Between 1962 and 1965 Captain Vaughan presented his father's collection of original documents, mainly relating to the operations of Plymouth and Gibraltar dockyards and to victualling, 1678 to 1832. In 1978 Mrs I. M. Vaughan presented some official and private papers and the reminiscences of her late husband, Captain H R H Vaughan, together with the residue of her father-in-law's papers. The documents relating to Plymouth dockyard mainly consist of individual letters extracted from the yard's official administrative records. They consist of letters to the yard commissioner from the Admiralty, 1695 to 1832; from the Navy Board, 1695 to 1820; from the dockyard officers, 1695 to 1816; from sea officers, 1696 to 1828; from the Commissioners of Victualling, 1716, 1824 to 1831; from the Plymouth Victualling Office, 1697 to 1779; letters from the yard commissioner to the Admiralty, 1697 to 1701, contained in a complete letterbook; to the Navy Board, 1706 to 1708; orders to yard officers, 1809; standing orders 1678 to 1766, contained in one volume; letters to the yard officers from the Navy Board, 1694 to 1758; officers' reports to the Navy Board, 1696 to 1791; accounts of ships' stores, 1713 to 1793; Admiralty letters to and from naval officers, 1696 to 1832. The documents relating to Gibraltar yard include two of the Commissioner's letterbooks containing letters to the Victualling Commissioners and naval officers, 1755 to 1763, and to yard and naval officers, 1803 to 1805. Instructions and specifications relating to victualling are contained in one volume, c 1820. The papers of H R H Vaughan include a journal of a voyage from Bombay to Basnah, 1928; some private letters received, 1929 to 1931; copies of official intelligence reports to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies station, concerning affairs in the Persian Gulf, 1929; a copy of the official report of the Flag Officer, Narvik, April to June 1940; and his own handwritten reminiscences 1911 to 1945.
Zonder titelPapers of Gerald William Vivian, 1904-1921, including memoranda, appointments, sailing orders and Admiralty letters, 1904 to 1918; correspondence, 1913 to 1921; reports on the dockyard at Esquimalt and on the landing party for the protection of British subjects at San Quentin, Mexico, 1911, and reports and papers relating to the Air Department, 1915 to 1918.
Zonder titelPapers of Sir Robert Wigram consisting of two business ledgers, 1810 to 1865, and family legal documents, 1765 to 1826.
Zonder titelPapers, 1759-1904, collected by the solicitors in the course of their work, comprising legal documents relating to properties mainly in Ponders End, but also in Enfield and Tottenham. Also declaration relating to debentures, by Frederick William Frier of 16, Eldon Street, City of London, Secretary to the Paternoster Printing Company Limited; notices by Frederick William Frier and William Edwin Frier, that as debenture holders of Paternoster Printing Company Limited they intend to mortgage the works and property at Ponders End; and consent to mortgage the works and property.
Zonder titelLedgers recording accounts for medical treatment and drugs dispensed, 1744-1799. Patients included, as well as private individuals, the Oxfordshire and Herefordshire militias, the poor of various parishes, and the local bridewell. On the front covers are annotations by Dr B E A Batt and his father Dr C D Batt, including the names of Edward Batt (1741-1797), surgeon and apothecary, and Augustine William Batt (1774-1847), MRCS Eng. Both practised in Witney.
Zonder titelPapers relating to Corbyn and Co., including deeds, correspondence, wages books, recipe books and accounts. Also includes the papers of the Clutton family.
Zonder titelPapers of the British Medical Association compring files [1915-1960], from the following subject series: Medico-Political, Science, Groups, Ethics, Public Health, Hospitals, Organisation. Also incomplete set of copy minutes of Council, Committees and of the Annual Representatives' Meetings and Special Representatives' Meetings, [1907-1982].
Zonder titelThis collection comprises the minute books, articles of association, account ledgers, financial journals, wages books, cash books, newspaper cuttings and liquidation papers of Lawes Chemical Company (1872-1970), as well as records of subsidiary companies, including: Acides et Superphosphates Standairt Societe Anonyme (1929-1938), Gwalia Fertilisers (Briton Ferry) Limited (1934-1969), Jersey Trading Company (1948) Limited (1914-1963), Alfred Nightingale and Sons Ltd (1937-1963) and Thomas Fenn Limited (1947-1961).
