'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.
When the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government which was supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain. This was led by the rebel Nationalists and supported not only by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners but by the fascist Falange. In contrast, the ruling Republican government was supported by workers, a large number of the educated middle class, militant anarchists and communists. Government forces successfully quelled the uprising in most regions except in parts of NW and SW Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named General Franco (1892-1975) head of state. During the Civil War, both sides repressed opposition, executing and assassinating a combined total of over 50,000 suspected enemies . The Republicans, who were also known as Loyalists, were largely provided with military material by the Soviet Union, and were further supported by the volunteer force of the International Brigade. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, with Madrid finally falling to the Nationalists on March 28. The war's end brought with it a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.
Born in 1789, John Ramsay McCulloch was a prolific Scottish journalist, and one of the most ardent and doctrinaire expositors of the Classical Ricardian School of economics. He was economics editor for the whiggish Edinburgh Review, and used this platform to popularize Classical theories and promote the repeal of the Corn Laws. McCulloch was also the editor of the 1828 edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the 1846 edition of David Ricardo's Works, and composed some of the earliest accounts of the history of economic thought. His main work was Principles (1825), perhaps the first successful "serious" textbook in economics.McCulloch served as a professor in political economy at University College, London from 1828 to 1832. In the later part of his life, he became the Comptroller of HM Stationary Office. He died in 1864.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) is one of Russia's major writers and poets.
Born in Paris, France, 1925; educated at Lycée Henry IV and L'École Boulle, Paris; worked as a jewellery designer, Paris [1943]; called up for compulsory labour, Bergès sought to escape to Spain with the help of the Maquis, Jun 1944; severely wounded in the attempt by the Gestapo, near St Girons, France, 17 Jun 1944; treated for his wounds in local hospice, Jun-Jul 1944; left St Girons with Maquis from Toullouse, 13 Jul 1944; retired to Itxassou, near Biarritz, France [1996].
Born 1916; educated at the City of Oxford School and St Catherine's College, Oxford; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; mobilised from Territorial Army, 1940; served in ranks, 1940; commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps, 1940; Adjutant, Royal Army Service Corps, 7 Armoured Div, Middle East Forces, 1940; acting Capt, 1940-1941; War Substantive Lt, 1941; temporary Capt, 1941-1942; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Headquarters 30 Corps, Middle East Forces, Western Desert, 1941-1942; Officer Commanding 66 Company, Royal Army Service Corps, Middle East Forces, 1942; War Substantive Capt, 1942; Chief Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Training School, Egypt, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1942-1943; temporary Maj, 1942-1944; attended Staff Course, Haifa, Palestine, 1943; General Staff Officer 2, Staff College, Haifa, Palestine, 1943-1944; acting Lt Col, 1944; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 1 Army Transport Column, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1944; War Substantive Maj, 1944; served in Italy, 1944-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1944-1947; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 13 Supply Units, Central Mediterranean Forces, 1945; Assistant Director of Supply and Transport, Allied Forces Headquarters, 1945-1947; acting Col, 1946; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, War Office, 1947-1950; Officer Commanding 68 Company, Royal Army Service Corps (Air Despatch), British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1951-1952; Deputy Assistant Director of Supply and Transport (Organisation and Training), Headquarters, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1952; Assistant Adjutant General (Administration), Headquarters, Northern Army Group (Northag), BAOR (British Army of the Rhine), Germany, 1952-1953; temporary Lt Col, 1952-1954; Instructor, Royal Army Service Corps Officers School, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1954-1956; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Headquarters, Cyrenaica District, Libya, Middle East Land Forces, 1956-1958; Brevet Lt Col, 1957; Commander, Royal Army Service Corps, 2 Infantry Div, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany, 1958-1960; Lt Col, 1959; Col, 1960; Assistant Adjutant General to Maj Gen John Edward Longworth Morris, Director of Recruiting, War Office, 1960-1963; Brig, 1964; Deputy Director of Supply and Transport, Northern Command, 1964; Chief Transport Officer, Northern Command [1965-1966]; Inspector, Royal Corps of Transport and Deputy Transport Officer in Chief (Army), Ministry of Defence, 1966-1967; retired 1967; Home Bursar, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1967; Fellow, Institution of Mechanical and General Technician Engineers; Fellow, Chartered Institute of Transport; died 1998.
Born in 1905; educated at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; served on HMS IRON DUKE, HMS WIVERN and HMS LABURNHAM; served on HMS NELSON, Home Fleet, 1931; served on HMS VENETIA, Abyssinia, 1935; commanded HMS WRESTLER, 1936, and later HMS SCOUT; court-martialled, dismissed his ship and reprimanded after HMS SCOUT ran aground in the Thames Estuary, 1938; served as gas and ventilation officer, HMS ROYAL SOVEREIGN, 1938; commanded HMS THRACIAN, Hong Kong Local Defence Flotilla, 1938-1941; Cdr, 1943; retired, 1955; died in 1995.
