When the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government which was supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain. This was led by the rebel Nationalists and supported not only by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners but by the fascist Falange. In contrast, the ruling Republican government was supported by workers, a large number of the educated middle class, militant anarchists and communists. Government forces successfully quelled the uprising in most regions except in parts of NW and SW Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named General Franco (1892-1975) head of state. During the Civil War, both sides repressed opposition, executing and assassinating a combined total of over 50,000 suspected enemies . The Republicans, who were also known as Loyalists, were largely provided with military material by the Soviet Union, and were further supported by the volunteer force of the International Brigade. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, with Madrid finally falling to the Nationalists on March 28. The war's end brought with it a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.
Born in 1789, John Ramsay McCulloch was a prolific Scottish journalist, and one of the most ardent and doctrinaire expositors of the Classical Ricardian School of economics. He was economics editor for the whiggish Edinburgh Review, and used this platform to popularize Classical theories and promote the repeal of the Corn Laws. McCulloch was also the editor of the 1828 edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the 1846 edition of David Ricardo's Works, and composed some of the earliest accounts of the history of economic thought. His main work was Principles (1825), perhaps the first successful "serious" textbook in economics.McCulloch served as a professor in political economy at University College, London from 1828 to 1832. In the later part of his life, he became the Comptroller of HM Stationary Office. He died in 1864.
'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.
Copies of Volumes and Documents - Photographs
Born in Paris, France, 1925; educated at Lycée Henry IV and L'École Boulle, Paris; worked as a jewellery designer, Paris [1943]; called up for compulsory labour, Bergès sought to escape to Spain with the help of the Maquis, Jun 1944; severely wounded in the attempt by the Gestapo, near St Girons, France, 17 Jun 1944; treated for his wounds in local hospice, Jun-Jul 1944; left St Girons with Maquis from Toullouse, 13 Jul 1944; retired to Itxassou, near Biarritz, France [1996].
Born 1916; educated at the City of Oxford School and St Catherine's College, Oxford; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; mobilised from Territorial Army, 1940; served in ranks, 1940; commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps, 1940; Adjutant, Royal Army Service Corps, 7 Armoured Div, Middle East Forces, 1940; acting Capt, 1940-1941; War Substantive Lt, 1941; temporary Capt, 1941-1942; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Headquarters 30 Corps, Middle East Forces, Western Desert, 1941-1942; Officer Commanding 66 Company, Royal Army Service Corps, Middle East Forces, 1942; War Substantive Capt, 1942; Chief Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Training School, Egypt, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1942-1943; temporary Maj, 1942-1944; attended Staff Course, Haifa, Palestine, 1943; General Staff Officer 2, Staff College, Haifa, Palestine, 1943-1944; acting Lt Col, 1944; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 1 Army Transport Column, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1944; War Substantive Maj, 1944; served in Italy, 1944-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1944-1947; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 13 Supply Units, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1945; Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Allied Forces Headquarters, 1945-1947; acting Col, 1946; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, War Office, 1947-1950; Officer Commanding 68 Company, Royal Army Service Corps (Air Despatch), British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1951-1952; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport (Organisation and Training), Headquarters, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1952; Assistant Adjutant General (Administration), Headquarters, Northern Army Group (Northag), BAOR (British Army of the Rhine), Germany, 1952-1953; temporary Lt Col, 1952-1954; Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Officers School, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1954-1956; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Headquarters, Cyrenaica District, Libya, Middle East Land Forces, 1956-1958; Brevet Lt Col, 1957; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 2 Infantry Div, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1958-1960; Lt Col, 1959; Col, 1960; Assistant Adjutant General to Maj Gen John Edward Longworth Morris, Director of Recruiting, War Office, 1960-1963; Brig, 1964; Deputy Director of Supply and Transport, Northern Command, 1964; Chief Transport Officer, Northern Command [1965-1966]; Inspector, Royal Corps of Transport and Deputy Transport Officer in Chief (Army), Ministry of Defence, 1966-1967; retired 1967; Home Bursar, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1967; Fellow, Institution of Mechanical and General Technician Engineers; Fellow, Chartered Institute of Transport; died 1998.