Zonder titelThis collection comprises the records of William Warne and Co Ltd, manufacture of rubber products, including a technical notebook (1882-1896), detailing the chemical additives and cost per pound weight for each product manufactured at the companies factory in Barking, together with minute books of the Directors and Annual General Meetings (1895-1932), balance sheets of income and expenditure (1897-1925), a valuation of India Rubber Mills (1944) and a printed copy of 'The India Rubber Journal' (1924). Accompanied by photographs, and some photographic negatives, of workers of different demographics and ethnicity on the factory floor in Barking (circa 1960-1970), as well as further photographs showing different products produced at William Warne and Co Ltd (circa 1950-1970).
Zonder titelPapers of Adam and Company Limited covering the period 1825 to 1914. They relate to the sugar trade and import merchanting, including in-letters, bills of lading, charter parties, invoices, account sales and disbursements accounts; to ships' agency work, in particular that of the Clan Line; to insurance matters, consisting of policies and claims; to marine casualties, notes of protest and particular and general average statements and survey reports. There is a great deal of detailed information about the employment of immigrants and the conditions relating to their welfare. There is also a census of slaves employed on the Pipon estates in 1826 ('Greffe de l'Enregistrement des Esclaves'). Note that this collection is uncatalogued and there is no detailed list available.
Zonder titelPapers of William and Dugald Dawson comprising 80 letters from Dugald Dawson (dated 1823-1840) and 64 letters from William Dawson (dated 1828-1843). Also included are 38 letters (including two private journals) from Captain William Dawson, addressed to his wife Barbara (dated 1849-1858), and a number of other letters and papers, chiefly of William's family.
Zonder titelThe collection falls into two parts; papers relating to the dockyards and those salvaged from the German battleship Baden after she was beached in 1919. The former comprise a page from a Progress of Works register kept in Chatham dockyard, 1734; a 'Scheme of Prices for Performing Shipwrights Work by Job', 1815; a 'Scheme of Prices for Performing Shipwrights Work', 1857; two notebooks with engineering diagrams and drawings kept by students at Portsmouth engineering school, 1883, 1886. The Baden documents consist of eleven items and include a folder containing papers and letters relating to the fitting out of the ship at Danzig, 1916; a Chief Engineer's order book, 1916 to 1918, and three copies of German newspapers, 1919.
Zonder titelThe collection illustrates the history of piracy from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. It includes a journal of the voyage of Captain Bartholomew Sharp in the MAYFLOWER, 1680 to 1682, kept by his second-in-command, John Cox; it was on this voyage in the Pacific that Sharp captured a Spanish derrotero and the navigational information in it was used in the atlases of William Hack ([1656]-1708). Two letters from Sir Thomas Lynch (1603-?1684), Governor of Jamaica, give many details about measures taken to suppress piracy; the first, written to Sir Leoline Jenkins (1623-1683), Secretary of State, in 1683 relates principally to the interruption by privateers of the sugar trade of the West Indies; the second letter was written in 1683 to the Secretary of State for Northern Affairs, Lord Sunderland (1640-1702), and gives an account of the attack, led by Vanhorne (d.1683), on Vera Cruz. There is a journal and narrative account of the burning of La Trompeuse and other pirates in port at St Thomas's Island by Captain Charles Carlisle (d 1684) in the FRANCIS, 1683, and a collection of documents received by Sir Evan Nepean with some draft replies while Nepean was Governor of Bombay. These are mainly concerned with the expedition against piracy in the Persian Gulf between 1817 and 1819. There are also personal papers of Dr Gosse, which all relate to his publications on piracy.
Zonder titelPapers of Rupert Thomas Gould, consisting of eight working notebooks containing details kept by Gould on the stripping, cleaning, re-assembling and testing of the four Harrison Timekeepers, 1923-39; three monographs (bound together) relating to the No.1 timekeeper; typescript detailed account on the No.2 timekeeper; and a printed lecture delivered to the British Horological Institute in 1931 on the No.3 timekeeper. There are also various files of correspondence relating to his presentation of notebooks and papers to the Royal Observatory, 1945-46.