Born 1906; educated at St Olave's School and Trinity College, Cambridge; Mathematical Tripos Part 1 1926, Part 2 1928, Mayhew Prize; began career in the Civil Service as Assistant Principal, Air Ministry, 1929; Assistant Under Secretary of State, 1943; Deputy Secretary, Control Office for Germany and Austria, 1946; Deputy Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office (German Section), 1947-1948; Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Defence, 1948-1952; Third Secretary, HM Treasury, 1952; Second Secretary, Board of Trade, 1952-1955; Permanent Under Secretary of State, Air Ministry, 1955-1963; Second Secretary, HM Treasury, Nov 1963 - 1964; Joint Permanent Under Secretary of State, Department of Education and Science, Apr - Oct 1964 with responsibility for universities and research; Permanent Secretary at the newly created Ministry of Technology, 1964-1966; retired from the Civil Service, 1966; Director of British Printing Corporation, 1966-1971; co-opted, member of Cambridge University Appointments Board, 1957-1960; member Cambridge University Women's Appointments Board, 1963-1976; Chairman, London Advisory Board, Salvation Army, 1968-1976; Visiting Professor, Department of Administration, Strathclyde University, 1966-1976; Councillor, Bedford College, University of London, 1972-1976; Honorary Doctor of Laws Strathclyde University, 1970; died 1978. Publications: Posthumous publication: The Royal Air Force and two World Wars, foreword by Sir Arthur Travers Harris (London, Cassell, 1979).
Born 1879; educated at Beaumont College, Foster's, Stubbington House, Hampshire; joined training ship HMS BRITANNIA, Dartmouth, Devon, as Naval Cadet, 1894; service on HMS BLAKE, Channel Fleet, 1896-1897, and HMS ECLIPSE, East Indies Station, 1897-1899; Sub Lt, 1899; HMS CLEOPATRA, 1899; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1899-1900; served on HMS GRIFFON and HMS DESPERATE, Mediterranean Fleet, 1900-1901; service on HM Torpedo Boats 92, 89 and 96, 1901-1902; Lt, 1902; HMS CRUISER, 1902; served on HMS VENGEANCE, China Station, 1902-1905; HMS BARFLEUR, 1905; served on HMS KING ALFRED, HMS HART and HMS HAWKE, China Station, 1906-1909; HMS CHELMER, Home Fleet, 1910; HMS GARVY, 1911; served on HMS CHELMER and HMS ALBATROSS, Mediterranean Fleet, 1911-1913; Cdr, 1914; commanded HMS HARPY, Mediterranean Fleet, 1913-1915; served in World War One, 1914-1918; service on HMS HARPY, Dardenelles, 1915; Flag Cdr to Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1917-1918; Capt, 1919; awarded CMG, 1919; Deputy Director, Plans Division, Admiralty, 1920-1922; commanded HMS CARLISLE, 1922-1924; Capt Auxiliary Patrol, Fishery Protection, HMS HAREBELL, 1925-1926; Directing Staff, Imperial Defence College, 1926-1929; commanded HMS REPULSE, 1929-1931; Naval Aide de Camp to King George V, 1931-1932; R Adm, 1932; Director of Naval Intelligence Division, 1932-1935; awarded CB, 1934; R Adm, 10 Cruiser Sqn, HM King George V Jubilee Review, Spithead, 1935; R Adm commanding Reserve Fleet, 1935-1937; V Adm, 1936; created KCVO, 1937; retired list, 1938; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Naval Attaché, The Hague, Netherlands, 1940; Principal Liaison Officer with Allied Navies, 1940; Flag Officer, Tunisia, 1943-1945; Flag Officer, Netherlands, 1945-1946; died 1962. Publications: Bombing and strategy. The fallacy of total war (Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London, 1947); The dress of the British sailor (National Maritime Museum, London, 1957).
Born in 1897; educated at Birkenhead and Dean Close, Cheltenham; joined 5 Battalion King's Liverpool Regt, 1914; served with East Surrey Regt in France and Belgium, World War One, 1914-1919; served with Midland Division HQ, British Army of the Rhine, 1919; transferred to Royal Signals, 1920; served in India, 1920-1922; Iraq, 1921; West Africa (Nigeria) 1922-1928; Staff College, 1933-1934; 2 Indian Division Signals, Quetta, India (Quetta earthquake), 1935-1936; General Staff Officer Grade 3, War Office, 1936-1937; Officer Commanding Troops, Northern Rhodesia, 1937-1940; served during World Two including Commander, 26 (East African) Infantry Brigade, 1941-1942, Commander of 22 (East African) Brigade, Madagascar, 1942-1943, and 28 (East African) Brigade, Ceylon, India and Madagascar, 1944-1945; Commander, 11 East African Division, Burma, 1945-1946; General Officer Commanding, East Africa, 1946-1948; Commander, Aldershot District, 1948-1951; Representative for United Kingdom on Military Staff Committee, United Nations, 1951-1953; retired, 1953; Col Commandant, King's African Rifles, Northern Rhodesia Regt and Rhodesian African Regt, 1954-1960s; Chairman of Army Cadet Force Association, 1954-1960; Secretary, British Section of Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1959-1962; Secretary of overseas organisation of Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, 1962-1965; Col Commandant, Malawi Rifles, 1964-1965; died in 1965.