Born in 1905; educated at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; served on HMS IRON DUKE, HMS WIVERN and HMS LABURNHAM; served on HMS NELSON, Home Fleet, 1931; served on HMS VENETIA, Abyssinia, 1935; commanded HMS WRESTLER, 1936, and later HMS SCOUT; court-martialled, dismissed his ship and reprimanded after HMS SCOUT ran aground in the Thames Estuary, 1938; served as gas and ventilation officer, HMS ROYAL SOVEREIGN, 1938; commanded HMS THRACIAN, Hong Kong Local Defence Flotilla, 1938-1941; Cdr, 1943; retired, 1955; died in 1995.
Born 1906; educated at St Olave's School and Trinity College, Cambridge; Mathematical Tripos Part 1 1926, Part 2 1928, Mayhew Prize; began career in the Civil Service as Assistant Principal, Air Ministry, 1929; Assistant Under Secretary of State, 1943; Deputy Secretary, Control Office for Germany and Austria, 1946; Deputy Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office (German Section), 1947-1948; Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Defence, 1948-1952; Third Secretary, HM Treasury, 1952; Second Secretary, Board of Trade, 1952-1955; Permanent Under Secretary of State, Air Ministry, 1955-1963; Second Secretary, HM Treasury, Nov 1963 - 1964; Joint Permanent Under Secretary of State, Department of Education and Science, Apr - Oct 1964 with responsibility for universities and research; Permanent Secretary at the newly created Ministry of Technology, 1964-1966; retired from the Civil Service, 1966; Director of British Printing Corporation, 1966-1971; co-opted, member of Cambridge University Appointments Board, 1957-1960; member Cambridge University Women's Appointments Board, 1963-1976; Chairman, London Advisory Board, Salvation Army, 1968-1976; Visiting Professor, Department of Administration, Strathclyde University, 1966-1976; Councillor, Bedford College, University of London, 1972-1976; Honorary Doctor of Laws Strathclyde University, 1970; died 1978. Publications: Posthumous publication: The Royal Air Force and two World Wars, foreword by Sir Arthur Travers Harris (London, Cassell, 1979).
Born 1879; educated at Beaumont College, Foster's, Stubbington House, Hampshire; joined training ship HMS BRITANNIA, Dartmouth, Devon, as Naval Cadet, 1894; service on HMS BLAKE, Channel Fleet, 1896-1897, and HMS ECLIPSE, East Indies Station, 1897-1899; Sub Lt, 1899; HMS CLEOPATRA, 1899; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1899-1900; served on HMS GRIFFON and HMS DESPERATE, Mediterranean Fleet, 1900-1901; service on HM Torpedo Boats 92, 89 and 96, 1901-1902; Lt, 1902; HMS CRUISER, 1902; served on HMS VENGEANCE, China Station, 1902-1905; HMS BARFLEUR, 1905; served on HMS KING ALFRED, HMS HART and HMS HAWKE, China Station, 1906-1909; HMS CHELMER, Home Fleet, 1910; HMS GARVY, 1911; served on HMS CHELMER and HMS ALBATROSS, Mediterranean Fleet, 1911-1913; Cdr, 1914; commanded HMS HARPY, Mediterranean Fleet, 1913-1915; served in World War One, 1914-1918; service on HMS HARPY, Dardenelles, 1915; Flag Cdr to Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1917-1918; Capt, 1919; awarded CMG, 1919; Deputy Director, Plans Division, Admiralty, 1920-1922; commanded HMS CARLISLE, 1922-1924; Capt Auxiliary Patrol, Fishery Protection, HMS HAREBELL, 1925-1926; Directing Staff, Imperial Defence College, 1926-1929; commanded HMS REPULSE, 1929-1931; Naval Aide de Camp to King George V, 1931-1932; R Adm, 1932; Director of Naval Intelligence Division, 1932-1935; awarded CB, 1934; R Adm, 10 Cruiser Sqn, HM King George V Jubilee Review, Spithead, 1935; R Adm commanding Reserve Fleet, 1935-1937; V Adm, 1936; created KCVO, 1937; retired list, 1938; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Naval Attaché, The Hague, Netherlands, 1940; Principal Liaison Officer with Allied Navies, 1940; Flag Officer, Tunisia, 1943-1945; Flag Officer, Netherlands, 1945-1946; died 1962. Publications: Bombing and strategy. The fallacy of total war (Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London, 1947); The dress of the British sailor (National Maritime Museum, London, 1957).
