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Robert Devereaux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567-1601) was an English soldier and courtier of Queen Elizabeth I. During the years 1592 to 1596, Essex became an expert on foreign affairs, mainly to challenge the ascendency of the Cecil family in this field. He kept secret agents who obtained detailed political intelligence from France, Scotland and Spain, and extended his friendship and patronage to Antonio Perez, a Spanish renegade.