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Born in Cornwall in 1800; migrated to London, 1821, where he worked as a cabinet maker; Member, later President, Cabinet Makers Society; Storekeeper to the first London Cooperative Trading Society; Secretary, British Association for Promoting Co-operative Knowledge, 1830; Member, Grand National Consolidated Trades Union; arrested and tried for rioting, 1832; helped found the London Working Man's Association, 1836, and played a large part in their drafting of the People's Charter in 1838; arrested for his manifesto against the police, tried, and imprisoned in Warwick jail, 1839-1840; opened a bookseller's shop, and published Chartism; a new Organisation of the People, on the organisation of the Chartist party (1841); established the national Association for promoting the Political and Social Improvement of the People, 1841; member of the council of the Anti-Slavery League, 1846; published textbooks on elementary science after 1857; died 1877.