Born 1910; educated at Beaumont College, Windsor, Berkshire; commissioned into the Royal Ulster Rifles, via the Supplementary Reserve, 1931; service in Egypt and Hong Kong, 1932-1940; Lt, 1934; Capt, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Adjutant, 2 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, France, 1940; evacuated from Dunkirk, Operation DYNAMO, France, Jun 1940; General Staff Officer 3 (Operations), Headquarters 10 Corps, UK, 1940-1941; temporary Maj, 1941; service with 8 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles [1942-1943]; Second in Command, 1 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, Air Landing Bde, 6 Airborne Div, Operation OVERLORD, the Allied invasion of occupied France, Jun 1944; North West Europe campaign, including Battle of the Bulge, Ardennes, 1944-1945; Commanding Officer, 2 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, 1945-1948; awarded DSO for leading the assault over the Ochtum Canal and the capture of the Kattenturm Bridge, Germany, 1945; Maj, 1946; service in Port Said, Egypt, and Palestine, 1946-1948; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quarermaster General, 1 Anti Aircraft Group (London), 1948-1949; temporary Lt Col, 1949; General Staff Officer 1, Headquarters Mid Western District, UK, 1949-1952; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Royal Ulster Rifles, Hong Kong, UK and British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Wuppertal, Germany, 1952-1955; Lt Col, 1953; temporary Brig, 1955; commanded 107 (Ulster) Independent Infantry Bde Group, 1955-1958; Col, 1956; Hon Brig, 1958; retired 1958; awarded CB, 1958; died 1997.
Born in 1894; Assistant Clerk, HMS VICTORY, 1911; Assistant Clerk and Clerk, HMS HERMIONE, 1911; Clerk, HMS NEW ZEALAND, 1914, and HMS LEVIATHAN, 1915; Paymaster Lt, 1916; Secretary's Clerk, HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH, 1917-1919; Paymaster Cdr, 1932; Fleet Stores Officer on Staff of Cdr-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1943-1945.
Born 1895; educated at Liverpool; joined the White Star Line as an apprentice, 1911; served in World War One with The King's (Liverpool) Regt, 1914-1918; Manager, Liverpool Office, White Star Line, 1919-1923; Berlin Office, White Star Shipping Company (Cunard White Star Limited from 1934), 1923-1939; captured by German forces in Copenhagen, Denmark, Apr 1940; interned in Germany, 1940-1944; repatriated, Aug 1944; awarded MBE, 1946; Head Office, Cunard Steamship Company, 1946-1948; Manager, Hamburg Office, Cunard Steamship Company, Germany, 1948-1952; Manager, Paris Office, Cunard Steamship Company, France, 1952-1958; retired 1958; died 1965.
Born in 1896; served in Army Service Corps, [1915]-1918, joined No 142 Sqn, 1918; served with No 47 Sqn, South Russia, 1919; Assistant Secretary to Committee of Imperial Defence, 1937-1939, and to War Cabinet, 1939-1941; Fighter Command, 1941-1942; Director of Plans, Air Ministry, 1942-1944; Air Officer Commanding RAF Gibraltar, Feb-June 1944; Air Officer CommandingBalkan Air Force, 1944-1945; Assistant Chief Executive, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1945-1946; Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Policy), 1946-1947; Commander-in-Chief, Fighter Command, 1947-1949; Chief Staff Officer to Minister of Defence and Deputy Secretary (Military) to Cabinet, 1949-1951; ADC to King George VI, 1950-1952; Chairman of British Joint Services Mission, Washington, and UK Representative on the Standing Group of the Military Committee of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1951-1954; ADC to Queen Elizabeth II, 1952-1954; Chairman of Council, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 1954-1958; died in 1971.
Born in 1911; attended Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1929-1931; 2nd Lt, 2 Bn, Border Regt, 1931; joined 5 Bn, 14 Punjab Regt, Indian Army, 1932; served in India, 1932-1935 and 1947, Abyssinia, 1935-1937; seconded to Burma Frontier Force, 1937-1941; Lt, 1933; Capt, 1939; commanded No 1 Independent Infantry Company, Malaya, 1941-1942; held as POW by Japanese,1942-1945; served in Burma, [1945-1946], and India, [1946-1947]; died in 1984.
Born in 1903; educated at Royal Naval Colleges, Osbourne and Dartmouth; first went to sea, 1920; Lt, Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, 1928-1931; served in China and Hong Kong, 1931-1932; undertook Naval Staff Course, 1935-1936; First Lt, Cadets' Training Cruiser, 1937-1939; commanded HMS WAKEFUL, 1940; Staff Officer (Operations) to V Adm Light Forces, Eastern Mediterranean, 1940-1941; Staff Officer (Operations) to R Adm (Destroyers), Mediterranean, 1941-1942; Chief Staff Officer to Senior Naval Officer Inshore Sqn, North Africa, 1942-1943; commanded HMS MUSKETEER, Arctic, Atlantic and Mediterranean, 1943-1945; Deputy Director of Movements, Admiralty, 1945-1946; commanded HMS SOLEBAY, 1947-1948; served on Directing Staff of JointServices Staff College, 1948-1950; Chief of Staff Far East, 1950-1952; commanded HMS INDEFATIGABLE, 1953-1954; R Adm, 1954; Flag Officer, Ground Training (Home Air Command), 1955-1957; retired, 1957; died in 1988.
Born in 1905; educated at Cheltenham College, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Clare College, Cambridge; 2nd Lt, 1925; Lt, 1927; Capt, 1936; served in India, 1936-1937; Staff Capt, China, 1937-1939; Staff Capt, Hong Kong, 1939; served in France, 1939-1940, Iceland, 1940-1941, and France and Belgium, 1944; Col, HQ 21 Army Group, Palestine, 1946-1947; served inEast Africa, 1947-1949; Lt Col, 1949; Commander, Royal Engineers, Sussex and Surrey, 1950-1951; honorary Col and retired, 1951; died in 1981.