Zonder titelPapers of the Halifax Dockyard, consisting of sixty-six Commissioners and officers' letterbooks, containing either in- or out-letters, 1783 to 1887. From the Commissioner's office there are in-letters from the Navy Board, 1815 to 1819 (1 vol); out-letters to the Navy Board, 1816 to 1819 (1 vol); letters to the yard officers, 1805 to 1809 and 1814 to 1819 (5 vols). There are Commissioners' letterbooks of both in- and out-letters: Navy Board letters, 1808 to 1816 (3 vols); Victualling Board letters, 1815 to 1819 (1 vol); Transport Board letters, 1815 to 1817 (1 vol); correspondence with the Commander-in-Chief, 1805 to 1806 and 1808 to 1810 (3 vols); and with yard officers, 1801 to 1803, 1807 to 1812, 1814 to 1819 (9 vols); general correspondence, 1783 to 1789 (2 vols). Two further volumes consist entirely of lists and abstracts of Commissioners' correspondence, 1808 to 1848. The remaining letterbooks relate to the yard officers. Fifteen volumes are of in-letters: Navy Board warrants, 1807 to 1819 (1 vol); Navy Board letters, 1805 to 1832 (7 vols); Commissioner's letters, 1806 to 1807 and 1815 to 1824 (2 vols), and those from the Commander-in-Chief, 1819 to 1839 (2 vols). There is one volume of letters to the Master Attendant, 1808 to 1813, and two of letters from the Admiralty to the Storekeeper, 1833 to 1842. Officers' out-letterbooks include letters to the Navy Board, 1810 to 1826 (3 vols); to the Commissioner, 1810 to 1819 (1 vol), and to the Commander-in-Chief, 1819 to 1842 (1 vol). The Storekeeper's letters to the Admiralty are contained in ten volumes, 1834 to 1860, 1871 to 1880, 1882 to 1884 and 1886 to 1887; to the Commander-in-Chief, 1842 to 1863 and 1871 to 1881 (6 vols); local letters from the Storekeeper, 1842 to 1866 and 1873 to 1880 (5 vols). Three letterbooks contain both in- and out- officers' correspondence: one was kept by the Master Attendant, 1809 to 1829; one contains correspondence with the Commander-in-Chief in 1819; and the third contains local correspondence of a general nature, 1820 to 1841. There is also one volume of tenders accepted at the yard, 1823 to 1856.
Zonder titelRecords of Fennings Pharmaceuticals, 1830s-1990s, comprising corporate records, 1906-1957; accounts and other financial records, 1900-1993; marketing and public relations records, 1845-1988; legal records, 1866-1970; personnel records, 1910-1980; recipes, mid 19th century; personalia, mid 19th century-late 20th century; records of premises, mid-late 20th century; records on production, manufacture and licensing of medicines, 1951-1994.
Zonder titelMessers J. Denman and Co were leather sellers of 7 Furzedown Market, Amen Corner, Tooting. The firm are described as leather sellers in local trade directories; the receipts include goods appropriate to a shoe repairer, also shoelaces and socks. Suppliers include some local and London businesses. An index to suppliers is available. Approx. 1200 items arranged in bundles.
Zonder titelLetter from Sir Charles Wood, Chancellor of the Exchequer, of Hickleton, [near Doncaster] to an unspecified recipient, 19 Oct 1849. 'Dear Sir, It is unlucky that the D.G. [i.e. Dei Gratia (by the grace of God)] was left out [from the inscription on the new florin (2 shilling) coin] - people attach more importance to such matters now a days. Yours truly C. Wood'.
Autograph, with signature.
Zonder titelLetter from Richard Cobden to Dr W C Taylor, 2 Aug 1842. Thanking him for the gift of 'your little vol' [possibly Notes on a Tour in the Manufacturing Districts of Lancashire]. 'The best thing that could happen wd be to see it well abused in the Morning Post and Standard.'
Autograph, with signature.
Zonder titelRecords donated by the British Records Association relating to the garment trade in London, 1840-1899, comprising deed of partnership for carrying on the trade of a tailor in Skinner Street, Snow Hill, London, 1840; licence of patent for improvements in materials used in the manufacture of bonnet fronts and ruches, 1860; letters patent for an invention for improvement in sewing machines, 1880; deed of partnership for the Eclaire Button Hole Sewing Machine Company, London, 1887; assignment of one-third share of an invention for improvements in button hole sewing machines, 1887; apprenticeship indenture, 1899, to train as a milliner.
