , 1993- xx Older Women's Project , c 1984-1993Archives du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (ACICR) collection, 1939-1952, comprises files, reports and correspondence on the following subject areas: general background on hostages and political detainees; hostages and political detainees in Germany; hostages and political detainess by country and nationality (except Germany); assistance to hostages and political detainees; repatriations of deported; case files (all nationalities); civil war in Greece.
Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)Anti-Nazi activities worldwide collection consists of leaflets and circulars of anti-Nazi organisations in various countries across the world, 1940s, notably from South America, Austria, United Kindom and United States of America. The papers notably include manifesto of 'The Free Germany Movement', Brazil, 12 May 1942; manifesto of the 'Austrians in Great Britain' movement; leaflet entitled 'Zero hour for Germany destruction or revolt?' advertising a meeting at Central Hall, Westminster, organised by Allies Inside Germany Council and Appeal of the German American Congress for Democracy against Hitler's Juden Massaker.
Various, unknownMagazine issued by the Antigua and Barbuda Anti-Apartheid Organization.
Institute of Commonwealth StudiesLeaflets advertising demonstrations and meetings in protest against antisemitic measures in Germany and exhorting readers to boycott German products, by a number of British Jewish interest groups and political groups, 1933-1935, and series of prayers and intercessions on behalf of German Jewry produced in London by the office of the Chief Rabbi, 1933-1945.
Various Office of the Chief Rabbi, LondonEphemera collected from the anti-EDL protest in the East End of London, Saturday 3rd September 2011. Including material from Defend the Right to Protest, Unite the Union, London Health Worker Network, Right to Work Campaign, Keep Our NHS Public, East London Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Party, National Shop Stewards Network, Save KEMP, Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Stop the War Coalition, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, British Muslim Initiative, Sikhs Against the English Defence League, East London Mosque, Resistance, Tamil Solidarity, International Bolshevik Tendency.
Various.Papers of the London Branch of the Anti Apartheid Movement. The records are wide ranging and include minutes, reports, memoranda and correspondence, as well as publications and more ephemeral material documenting the many events and demonstrations organised by the movement. Although the collection relates specifically to the local and regional groups for the London area, the papers are equally concerned with the wider business of the movement, at both the national and international levels. Records of the Annual General Meetings, the National Committee and the Executive Committee are held as well as material from the London Committee and papers of local anti apartheid groups. The papers of David Kenvyn, chairperson of the London Committee and secretary of Redbridge Apartheid Group, reflect the regional and local activities of the movement, while papers from related organisations illustrate the extent to which the movement worked in partnership with other bodies.
Anti Apartheid Movement , London BranchHandbills, leaflets, posters and publications concerning anti-vivisection, factory farming, bloodsports and general animal rights campaigns produced by a variety of organisations, including the Animal Liberation Front, Hunt Saboteurs Association, Manchester Meat-Free Zone Campaign, Compassion in World Farming, the National Anti-Vivisection Society, Manchester Animal Protection Group, Chicken's Lib, Vale and Valleys Hunt Saboteurs, the Vegan Action Group, League Against Cruel Sports, Earth Rights, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, CAMPRAS (Campaign to Promote Respect for Animals in Schools), Animal Aid and the Bradford Animal Rights Group (1982 - 1996).
VariousManifestos, speeches, constitutions, leaflets, newspapers, convention reports and communiques issued by the Angolan Revolutionary government in exile (GRAE), the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola and the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola.
Institute of Commonwealth StudiesPapers of Anglo-Jewish Association, 1956-1960, comprise press releases containing paragraphs on the role of the organisation, on the organisation's involvement in the Claims Conference, on the views of the organisation's President with respect to the Middle East and world affairs, 1956; statement by the President, Mr R N Carvalho, 1957; speech by Carvalho at a dinner to mark the centenary of the political emancipation of British Jews, 1958; notes on the proposal to transfer the Human Rights Commission into a specialised agency of UNO by Leon Zeitlin, 1960.