Born in 1917; served in Fleet Air Arm, 1938-1946; died in 1987.
Born in 1874; educated at Eton and Sandhurst; commissioned into the Grenadier Guards, 1894; promoted to Capt, 1900; service in the Boer War, 1900-1902; promoted to Battalion Maj, 1902; Staff College, 1905-1906; Brigade Maj, 1 Guards Brigade, Aldershot, 1908-1911; Brevet Lt Col, 1913; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, War Office, 1913-1914; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, 2Corps, 1914-1915; served in 2 Army, 1915; General Staff Officer, Grade 1, 7 Division, 1915-1916; Battalion Col, 1916; Brig Gen, General Staff of 14 Corps, 1916-1918; Maj Gen, General Staff, British Forces in Italy and 10 Italian Army, 1918-1919; commanding field troops in Egypt, 1921-1922; Director of Military Training, 1922-1925; commanded Deccan District, 1926-1928; Lt Gen, 1928; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Northern Command, 1931-1933; Gen, 1933; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Aldershot Command, 1933-1937; ADC General to the King, 1934-1937; died in 1949.
Born in 1911; educated at Uppingham School, Royal Military Academy and Trinity College, Cambridge; 2 Lt, Royal Engineers, 1931; member of the Mount Everest expedition, 1936; instructor, Royal Military Academy, 1938; Capt, 1939; served during World War Two in the Far East, Middle East, Italy and France, including special operations; member of the British Joint ServicesCommission, Washington, 1948-1951; Commanding Officer, 1951-1953; Col, Staff College, Camberley, 1953-1955; British Army of the Rhine, 1956-1958; Commandant, Intelligence Centre, Maresfield, 1958-1961; Maj Gen, 1964; Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence),Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe, 1964-1967; Col Commandant, Royal Engineers, 1968-1973; died in Aug 2000.
Born in New York, USA; author and journalist; chief European correspondent for the Mutual Broadcasting Network, Berlin, Germany [1960-1962]; London correspondent for the New Leader Magazine, 1986.Publications: Enemy in the shadows: the world of spies and spying (Luscombe, London, 1976); The irresistible impulse: an evocative study of erotic notions and practices through the ages (Paddington Press, London, 1979); The British: a portrait of an indomitable island people (Everest House, New York, USA, 1982); Less than glory [1984]; Scramble: a narrative history of the Battle of Britain(Michael Joseph, London, 1986); The Berlin wall: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a showdown in the heart of Europe (Michael Joseph, London, 1986); Dunkirk: the incredible escape (Michael Joseph, London, 1990); Desperate venture: the story of Operation TORCH, the Allied invasion of North Africa (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1992); editor of Jonathan Carver's travels through America,1766-1768, an eighteenth century explorer's account of uncharted America (Wiley, Chichester, New York, USA, 1993); Ike and Monty, Generals at war (Constable, London, 1994).
Born 1889; educated at Haileybury; commissioned into Corps of Royal Engineers, 1910; Lt, 1912; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Capt, 1916; acting Maj, 1916-1918; service in Mesopotamia, 1916-1918; awarded DSO, 1917; Staff Officer to Engineer-in-Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, 1918-1919; Maj, 1926; service in India, [1932-1947]; Lt Col, 1934; Col, 1937;Director, Survey Department of India, 1937; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; awarded CIE, 1942; retired as Hon Brig, 1948; President, British Cave Rescue Association; died 1980.Publications: Gravity anomalies and the structure of the Earth's crust (Survey of India, Dehra Dun, India, 1932); A report on the values of gravity in the Maldive and Laccadive Islands (The John Murray Expedition, Scientific Reports, London, 1936); Cave fauna (Cave Research Group, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, 1946); Cave fauna. Preliminary list with Mary Hazelton (Cave Research Group,Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, 1947); National Grid co-ordinates of corners of 6-inch Ordnance Survey Sheets and cutting values at sheet edges of one-kilometre grid lines near corners (Cave Research Group, Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, 1948).
Born [1920]; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; joined RAF, 1940; Pilot Officer, Cairo, Egypt, 1941; served in India, Dec 1941; service in Java, Dutch East Indies, 1942, and evacuated to India following Japanese invasion, Feb 1942; served in Burma, 1942; service with Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit, South East Asia, 1944-1945; demobilised as Wg Cdr, 1947; died 1998.
Born in 1880; entered RN, 1894; commanded torpedo boat destroyer HMS LAERTES, 1913-1916; promoted to Cdr following action at Heligoland Bight, Aug 1914; commanded HMS LYDIARD, Jutland, 1916; served in Black Sea, 1919; Capt, 1919; King's Harbourmaster and Captain of Dockyard, Malta, 1926-1928; in command of HMS HAREBELL, as Captain of Fishery and Minesweeping Flotillas, 1929-1930; Naval ADC to the King, 1931; R Adm and retired list, 1931; V Adm, 1936; died in 1955.