Zonder titelRecords relating to the London Log Conciliation Board, 1891-1937, comprising papers and correspondence of William Cooling Lawrence, President of the Association of London Master Tailors and Chair of the Joint Log Committee, namely copies of the London Log, some annotated with amendments, 1891-1935; agenda and papers relating to the Conciliation Board meeting, 1922; papers relating to the Conciliation Board, 1923; papers relating to the annual general meeting of the Amalgamated London Master Tailors, 1924; minutes, correspondence and papers of the Conciliation Board, 1925, relating to demands by the Amalgamated London Master Tailors and National Federation of Merchant Tailors (London) for an increase in rates; Conciliation Board reports and papers, 1925; working papers and correspondence relating to the log, 1894-1895; press cuttings and correspondence, 1892, 1908-1912, concerning the London Log committee;
correspondence, [1910-1937], concerning a dispute between the London Society of Tailors and Tailoresses and Thomas & Son, [1910]; dispute over machine work at Kerslake & Dixon, 1911; definition and classification of fabric with the Association of London Master Tailors, 1910; hours of employment of women, 1914-1915; relating to the log, agreements and revisions, 1909-1931;
minutes and correspondence of the Emergency Committee relating to the supply of work to unemployed tailors and tailoresses due to the war, 1914-1915; papers concerning a strike by London Tailors and workshop accommodation, 1912; papers, correspondence and draft report relating to Sub-Committee of the Retail Bespoke Tailoring Trade Board on conditions in certain workshops, [1922-1924]; papers relating to tailoring apprenticeships, 1927-1937;
papers relating to the establishment of Area Committees of the Retail Bespoke Tailoring Trade Board, [1922]; correspondence relating to the Association of London Master Tailors, [1921-1922], including attempted extension of membership.
Zonder titelThis series contains correspondence, memoranda and extracts from minutes of meetings concerning permission granted and refused to various companies regarding the operation of bus and coach services. Also includes details of the acquisition of certain routes by the LPTB and references for ex-London Transport employees.
Zonder titelOut letter book, 1848-1852, containing copy letters relating to applied chemistry, in particular to the role of Professor William Allen Miller as a consultant retained by the Western Gaslight Company, and charged with improving the efficiency of its manufacturing facility at Vauxhall, Surrey, and in a similar capacity to undertake the analysis of particulate residues and other by-products of incomplete combustion in an industrial setting; the experimental analysis of various phosphates and salts; commentary upon the telegraph and upon suggestions that the earth itself could act as a substitute electrical conductor over distances.
Chemistry teaching and research notes, c 1845
Trinidad and Tobago trade union material, 1948 onwards, comprising rulebooks, memorandums, reports, letters, wage schedules, conference reports, pamphlets, constitutions, statements, newsletters, memoranda of agreement, and addresses issued by the All Trinidad Sugar Estates & Factories Workers Trade Union, the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers Trade Union, the Civil Service Association of Trinidad and Tobago, the Council of Progressive Trade Unions (Trinidad and Tobago), the Employers' Consultative Association of Trinidad & Tobago, the National Federation of Trade Unions (Trinidad and Tobago), the National Trades Union Congress (Trinidad and Tobago), the National Union of Sugar Workers (Trinidad and Tobago), the National Workers' Trade Union (Trinidad and Tobago), the Non-Academic Staff Association of the University of the West Indies (Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago), the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union, the Public Services Association (Trinidad and Tobago), the Seamen and Waterfront Workers Trade Union (Trinidad and Tobago), the Trinidad and Tobago Labour Congress, and the Trinidad and Tobago Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers.
Zonder titelLetter from William Henry Leatham of 45 St James Place, St James's, London to the Rt Hon Sir Stafford H Northcote, Bart, MP, HM Secretary of State for India, 9 Jul 1868. Stating that he will forward the offer of a collection of plates (for a price of £100) illustrating the textile manufactures of India, to the Industral and Fine Art Institution (and museum), at Wakefield; giving the names of three officials in Wakefield who might be concerned with the offer.
Autograph, with signature.