Born in 1897; educated at Birkenhead and Dean Close, Cheltenham; joined 5 Battalion King's Liverpool Regt, 1914; served with East Surrey Regt in France and Belgium, World War One, 1914-1919; served with Midland Division HQ, British Army of the Rhine, 1919; transferred to Royal Signals, 1920; served in India, 1920-1922; Iraq, 1921; West Africa (Nigeria) 1922-1928; Staff College, 1933-1934; 2 Indian Division Signals, Quetta, India (Quetta earthquake), 1935-1936; General Staff Officer Grade 3, War Office, 1936-1937; Officer Commanding Troops, Northern Rhodesia, 1937-1940; served during World Two including Commander, 26 (East African) Infantry Brigade, 1941-1942, Commander of 22 (East African) Brigade, Madagascar, 1942-1943, and 28 (East African) Brigade, Ceylon, India and Madagascar, 1944-1945; Commander, 11 East African Division, Burma, 1945-1946; General Officer Commanding, East Africa, 1946-1948; Commander, Aldershot District, 1948-1951; Representative for United Kingdom on Military Staff Committee, United Nations, 1951-1953; retired, 1953; Col Commandant, King's African Rifles, Northern Rhodesia Regt and Rhodesian African Regt, 1954-1960s; Chairman of Army Cadet Force Association, 1954-1960; Secretary, British Section of Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1959-1962; Secretary of overseas organisation of Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, 1962-1965; Col Commandant, Malawi Rifles, 1964-1965; died in 1965.
Born 1910; educated at Beaumont College, Windsor, Berkshire; commissioned into the Royal Ulster Rifles, via the Supplementary Reserve, 1931; service in Egypt and Hong Kong, 1932-1940; Lt, 1934; Capt, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Adjutant, 2 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, France, 1940; evacuated from Dunkirk, Operation DYNAMO, France, Jun 1940; General Staff Officer 3 (Operations), Headquarters 10 Corps, UK, 1940-1941; temporary Maj, 1941; service with 8 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles [1942-1943]; Second in Command, 1 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, Air Landing Bde, 6 Airborne Div, Operation OVERLORD, the Allied invasion of occupied France, Jun 1944; North West Europe campaign, including Battle of the Bulge, Ardennes, 1944-1945; Commanding Officer, 2 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, 1945-1948; awarded DSO for leading the assault over the Ochtum Canal and the capture of the Kattenturm Bridge, Germany, 1945; Maj, 1946; service in Port Said, Egypt, and Palestine, 1946-1948; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quarermaster General, 1 Anti Aircraft Group (London), 1948-1949; temporary Lt Col, 1949; General Staff Officer 1, Headquarters Mid Western District, UK, 1949-1952; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, Hong Kong, UK and British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Wuppertal, Germany, 1952-1955; Lt Col, 1953; temporary Brig, 1955; commanded 107 (Ulster) Independent Infantry Bde Group, 1955-1958; Col, 1956; Hon Brig, 1958; retired 1958; awarded CB, 1958; died 1997.
Born in 1894; Assistant Clerk, HMS VICTORY, 1911; Assistant Clerk and Clerk, HMS HERMIONE, 1911; Clerk, HMS NEW ZEALAND, 1914, and HMS LEVIATHAN, 1915; Paymaster Lt, 1916; Secretary's Clerk, HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH, 1917-1919; Paymaster Cdr, 1932; Fleet Stores Officer on Staff of Cdr-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1943-1945.
Born 1895; educated at Liverpool; joined the White Star Line as an apprentice, 1911; served in World War One with The King's (Liverpool) Regt, 1914-1918; Manager, Liverpool Office, White Star Line, 1919-1923; Berlin Office, White Star Shipping Company (Cunard White Star Limited from 1934), 1923-1939; captured by German forces in Copenhagen, Denmark, Apr 1940; interned in Germany, 1940-1944; repatriated, Aug 1944; awarded MBE, 1946; Head Office, Cunard Steamship Company, 1946-1948; Manager, Hamburg Office, Cunard Steamship Company, Germany, 1948-1952; Manager, Paris Office, Cunard Steamship Company, France, 1952-1958; retired 1958; died 1965.