Born in 1897; educated at Northampton School; joined 7 Bn Northamptonshire Regt as a volunteer, Sep 1914; served with Northamptonshire Regt and Lancashire Fusiliers in France and Belgium, 1915-1918; Lt, 1918; joined Indian Army, 1918; Capt, 1922; Bde Maj, Wana, North West Frontier, India, 1932-1936; Maj, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, 1935; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Rawalpindi District, 1939; General Staff Officer Grade 1, India, 1941; Lt Col, 1943; served in Burma, [1943-1945]; Col, 1946; Maj Gen, 1947; retired, 1957; died in 1989.
Born in 1896; educated at Wellington College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned in Indian Army, 114 Marathas, 1914; served in Mesopotamia, 1916-1918; ADC to General Officer Commanding, 1 Corps, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1918; General Staff Officer Grade 3, General HQ, Baghdad, 1919; transferred to Bombay Political Department, 1920;Assistant Private Secretary to Governor of Bombay, 1921; Assistant Private Secretary to Viceroy, 1923; Secretary, Rajkot Political Agency, 1925; Secretary to Resident for Rajputana, 1929; Prime Minister, Bharatpur State, Rajputana, 1932; Deputy Secretary, Government of India (Political Department, in charge of War Branch), 1939; Resident, Eastern States, Calcutta, 1941; Resident, Western Indian States and Baroda Rajkot, 1943; retired in 1947; died in 1990.
Born in 1908; educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; Lt, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1931; served in Palestine, 1936-1939; served in World War Two; Medical Liaison Officer to Surgeon General, United States Army, Washington DC, 1946-1948; Professor of Medicine, University of Baghdad, 1951-1959; Physician to King Faisal II of Iraq, 1951-1958; Honorary Consulting Physician, Iraqi Army, 1953-1958; Director of Medicine and Consulting Physician to the Army, 1960-1965; retired, 1965; died in 1994.
Born in 1872; 2nd Lt, Liverpool Regt, 1892; Lt, 1895; Adjutant, 1897-1899; served in South Africa 1899-1900; Capt, 1900; Adjutant, 1901-1903; Officer Commanding Gentlemen Cadets, Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1903-1907; employed at Army HQ and War Office, 1909; General Staff Officer Grade 3, Army HQ, 1909-1911; Brigadier Major, Aldershot Command, 1911-1913;employed in War Office, 1914; General Staff Officer Grade 2, France, 1914-1915, and Grade 1, 1915; Brig Gen, later Maj Gen, General Staff, France, 1915-1917; Maj Gen, General Staff, Italy, 1917-1918; Maj Gen, General Staff, France, 1918; Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff, 1918-1920; Lt Gen, 1920; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Army of the Black Sea, 1920-1921, Allied Occupation Forces in Turkey, 1921-1923, Northern Command, 1923-1927, Western Command, India, 1927-1931, and Aldershot Command, 1931-1933; Gen, 1927; ADC to the King, 1930-1934; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Gibraltar, 1933-1938; publication of Plumer of Messines (John Murray, London, 1935); retired, 1938; publication of Tim Harington looks back (John Murray, London, 1940); died in 1940.
Born in 1902; educated at St Edward's College, Liverpool and Liverpool University; qualified as a dental surgeon, 1923; worked in private practice, 1923-1926; Liverpool University Officers' Training Corps, 1921-1925; Cadet Corporal, Duke of Lancaster's Own Imperial Yeomanry, 1925-1926; served with 106 (Lancashire Hussars) Yeomanry Regt, Royal Horse Artillery, 1926-1941; served in Palestine, Western Desert, Greece, Crete, and Syria, 1940-1942; commanded 106 Regt in UK, 1937-1940, Palestine, 1940, Western Desert, 1940 and Greece, 1941, and Crete, 1941, and 60 Field Regt, Royal Artillery in Syria, 1941, and Western Desert, 1941-1942; Commander, Royal Artillery, 7 Indian Div, India, 1942, and Burma, 1943-1945; commanded 7 Indian Div, 1945; North West Frontier, India,1942; Burma, 1943-1945; Commander, Royal Artillery, 42 (Lancashire) Infantry Div (Territorial Army), 1947-1950; Chief Dental Officer, Cheshire County Council, 1957-1968; died in 1990.
Born in 1906; educated at Marlborough College, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and King's College, Cambridge; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1926; Lt, 1927; served in India, 1928-1934, including Mohmand Campaign, 1933; Capt, 1936; served in UK, 1937-1939 and France, 1939-1940; Commander, Royal Engineers, 1 Airborne Div, 1942; served in North Africa, 1943, Italy, 1943, North West Europe, 1944-1945, and India, 1946-1947; publication of Memoirs of a junior officer (William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1951); Commander, 63 Gurkha Infantry Bde, Malaya, 1952-1955; Brig, 1955; publication of Red shadow over Malaya (William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1955); Commander, Royal Engineers, 1 British Corps, Egypt, 1956; publication of Life in the Army today (Cassell and Co, London, 1957; retired in 1958; Honorary Col, Parachute Engineer Regt, 1959-1968; Honorary Col, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 1964-1968; died in 1991.
Born in 1900; 2nd Lt, 10 Hussars; Lt, 1922; Adjutant, 1927-1929; Capt, 1929; Maj, 1937; Lt Col, 1940; served in North Africa, [1940-1943]; died in 1994.