Zonder titelLetter from Jean-Baptiste Colbert of Versailles, [France] to M Daguesseau, 1 Jan 1683. Promoting the manufacturers of Saptes and Clermont in France, and their exports to the Levant.
With autograph signature.
Zonder titelManuscript volume containing a copy of a letter dated 9 Jun 1744 from Elizabeth Forbes of the School of Sprinning, Jedburgh, [Roxburgh], to David Flint, Trustees Office, Parliament Close, Edinburgh, complaining of her summons by the baillies of Jedburgh for contravening the 'Acts in the Trades Seal of Cause' by ordering equipment from Kelso.
Zonder titelA signed holograph proposal, 1739, for preventing the illicit practice of wool, tea and brandy smuggling, submitted to both Houses of Parliament.
Zonder titelDraft minutes of the weekly meetings of the proprietors of Anderson, New and Co., held at the Compting House, Redcross St., Bristol, from 2 Jul 1798 to 11 Mar 1799. The proprietors were James New junior, Samuel New junior, Francis Bull, S. James, William Walker and Charles Anderson. The drafts record their decisions in some detail, concerning the purchase of land at Netham Mill and Blacksworth, the building of warehouses, and the purchase of raw material and machinery. At the foot of each sheet is written 'Ent[ere]d', followed usually by the initials 'J.N.'
Zonder titelPapers of Raymond Anthony Russell, c 1957, comprising 4 files of manuscript notes, letters and photographs relating to surgical instruments, amputating instruments, and surgical instrument makers; biographical material including manuscript notes, letters, photocopies of articles and photographs relating to Sir William Blizard (1743-1835); and 4 volumes of a surgical instrument catalogue titled Notes on Instrument Makers.
Zonder titelMaterial collated by Professors Philip Walter Sawford Andrews and Elizabeth Brunner, [1932-1970], during their teaching and research in the field of industrial economics, including records of the Oxford Economists Research Group, [1930s], and of the Oxford Research Group in Economics, [post World War Two]; papers relating to economics teaching at the Universities of Oxford and Lancaster; extensive research materials on microeconomics and the theory of the firm, especially the British steel industry and the international nitrogen cartel; papers relating to Andrews' practice as an economics expert for the Restrictive Practices Court, including description of practice in many manufacturing industries.
Zonder titelRecords of Welsh steelworks, 1928-1957, including statistical data relating to output, costs, profit and loss, and mainly comprising weekly reports from individual companies and works.
Zonder titelRecords of DeClermont and Donner Limited, manufacturers, importers and exporters of and dealers in leather, and their subsidiary companies, 1894-1995. The records include minutes, memoranda and articles of association, accounts, papers relating to shares, and correspondence.
Zonder titelRecords of the Cannon Brewery Company Limited, 1787-1991. This collection contains corporate, accounts and staff and premises records. Corporate records include minutes of Board meetings and Directors' meetings. It also includes the minutes book of Pelican Caterers Limited, the meetings of which were held at the Cannon Brewery. Staff and accounts records include a salaries ledger and a volume of annual returns. Premises records include documents relating to brewery premises and individual public houses with title deeds and plans, tenancy agreements and documents relating to the transfer of properties with Ind Coope Limited after Cannon Brewery was acquired.
Zonder titelRecords of Pioneer Trading Company Limited, comprising minutes of Board meetings and Directors' meetings, 1914-1961.
Zonder titelRecords of Churchill and Williams Limited, wine importers, including minute books of Directors' meetings and annual general meetings; register of members and share certificates.
Zonder titelRecords of John Lovibond and Sons Limited, 1896-1973. This collection comprises corporate records including minutes of Directors' meetings and General meetings, registers of shareholders, articles of association and a register of mortgages and charges.
Zonder titelStaff records of Whitbread and Company Limited, including salary books and ledgers giving information on weekly and monthly salaries over a range of time periods along with details of annuities, pensions and superannuation funds. There are also lists of employees from as early as 1841 (some of which are organised according to occupation), attendance books and information on ex-servicemen employed after the First World War along with sick pay and accident report books, and papers from the 1960s and 1970s detailing company employment policy.