Born in 1896; served in Army Service Corps, [1915]-1918, joined No 142 Sqn, 1918; served with No 47 Sqn, South Russia, 1919; Assistant Secretary to Committee of Imperial Defence, 1937-1939, and to War Cabinet, 1939-1941; Fighter Command, 1941-1942; Director of Plans, Air Ministry, 1942-1944; Air Officer Commanding RAF Gibraltar, Feb-June 1944; Air Officer CommandingBalkan Air Force, 1944-1945; Assistant Chief Executive, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1945-1946; Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Policy), 1946-1947; Commander-in-Chief, Fighter Command, 1947-1949; Chief Staff Officer to Minister of Defence and Deputy Secretary (Military) to Cabinet, 1949-1951; ADC to King George VI, 1950-1952; Chairman of British Joint Services Mission, Washington, and UK Representative on the Standing Group of the Military Committee of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1951-1954; ADC to Queen Elizabeth II, 1952-1954; Chairman of Council, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 1954-1958; died in 1971.
Born in 1911; attended Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1929-1931; 2nd Lt, 2 Bn, Border Regt, 1931; joined 5 Bn, 14 Punjab Regt, Indian Army, 1932; served in India, 1932-1935 and 1947, Abyssinia, 1935-1937; seconded to Burma Frontier Force, 1937-1941; Lt, 1933; Capt, 1939; commanded No 1 Independent Infantry Company, Malaya, 1941-1942; held as POW by Japanese,1942-1945; served in Burma, [1945-1946], and India, [1946-1947]; died in 1984.
Born in 1903; educated at Royal Naval Colleges, Osbourne and Dartmouth; first went to sea, 1920; Lt, Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, 1928-1931; served in China and Hong Kong, 1931-1932; undertook Naval Staff Course, 1935-1936; First Lt, Cadets' Training Cruiser, 1937-1939; commanded HMS WAKEFUL, 1940; Staff Officer (Operations) to V Adm Light Forces, Eastern Mediterranean, 1940-1941; Staff Officer (Operations) to R Adm (Destroyers), Mediterranean, 1941-1942; Chief Staff Officer to Senior Naval Officer Inshore Sqn, North Africa, 1942-1943; commanded HMS MUSKETEER, Arctic, Atlantic and Mediterranean, 1943-1945; Deputy Director of Movements, Admiralty, 1945-1946; commanded HMS SOLEBAY, 1947-1948; served on Directing Staff of JointServices Staff College, 1948-1950; Chief of Staff Far East, 1950-1952; commanded HMS INDEFATIGABLE, 1953-1954; R Adm, 1954; Flag Officer, Ground Training (Home Air Command), 1955-1957; retired, 1957; died in 1988.
Born in 1905; educated at Cheltenham College, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Clare College, Cambridge; 2nd Lt, 1925; Lt, 1927; Capt, 1936; served in India, 1936-1937; Staff Capt, China, 1937-1939; Staff Capt, Hong Kong, 1939; served in France, 1939-1940, Iceland, 1940-1941, and France and Belgium, 1944; Col, HQ 21 Army Group, Palestine, 1946-1947; served inEast Africa, 1947-1949; Lt Col, 1949; Commander, Royal Engineers, Sussex and Surrey, 1950-1951; honorary Col and retired, 1951; died in 1981.
Born in 1917; served in Fleet Air Arm, 1938-1946; died in 1987.
Born in 1874; educated at Eton and Sandhurst; commissioned into the Grenadier Guards, 1894; promoted to Capt, 1900; service in the Boer War, 1900-1902; promoted to Battalion Maj, 1902; Staff College, 1905-1906; Brigade Maj, 1 Guards Brigade, Aldershot, 1908-1911; Brevet Lt Col, 1913; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, War Office, 1913-1914; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, 2Corps, 1914-1915; served in 2 Army, 1915; General Staff Officer, Grade 1, 7 Division, 1915-1916; Battalion Col, 1916; Brig Gen, General Staff of 14 Corps, 1916-1918; Maj Gen, General Staff, British Forces in Italy and 10 Italian Army, 1918-1919; commanding field troops in Egypt, 1921-1922; Director of Military Training, 1922-1925; commanded Deccan District, 1926-1928; Lt Gen, 1928; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Northern Command, 1931-1933; Gen, 1933; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Aldershot Command, 1933-1937; ADC General to the King, 1934-1937; died in 1949.