Born in 1887; educated at Eastbourne College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned in Indian Army, 1907, and attached to 89 Royal Irish Fusiliers; appointed to 124 Baluchistan Infantry, 1908, and served in Baluchistan and China; served in Persia with Sir Percy Sykes' Mission and as Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General to the Forces, Jul 1916;recruiting duty in Kalat State, 1918; Commandant, Sarhad Levy Corps, East Persia, 1919; transferred to Indian Political Department, 1920; Assistant Political Agent, Makran, and Commandant, Makran Levy Corps, 1920-1921; Assistant Commissioner, Dera Ismail Khan and Sub-Divisional Officer, Tank, North West Frontier Province, 1922; HM Vice-Consul, Dizful, Arabistan, Persia, 1923; HM Consul and Political Agent, Muscat, Oman, Arabia, 1923-1924; Assistant Resident in Kashmir and British Joint Commissioner, Ladakh, 1925-1926; Secretary to the Agent to the Governor-General in Central India, 1929-1930; Boundary Settlement Officer in Central India, 1930-1931; Political Agent in Bundelkhand, 1931, Bhopal, 1931-1932, Loralai, 1933-1936, and Raipur, 1936-1938; died in 1982.
Born 1905; educated at Harrow and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 1925; Lt, 1927; transferred to Indian Army, 1927; served with Nigeria Regt, Royal West African Frontier Force, 1931-1936; Capt, 1934; 1 Punjab Regt, Indian Army, 1936; attended Staff College, Quetta, India, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with 5 Bn, 1 Punjab Regt, North West Frontier, India, 1939-1940; General Staff Officer 3 (Intelligence), Headquarters, 4 Indian Div, Western Desert and Eritrea, 1940-1941; Deputy Director, Public Relations, General Headquarters, India, 1942; Chief Information Officer to Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon, 1943; retired, 1945; Chief Information Officer, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1945-1963; Editor, Geographical Magazine, 1963-1968; awarded OBE, 1964; Member, Marlborough and Ramsbury Rural District Council, 1970-1974; died 1993.
Publications: History of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Volume 5 (P Lund, Humphries & Co, London, 1926); The tiger strikes. A record of the exploits of troops from India in the theatre of war of the Middle East during 1940-1941 (Thacker's Press and Directories, Calcutta, India, 1943); The tiger kills. India's fight in the Middle East and North Africa (F Borton for G Claridge, Bombay,India, 1944).
Served with 3 Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment, on Western Front during World War One. Killed in action on 22 Mar 1918.
Born 1910; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; commissioned as Lt, Army Dental Corps, 1939; Capt, 1940; served on HM Hospital Ship LLANDOVERY CASTLE, 1940-1942; posted for duty in Middle East, 1942-1943; served in North Africa and Italy, 1943-1945; service with Southern Command, UK, 1945; released from Army, 1946; worked with UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in China, 1946-1947; member of Ex-Services Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Group; died 1988.
Born in 1922; educated at Christ Church, Oxford; served in Coldstream Guards, 1942-1945; Assistant Lecturer in History, King's College London, 1947; Lecturer, 1950; Lecturer in War Studies, 1953-1961; co-founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1957; Professor of War Studies, 1963-1968; Visiting Professor of European History, Stanford University, 1967; Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1968-1980; Ford's Lecturer in English History, Oxford, 1971; Radcliffe Lecturer, University of Warwick, 1975; Trevelyan Lecturer, Cambridge, 1977; Chichele Professor of History of War, Oxford, 1977-1980; Regius Professor of Modern History and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1980-1989; Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University,1989-93; Emeritus Professor of Modern History, Oxford University since 1989.
Publications: The Coldstream Guards, 1920-1946 (with John Hanbury Angus Sparrow) (Oxford University Press, London, 1951; Disengagement in Europe (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1958); Wellingtonian studies (editor) (Wellington College, Wellington, Somerset, 1959); The Franco-Prussian War (Rupert Hart Davis, London, 1961); The theory and practice of war (editor) (Cassell,London, 1965); The Mediterranean strategy in the Second World War (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967); Studies in war and peace (Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1970); Grand strategy (Vol 4, Official History of the Second World War, Military Series) (HMSO, London, 1971); The continental commitment (Temple Smith, London, 1972); War in European history (Oxford University Press, London, 1976); War and the Liberal conscience (Temple Smith, London, 1978); Restraints on war (editor) (Oxford University Press, London, 1979); The causes of war (Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1983); Clausewitz (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983); Strategic deception in World War Two (Pimlico, London, 1990); The lessons of history (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991).
Born in 1910; served in Indian Army 1931-1947; died in 1983.
Born in 1887; educated at Charterhouse and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned, 1905; joined 21 Cavalry (Frontier Force), 1907; served on North West Frontier of India, 1908; Captain, 1914; served in Somaliland, 1914-1920; Staff College, Quetta, 1922; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, Army Headquarters, India, 1923; RAF Staff College, Andover, 1924; Army Headquarters, India, 1925; Assistant Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1926-1930; Lt Col, 1931; Military Secretary to Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Earl of Willingdon, Viceroy of India, 1931-1933; Colonel, 1932; General Staff Officer Grade 1, War Office, 1933-1936; Deputy Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1936-1938; Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1938; Maj Gen, 1939;Chief of Staff to Minister of Defence (Rt Hon Sir Winston (Leonard Spencer) Churchill), 1940-1945; Deputy Secretary (Military) to War Cabinet, 1940-1945; Lt Gen, 1942; Gen, 1944; Additional Secretary (Military) to the Cabinet, 1945; Chief of Staff of Viceroy of India (R Adm Louis (Francis Albert Victor Nicholas) Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma), 1947; Chairman of Council, 1951 Festival of Britain, 1948-1951; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1951-1952; Secretary General, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 1952-1957; Vice-Chairman of North Atlantic Council, 1952-1956, Chairman of North Atlantic Council, 1956-1957; publication of The memoirs of General the Lord Ismay (Heinemann, London, 1960); died in 1965.