Zonder titelRecords of Whitbread and Company Limited, brewers, relating to advertising, memorabilia and personal records, including substantial albums and guard books with Whitbread and Company advertising and labelling from 1935 through to 1980, newscuttings book of adverts commissioned (1921-1996), photographs of premises (1930-1979) and correspondence relating to advertising campaigns. Also included are published histories of the Company from both the nineteenth and twentieth century. This collection also includes the Whitbread Archivist's research files on public houses in the London area, subsidary companies and individuals associated with Whitbread and Company.
Zonder titelRecords of Stowells and Sons, wine and spirits merchants, comprising a range of company records from 1845 to 1976 including records covering corporate and financial business, sales and production, staff, property and advertising, as well as records from companies acquired by Stowells from the 1930s onwards including Ellis, Wilson and Bacon Limited, Findlater, Mackie and Company Limited, E. Robins and Sons Limited and Apain and Albury Limited.
Zonder titelRecords of the Railway Tavern Company Limited, including corporate minutes and correspondence, accounts and property files consisting of title deeds, mortgages and papers relating to stocks and bonds.
Zonder titelRecords of Jude Hanbury and Company Limited, brewers, including accounts ledgers and financial reports from the 1940s through the the 1960s along with earlier corporate correspondence dating from the 1920s and 1930s which includes the agreement between Jude Hanbury and Mackeson for the purchase of freehold property in 1934.
Zonder titelRecords of Frederick Leney & Sons, brewers, consisting of printed reports and balance sheets for the period of 1925 to 1959.
Zonder titelRecords of Dale and Company Limited, brewers, consisting of accounts sheets from the mid-1920s through to the 1950s.
Zonder titelRecords of Lorna Holder and her fashion business including her final portfolio and photographs of her end of year fashion show for her graduation from Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham (1975); records of Ali Baba Trading Company, Oman (1976-1978) consist of photographs and film of the first televised fashion show in Oman, and correspondence and greeting cards; Davies & Field records include design sketches and portfolios containing sketches, textile samples and cuttings for female clothing during Lorna Holder's time as Head of Young Fashion (1979-1986).
Records of Lapaz, hairdressing and beauty salon (1985-1990) include premises correspondence, account books, photographs of Black hair models and styles and of the two salons, advertising and reference material including fashion magazines.
Records of Lorna Holder Couture from 1989 include design drawings for couture dresses, order book, and photographs of two dresses made by Lorna.
Records of Tuareg Productions Limited are not deposited. For further information on this company and its projects visit http://www.tuaregproductions.com/
Records of Full Spectrum Productions Limited consist of the project archive of Jamaica Hidden Histories (2012-2015) which document training, exhibition and events which had the aim to increase awareness of Jamaican presence in Britain. Included are some interviews with individuals of Jamaican heritage. This was the sixth project led by the company. Other projects and records of Full Spectrum Productions are not deposited.
Zonder titelRecords of Westways Greetings including sale catalogues and unused greeting cards published by Lip Productions Limited, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America and imported by Westways Greetings for sale in the United Kingdom. The cards depict gay and Christmas themes mainly marketed to the gay and lesbian community. Some of the cards depict Black people / people of African descent and other ethnic origin.
No administrative records of the firm are known to survive.
This collection was catalogued by Ros Hamner, volunteer, as part of Speakout London project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, supervised by Sally Bevan and Richard Wiltshire, Senior Archivists.
Zonder titelRecords of Edward E. Pool and Company including financial ledgers containing daily profit and loss accounts.
Zonder titelRecords of P. Wilkinson and Sons Limited including agreements and assignments of business, memorandum and articles of association, certificate of incorporation, account book (1837-1907), order book (1864-1870), mixture and metal book (1853-1897), articles and printed material, premises deeds and papers for Tottenham Street and Tottenham Mews, and 'On National Service' designed brooch.
Zonder titelRecords of Paton and Charles, soap manufacturers, comprising dissolution of partnership of Robert Charles the elder, Robert Charles the younger and Andrew Paton Charles in the business of Paton and Charles, soap manufacturers and the business of candle manufacturers at Paulsworks, 1867; licence to underlet manufactory premises in Bow Common, 1869; and mortgage for manufactory known as Pauls Works in St. Paul's Road, Bow Common, 1876-1880.
Zonder titelDeed of dissolution of partnership between tailors Stephen Brown, 63 Buttesland St, Hoxton and Daniel Kirby, 43 Harmood St, Kentish Town, 1852.
Zonder titel