Born in 1911; educated at Uppingham School, Royal Military Academy and Trinity College, Cambridge; 2 Lt, Royal Engineers, 1931; member of the Mount Everest expedition, 1936; instructor, Royal Military Academy, 1938; Capt, 1939; served during World War Two in the Far East, Middle East, Italy and France, including special operations; member of the British Joint ServicesCommission, Washington, 1948-1951; Commanding Officer, 1951-1953; Col, Staff College, Camberley, 1953-1955; British Army of the Rhine, 1956-1958; Commandant, Intelligence Centre, Maresfield, 1958-1961; Maj Gen, 1964; Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence),Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe, 1964-1967; Col Commandant, Royal Engineers, 1968-1973; died in Aug 2000.
Born in New York, USA; author and journalist; chief European correspondent for the Mutual Broadcasting Network, Berlin, Germany [1960-1962]; London correspondent for the New Leader Magazine, 1986.Publications: Enemy in the shadows: the world of spies and spying (Luscombe, London, 1976); The irresistible impulse: an evocative study of erotic notions and practices through the ages (Paddington Press, London, 1979); The British: a portrait of an indomitable island people (Everest House, New York, USA, 1982); Less than glory [1984]; Scramble: a narrative history of the Battle of Britain(Michael Joseph, London, 1986); The Berlin wall: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a showdown in the heart of Europe (Michael Joseph, London, 1986); Dunkirk: the incredible escape (Michael Joseph, London, 1990); Desperate venture: the story of Operation TORCH, the Allied invasion of North Africa (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1992); editor of Jonathan Carver's travels through America,1766-1768, an eighteenth century explorer's account of uncharted America (Wiley, Chichester, New York, USA, 1993); Ike and Monty, Generals at war (Constable, London, 1994).
Born 1889; educated at Haileybury; commissioned into Corps of Royal Engineers, 1910; Lt, 1912; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Capt, 1916; acting Maj, 1916-1918; service in Mesopotamia, 1916-1918; awarded DSO, 1917; Staff Officer to Engineer-in-Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, 1918-1919; Maj, 1926; service in India, [1932-1947]; Lt Col, 1934; Col, 1937;Director, Survey Department of India, 1937; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; awarded CIE, 1942; retired as Hon Brig, 1948; President, British Cave Rescue Association; died 1980.Publications: Gravity anomalies and the structure of the Earth's crust (Survey of India, Dehra Dun, India, 1932); A report on the values of gravity in the Maldive and Laccadive Islands (The John Murray Expedition, Scientific Reports, London, 1936); Cave fauna (Cave Research Group, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, 1946); Cave fauna. Preliminary list with Mary Hazelton (Cave Research Group,Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, 1947); National Grid co-ordinates of corners of 6-inch Ordnance Survey Sheets and cutting values at sheet edges of one-kilometre grid lines near corners (Cave Research Group, Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, 1948).
Born [1920]; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; joined RAF, 1940; Pilot Officer, Cairo, Egypt, 1941; served in India, Dec 1941; service in Java, Dutch East Indies, 1942, and evacuated to India following Japanese invasion, Feb 1942; served in Burma, 1942; service with Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit, South East Asia, 1944-1945; demobilised as Wg Cdr, 1947; died 1998.
Until 1969 the General Post Office was a government department and its expenditure was controlled by the Treasury. The Receiver General was an independent appointment, designed to remove all responsibilities for cash from the hands of the Postmaster General.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) is one of Russia's major writers and poets.