Born 1903; educated at RN College, Osborne, Isle of Wight, and RN College, Dartmouth, Devon;Midshipman, 1921; served on HMS VALIANT, Devonport, 1921-1922; acting Sub Lt, 1923; Promotion Course, RN College, Greenwich, 1924; Sub Lt, 1924; HMS IROQUOIS, China Station, 1925-1926; Lt, 1925; Specialist Navigation Course, 1928; HMS ROSEMARY, FisheryProtection Flotilla, 1929-1930; HMS BIDEFORD, Persian Gulf, 1932; Navigating Officer, HMS ENTERPRISE, 4 Cruiser Sqn, East Indies, 1932-1934; Lt Cdr, 1933; Navigating Officer, HMS KEMPENFELT, Flotilla Leader, 2 Flotilla, Home Fleet, and Mediterranean Fleet,1934-1937; Navigating Officer, HMS NEWCASTLE, 2 Cruiser Sqn, Home Fleet, 1937-1939; participated in Operation FISH, the transfer of stocks of gold bullion and securities from the UK to Canada on board HMS REVENGE, Jul 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945;Cdr, 1939; Navigating Officer and Executive Officer, HMS REVENGE, Home Fleet, Force H, and Eastern Fleet, 1939-1944; commanded 5 Minesweeping Flotilla, HMS LARNE, HMS WELFARE and HMS FLY, Mediterranean, Adriatic and Aegean, 1944-1946; commanded mine clearance operations for bombardment vessels, Operation DRAGOON, the Allied invasion of southern France, Aug 1944; served at HMS LOCHINVAR, Minesweeping Base, Port Edgar, Fife, 1946-1948; Commander of Dockyard and Assistant King's Harbour Master, HM Dockyard, Portland, Dorset, 1948-1949; Commander of the Dockyard and Deputy Superintendent and King's Harbour Master, HMDockyard, Gibraltar, 1949-1950; Superintendant of the Dockyard, HMNZS PHILOMEL, Auckland, New Zealand, 1952-1953; retired 1953; awarded OBE, 1954; died 1993.
Born in 1914; joined Royal Marines in [1933]; served in Egypt, 1939-1940, UK, 1940, and Middle East, [1941]; Officer Commanding, Force Viper, Burma, 1942; served with Detachment 385, carrying out small boat clandestine operations against the Japanese from a base in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 1944-1945; killed in action, Feb 1945.
Born in 1878; educated at Beaumont College, Old Windsor; 2nd Lt, 1 Bn, Connaught Rangers, 1900; served in South Africa, 1900-1902; Lt, 1902; attached to Egyptian Army, 1907-1917; Capt, 1909; served in Sudan, 1910; Maj 1915; served at Gallipoli, 1915; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Hedjaz (Hejaz) Mission, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1917; Base Commandant, 1917-1918;Special Service Officer, Hedjaz (Hejaz) Operations, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1918-1919; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1920; employed under Egyptian Government, 1920-1921; employed under Colonial Office as Military Adviser to Iraqi Army, 1921-1927; joined South Staffordshire Regt, 1922; Lt Col, 1924; retired pay, 1932; died in 1965.
Born 1862; educated at Temple Grove and joined HMS BRITANNIA as a RN Cadet, 1875; served on HMS SULTAN, Mediterranean Fleet, 1878; transferred to HMS BLACK PRINCE, 1878; service on HMS WOLVERINE, Sydney, Australia, 1878-1879; Mid, 1878; served on HMS INCONSTANT, China, Japan and Hong Kong, 1879-1882; Egyptian Campaign, 1882; service onHMS DUKE OF WELLINGTON, Flagship, Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, 1882-1883; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1883; HMS IRIS, Mediterranean Fleet, 1883-1884; Sub Lt, HMS INVINCIBLE, 1884; served with Naval Bde, Nile Expedition, Sudan, 1884; HMSHIBERNIA, 1884; HMS ALEXANDRA, Mediterranean Fleet, 1884-1886; Lt, 1885; Equerry and Flag Lt to Adm HRH Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Mediterranean Fleet, 1886-1889; commanded Torpedo Boat No 42, 1889; served on HMS UNDAUNTED, Devonport,Gibraltar and Malta, 1890; Equerry and Flag Lt to Adm HRH Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Commander-in-Chief, Devonport, 1890-1893; served on HMS PEARL, 1893; service on Royal Yacht VICTORIA AND ALBERT and HMS ROYAL GEORGE, Portsmouth,1893-1895; Cdr, 1895; Capt of HMS SKIPJACK, Gibraltar and Malta, and HMS HARRIER, Crete, 1895-1897; served on loan to Egyptian Government for service on the river Nile, 1897-1898; commanded gunboat flotilla, Sudan, 1898; awarded DSO, 1898; landed at Fashoda,Sudan, and delivered message from Maj Gen Sir Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Sirdar of Egyptian Army, to French garrison commander, Maj Jean Baptiste Marchand, Sep 1898; awarded CB, 1898; HMS WILDFIRE, RN Gunnery School, Sheerness, Kent, 1899; Capt, 1899; commanded HMS SPARTAN, Plymouth, 1899; commanded HMS RAINBOW, Devonport, 1900; Capt of HMS WARSPITE, andsubsequently HMS GRAFTON, and Flag Capt to R Adm Andrew Kennedy Bickford, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific, 1900-1904; Capt, HMS IMPLACABLE, Mediterranean Fleet, 1905; Commodore of the Royal Yachts, 1905-1909; awarded CVO, 1906; created KCVO, 1908; R Adm, Second in Command, Atlantic Fleet, in HMS ALBEMARLE and HMS LONDON, 1909-1910; commanded HMS MEDINA on voyage to India with HM King George V for the King Emperor's Durbar, Delhi, 1911; created KCIE, 1911; appointed Equerry in Ordinary to HM King George V, 1913; V Adm, 1914; Sergeant-at-Arms, House of Commons, 1915-1935; retired as Adm, 1917; appointed GCVO,1930; retired 1932; died 1947.
