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Born 1827; educated University of London, MB, 1852; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS), 1852; moved to Edinburgh 1853; Chair of Clinical Surgery at University of Glasgow, 1860-1869 where he developed antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid as the antiseptic agent and heat sterilization of instruments; also developed absorbable ligatures and the drainage tube; Fellow of Royal Society, 1860; Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, 1869-1877; Chair of Clinical Surgery, King's College, London, 1877-1892; Surgeon in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1878; Honorary Doctorate, University of Cambridge and Honorary Doctorate, University of Oxford, 1880; Boudet Prize, 1881; Baronetcy of Lyme Regis, 1883; retired 1893, Foreign Secretary, Royal Society, 1893; President of the Royal Society, 1894-1900; President, British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1896; Order of Merit, 1902, died 1912.