Born 1919; commissioned as 2nd Lt, 1939; 2nd Lt, Indian Army, 1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Lt, 1941; temporary Capt, 1941-1942; transferred to Royal Artillery, 1943; Capt, 1946; temporary Maj, 1950-1952; Maj, 1952; served with 156 (East Africa) Independent Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Kenya during Mau Mau revolt, 1952- 1955; awarded MBE,1955; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, War Office, 1958- 1963; Lt Col, 1963; General Staff Officer 1, Army Department, Ministry of Defence, 1964-1966; Col, 1966; Col, General Staff, Headquarters British Army of the Rhine, 1969-1972; Central Defence Staff Officer, Ministry of Defence, 1974-1975; retired 1975.
Born in 1912; educated at Wesley College Dublin and Dublin University; commissioned into RAF, 1933; served in flying boats with 230 Sqn, Egypt and Far East, 1935-1938; commanded night fighter squadron, UK, 1939-1940, and day fighter squadron, 1940; Officer Commanding 266 (Fighter) Wing, Dutch East Indies, 1942; POW, Java, 1942; Staff College, 1947; FighterCommand Staff Duties, 1948-1950; Officer Commanding RAF Odiham, 1950-1952; Senior Air Staff Officer, HQ No 11 Group, RAF, 1958-1959; Air Officer Commanding No 13 group, 1959-1961; Air Officer Commanding No 11 Group, Fighter Command, 1961-1962; Senior Air Staff Officer, Far East Air Force, 1962-1964; Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Intelligence), 1964-1965; Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Intelligence), 1965-1968; retired, 1968; Director General of Intelligence, Ministry of Defence, 1968-1972.
Born in 1911; studied Medicine and Surgery at University of Glasgow; Lt, Indian Medical Service, 1939; posted to Indian Medical Hospital, Rawalpindi, India, 1939; appointed Anti-Malaria Officer, Rawalpindi, 1940; Medical Officer-in-Charge, Indian Medical Hospital, Abbottabad, 1941; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Iraq, 1941-1942; Deputy Assistant Director ofHygiene, Kermanshah, Persia, 1942-1943; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Persia, 1943-1944; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Iraq, 1944; Assistant Director of Hygiene, later Deputy Director of Hygiene, Agra, India, 1944-1945; Maj, 1945; Assistant Director of Hygiene, South East Asia Command, 1945; Assistant Director of Hygiene, General HQ, India, 1945-1946; Deputy AssistantDirector of Medical Services, Delhi District, India, 1946-1947; transferred to Royal Army Medical Corps, 1947; Deputy Assistant Director of Army Health, South West District, UK, 1947-1949; posted to HQ Canal South District, Egypt, 1949; posted to HQ 17 Infantry Bde District, 1949-1952; Lt Col, 1954; Assistant Professor in Army Health, Royal Army Medical College, 1954-1957; attended 'Buffalo' British nuclear weapons tests, Maralinga, Australia, 1956; entomologist, School of Health, Far East Land Forces, Singapore, 1957; Senior Instructor, Army School of Health, Ashvale, 1961; Col, 1961; Consultant in Army Health, 1963; Chief Medical Officer, Cyprus, 1964;Deputy Director of Army Health, Far East Land Forces, Singapore, 1965; Assistant Director of Army Health, Ministry of Defence, 1967; retired, 1971; died in 1983.
Born in 1916; 2nd Lt, Royal Scots, 1939; Lt, 1941, served with 4 Indian Div, Western Desert, 1941-1942; member of 'A' Force, special unit involved in escape operations in Western Desert, 1942, Italy, 1943-1944, and Austria, 1945; Capt, 1945; Maj, 1950; died in 1981.
Born in 1899; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1919; Lt, 1921; Capt, 1930; Maj, 1938; served in World War Two in Malaya; held as POW by Japanese, 1942-1945; died in 1986.