Anglo-Jewish AssociationSeven volumes of newspaper cuttings from British newspapers concerning Greece, 16 Nov 1915-2 Aug 1919, particularly the political repercussions of events of World War One in Greece; four volumes of newspaper cuttings from British newspapers concerning Greece, 2 Feb 1938-27 Mar 1948, mainly relating to the German occupation of and Allied liberation of Greece during World War Two, and subsequent Greek Communist military operations; manuscript and corrected typescript of 'The perfidy of Constantine - a history of Greece, 1912-1917' by Leonard Arthur Magnus, presented to the Anglo-Hellenic League by Magnus in 1919; Greek vocabulary by R A Bickford Smith.
Anglo-Hellenic LeagueCollection includes manuscript memorandum by Amlot to 6 Sqn RAF Headquarters relating to the suppression of terrorist activities in Palestine, 15 Sep 1938; and press cuttings relating to the Royal Pakistan Air Force, 1948-1950, including mention of Pakistan's procurement of Dakota aircraft, Nov 1949; Amlot's inauguration of the first University Air Sqn at Dacca, East Pakistan, Nov 1949; articles written by Amlot relating to Royal Pakistan Air Force training, strategy, and force strengths, Aug-Sep 1950.
Air Commodore Douglas Lloyd AmlotFolder 1: 24 letters from Bronteme O'Brien to Thomas Allsop, 17 June 1840-3 Dec 1861.
Folder 2: 31 letters from Feargus O'Connor to Thomas Allsop 16 July c1841-24 Aug 1849. Most letter are undated.
Folder 3: 13 letters from Richard Oastler to Thomas Allsop 1 Jan 1845-24 Jan 1851.
Folder 4: One letter from Richard Oastler to Henry Mott of Manchester.
Papers of Leon Freeman of Finchley Road 1937-1938. Album of press cuttings regarding the candidacy of Leon Freedman, Labour’s candidate for Dudley. Charting the period from when he made his first public appearance 'in the borough' as the new Labour candidate in June of 1937 to his 'attack on ''Jelly Fish Government''' and his 'biting similes' in reply to 'Premier’s Birmingham Speech' [Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain], taking part in 'Labour’s Peace Crusade' in the years leading up to the Second World War, with reported speeches against 'Britain [as] an arms profiteers' paradise' and criticising Government policy. A headline from 20 May 1939 reads, 'Challenging Speech at Netherton Labour Bazaar: Prospective Candidate Attacks Budget, Declares Conscription Unnecessary'. Several letters to the editor of the Dudley Herald. In June of 1940 Freedman resigned his candidature, citing 'his reason being that he is now unable to devote any attention to the borough. Mr Freedman, who is a barrister and has secured an appointment under the War Office, was a military representative in the northern district of the West Riding of Yorkshire in the last war'. In a manuscript letter marked 'Copy' written by Freedman to a Mr Connolly, Freedman states that '… my withdrawal of my Candidature at Dudley, was the only proper thing to do. It may have the result of eventually brining them to some sort of unity and a more common sense attitude towards the real situation … a house divided against itself, makes both the positions almost impossible'. Most clippings from the Dudley Herald, Birmingham Express and Star, but also Essex and Thurrock Gazette and Grays and Tilbury Gazette. The final item details legal proceedings of a case for slander that seems to have nothing to do with Leon Freedman, dated April 1945, [22pp] [June 1937- April 1945].
Freedman , Leon , fl 1937-1938Papers, 1845-1898, of Sir Chaloner Alabaster, including nine diaries, 1854-1875, which give accounts of his time in China. The later diaries are incomplete and contain far less detail than earlier volumes. Additional material, 1868-1898, includes papers and correspondence detailing his military service, accounts, obituaries and copies of 'A Chapter from the Chinese Gospel', by Alabaster, from Occasional Papers on Chinese Philosophy.
Alabaster , Sir , Chaloner Grenville , 1838-1898 , Knight , Consul-General at CantonPress reports, 1965-1972, of Agence France Presse from Jakarta, Indonesia, chiefly by Brian May, on foreign affairs, including relations with Malaysia, Japan, the United States, and others; foreign aid; visits of overseas politicians; political affairs, including the Indonesian Communist party and Muslim parties; political unrest, including student militancy; the Chinese community; natural disasters and disease; sport; affairs in West Irian (Irian Jaya); economic policy, industry, mining and agriculture.
Agence France Presse , French news agency