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Madden entered the Navy in 1875 and served as a midshipman on the Mediterranean Station from 1877 to 1880. He then went to the East Indies, being promoted to a sub-lieutenant in 1881. After becoming a lieutenant in 1884 he specialized in torpedoes. He was made a commander in 1896 and a captain in 1901, after which he was senior officer in destroyers in the Mediterranean and then in a cruiser on the Cape Station. From 1904 to 1905 Madden served at the Admiralty under Fisher and was Naval Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, 1906 to 1910. In 1911 he became a rear-admiral. He was Chief-of-Staff to his brother-in-law, Admiral Jellicoe, 1914 to 1916, and was promoted to vice-admiral immediately after the battle of Jutland. From 1916 to 1919 be was second-in-command of the Grand Fleet, with the acting rank of admiral. He was promoted to admiral and created a baronet in 1919. From 1919 to 1922 he commanded the newly-constituted Atlantic Fleet. He became Admiral of the Fleet in 1924 and succeeded Earl Beatty as First Sea Lord in 1927. He retired in 1930.