Born in 1893; educated at Eton College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; 2nd Lt, Indian Army, 1913; joined 9th Hodson's Horse, 1914; served in World War One in France, Palestine, and Syria; Lt, 1915; Capt, 1917; served in India, 1919-1938, at regimental duty, as Bde Maj, 1 Risalpur Cavalry Bde, and as an instructor at Staff College, Quetta; attended Staff College,Camberley, 1925-1926; Maj, 1929; Lt Col, 1938; commanded 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers, India, 1938-1939; Col, 1939; General Staff Officer Grade 1, 5 Indian Div, 1939-1940; Col 1939; commanded Gazelle Force, Sudan and Eritrea, 1940-1941; commanded 9 IndianInfantry Bde, Keren, Eritrea, 1941; commanded 4 Indian Div, Western Desert and Cyrenaica, 1941-1942; commanded 1 Armoured Div, Cyrenaica, 1942; commanded 7 Armoured Div, Western Desert, 1942; Deputy Chief of General Staff, General HQ, Middle East Force, 1942; commanded 43 Indian Armoured Div, 1942-1943; Director of Armoured Fighting Vehicles, General HQ, India Command, 1943; Maj Gen, 1943; commanded 7 Indian Div, and later 4 Corps, Burma campaign, 1944-1945; Lt Gen, 1945; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Malaya Command, 1945-1946; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Northern Command, India, 1946-1947; Commander-in-Chief,Pakistan Army, 1947; retired, 1948; died in 1974.
Served with Royal Tank Regt and 23 Armoured Bde; tested TOG heavy tanks for Tank Design Department, Farnborough, [1940-1945].
Born in 1902; studied medicine at National University of Ireland; joined RAF and served in India, 1926-1929; later transferred to the RN and served on HMS RESOLUTION and HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH; served in Singapore, [1939]-1942; Chief Malariologist with the British Pacific Fleet, [1943-1946]; Naval Medical Officer of Health for Hong Kong, 1951-1952; retired, 1960; died in1983.
Born in 1896; educated at Wellington College and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into Royal Artillery, 1915; served in France and Belgium, 1915-1919; Instructor, Staff College, Camberley, 1933; seconded to Australian Military Forces, 1937-1939; Head of German Intelligence Section, War Office, 1939-1940; Brig, General Staff (Intelligence), Home Forces,1940-1942; Commander, Royal Artillery, Scottish Command, 1942; Head of Intelligence Section, Allied Force HQ, North Africa, 1942-1943; served with Special Operations Executive, North West Europe, 1943-1945; Control Commission, Hungary, 1945-1946; retired pay, 1947; died in 1978.
Joined RAF in [1939]; took part in RAF expedition to establish an airbase in the Azores, Oct 1943; Sqn Leader, 1947.
Served in Royal Navy [1931]-1954; Sub Lt, 1932; service on HMS DECOY, 1 Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet, 1933; Lt, 1933; served on HMS RENOWN, Battle Cruiser Sqn, Home Fleet, 1934-1935; HMS PEMBROKE, Gunnery School, Chatham, Kent, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945, in North Sea and Mediterranean on HMS JERVIS, 1940-1941; with CombinedOperations Command, Dieppe and Normandy, 1944; in Pacific, Japan and Australia, 1945-1946; HMS APPLEDORE, 1946; Cdr, 1947; Gunnery and Anti-Aircraft Warfare Division, Admiralty, 1947-1948; served on HMS HORNET, 1952-1953; retired 1954..
Born 1899; educated at Eton and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into 4 (Royal Irish)Dragoon Guards, 1918; served in France and Germany, 1918-1919; Aide de Camp to Brig commanding 1 Cavalry Bde, British Armies in France, 1918; Lt, 1919; Capt, 1928; Adjutant, 4/7 Dragoon Guards, 1928-1931; service in Palestine, 1936-1939; Maj, 1937; CommandingOfficer, 4/7 Royal Dragoon Guards, Palestine, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with 4/7 Royal Dragoon Guards, Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, 27 Armoured Bde and Czechoslovak Forces in UK and France, 1939-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1940; Lt Col,1942; Military Attaché, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1945-1948; retired as Hon Brig, 1953; died 1981.
Worked on Operation BACKFIRE (the employment of captured military personnel to demonstrate the assembly and firing of V2 rockets), Cuxhaven, Germany, 1945.
Born in 1874; educated at Cambridge University and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; House Physician and Opthalmic House Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1900-1901; House Surgeon, Metropolitan Hospital, [London], 1901-1902; House Physician and Senior Resident Officer, Bristol Royal Infirmary, 1902-1906; Consulting Physician, BEF, France, 1918, and later Consulting Physician, Bristol Royal Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Bristol; died in 1951.