Born in 1890; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers, 1910; Lt, 1912; served in France and Belgium, 1914-1917, and Italy, 1917-1918; Capt, 1916; Assistant Instructor in Construction, School of Military Engineering, 1920-1924; Adjutant, 1925-1926; Maj, 1926; Lt Col, 1934; served in Palestine, [1936-1939]; Deputy Chief Engineer, Northern Command, 1939-1940; Col 1937; retired, 1944; died in1982.
Born 1864; educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into Yorks andLancashire Regt, 1884; transferred to 1 Bn, Scots Guards as Lt, 1884; Capt, 1897; retired to Reserve of Officers, 1899; raised 38 Company, Imperial Yeomanry, 1899; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1902; Commanding Officer 10 Bn, Imperial Yeomanry, South Africa, 1900-1901; awarded DSO, 1901; Maj, 1902; Hon Lt Col, 1903; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Railway Staff Officer, Paddington, London, 1914; raised 2/1 Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars, 1914; Brevet Col, 1918; succeeded to Barony, 1933; died 1943.
Born 1922; educated at St Andrew's School, Pangbourne, Berkshire, Eton College, Berkshire, and King's College, Cambridge; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Adjutant, Local Defence Volunteers (later renamed the Home Guard), Dartington, Devon, 1940; trained at HMS COLLINGWOOD, Fareham, Hampshire, 1941; commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, 1941; service on Flower Class Corvette HMS CARNATION, Battle of the Atlantic, 1941; HMS KING ALFRED, 1942; Sub Lt, HMS JAMAICA, 1942; service on HM Landing Ship Tank 320, Mediterranean, 1943; served with Combined Operations Command, British North African Forces, 1943; Signal Division, Admiralty, London, 1943-1944; HMS COLDSTREAMER, 1944; served on HMS GUARDSMAN, 1944; Flag Lt to Adm Commanding Iceland, 1945; Liberal Party candidate for Blackpool (South Division), Lancashire, General Election, 1945; Assistant Editor, Preparatory Commission of the United Nations, 1945-1946; Political Affairs Officer, United Nations Organisation, New York, USA, 1946-1947; appointed Control Officer Grade 2, Public Revenue and General Finance Branch, Finance Division, Control Service for Germany (British Element), British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Berlin, Germany, 1947; served with the Personnel Branch, Administrative Staff, Headquarters, Control Commission for Germany (British Element), British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Berlin, Germany, 1947-1948; worked for the Outward Bound Sea School, 1949; employed as a journalist by Westminster Press Provincial Newspapers Limited, The Yorkshire Observer, Bradford, Yorkshire, and as Lobby Correspondent, House of Commons, London, 1949-1950; Liberal Party candidate for Sowerby, Yorkshire, General Election, 1950; served in the French Foreign Legion as Légionnaire Peter Brand, [1950]-1951; service in 1 Regt Etranger de Cavalerie (1 REC), 1 Groupe d'Escadrons, Groupement Amphibie, Cochin, Indo China, 1951; employed by Outward Bound Trust, Aberdovey, Gwynedd, 1952; employed in the oil industry, Canada, 1953-1954; Editor B, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto, Canada, 1955; Associate Editor, Saturday Night, Toronto, Canada, 1955-1956; employed with the Federation of British Industries, 1959-1960; appointed Assistant Director, Society of British Aircraft Constructors, 1960-1962; Analyst, Gordon Rayment and Company Limited, London, 1962-1963; appointed Assistant General Secretary, UN Association International Service, Nov 1963; Executive, Informat public relations company, London, 1965-1966; member of staff, St John's House, hostel for the rehabilitation of homeless young offenders, London, 1968; Warden, Elswick Lodge Rehabilitation Centre, North East Bridgehead Association, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, Feb-Jul 1971; died 1991.
Born in 1901; 2nd Lt, Irish Guards, 1922; Lt, 1924; Capt, 1930; ADC to General OfficerCommanding London District, 1932-1934; Adjutant, 1934-1936; Maj, 1939; served as Commander, RAF Regt, North West Europe, 1944-1945; Staff Officer Grade 1 (Education), London District, 1947-[1949]; died in 1981.