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Archival description
GB 0120 MS.6905 · 1808-1852

Papers of Sir George Ballingall, 1808-1852, including correspondence and papers collected by Ballingall, used to illustrate his lectures at Edinburgh University; correspondence with David Barry (1780-1835) FRS, on colon inflammation and other matters; letters, memoranda and case studies on venereal disease, amputations and other surgical procedures, army and navy punishments, hospital conditions and tropical medicine including with Sir Andrew Halliday (1781-1839) and Joshua Brookes (1761-1833) and printed material with diagrams of litters for troops in India.

Ballingall , Sir , George , 1780-1855 , Knight , Regius Professor of Military Surgery at Edinburgh University
Balsalazide
GB 0120 GC/241 · 1979-1991

Reports and correspondence relating to the development of the drug Balsalazide, for treatment of people suffering from ulcerative colitis, 1979-1991.

Biorex Baron , Jeremy Hugh , b1931 , physician and author Jones , John E , Lennard-
GB 0120 MSS.1049, 2826, 5215-5219, 5250, 7331 · 1609-1818

Personal papers and correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1609-1618. His correspondence is primarily related to his interest in botany, hence the letters sent by Banks, were mainly sent to and about naturalists. In particular he was concerned with the welfare of naturalists and petitioned against the imprisonment of several naturalists as well as the provision of a salary for botanist Francis Masson (1741-1805). The papers reflect his overseas interests such as, his trip to Holland 1773, papers relating to China, and details of an expedition to India for which he provided instruction. His commitments in Lincolnshire are also represented in his papers, such as the survival of an account book for Hemingby Hospital. Family papers also survive, MS.5215: 1609-1816. In addition MS. 5250 consists of some surviving correspondence and papers, 1721-1739, of the Banks family, baronets, of Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire.

Banks , Sir , Joseph , 1743-1820 , Baronet , naturalist
Banks Family of Revesby Abbey Lincolnshire
GB 0120 MSS.1051-1053 · 1777-1813

Journal de médecine, année 1777 [à 1789]. Author's holograph manuscripts, chiefly mainly case-books, with full details of the writer's patients and their illnesses. On the third un-numbered leaf of Volume I is an entry dated 19/7/1813 stating that on that date the compiler 'fut créé chevalier de l'Ordre Impérial de la Réunion'. Produced in Chambon.

Barailon , Jean François , 1743-1816 , physician and magistrate
GB 0120 MSS.627-628 · 1635-1914

Memoranda of the Barber-Surgeons. A collection of original, or contemporary and later copies, of documents, transcripts and printed papers. There is an original foliation in pencil for Vol. I, a new foliation has been added for Vol. II. In Vol. II (9), the title of the transcribed pamphlet is: 'News from the Dead, or a ... Narrative of an extraordinary Combat between Life and Death, exemplified in the Case of William Duell ... who was executed by Tyburn ... and who soon after return'd to Life at Barber-Surgeon's Hall where he had been brought too [sic] ... in order to be Anatomiz'd ...'. London: J. Roberts. 1740.

Company of the Barber-Surgeons of London
GB 0120 MSS.8531-8533 · 19th century - 20th century

Copy of holograph manuscript of Edward Barclay-Smith's 'Advanced Course of Lectures on Anatomy', for the use of Cambridge students (this copy lent to Leonard Bousfield).

Smith , Edward , Barclay- , 1861-1945 , Professor of Anatomy
GB 0120 PP/BAR · 1794-1981

Although Barlow is best known for his original researches on infantile scurvy, there is very little material relating to that subject in the collection. There are manuscript drafts of his address to the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh and his Bradshaw Lecture on infantile scurvy (BAR/E1-2), but the bulk of the clinical and scientific component of the papers relates to other matters, particularly Raynaud's disease and erythromelalgia, diseases to which Barlow turned his attention later in his career.

Among Barlow's clinical papers is a notebook recording minutes of a 'Clinical Club', 1875-77 (BAR/D.2), whose members included, apart from Barlow himself, Sidney Coupland, Rickman Godlee, William Smith Greenfield, Robert Parker, and William Allen Sturge.

Most of Barlow's private patients' records have not survived, though there is an index to his private patients' books, covering the years 1876-1918 (BAR/F.1).

Scientific and clinical matters are also discussed in Barlow's correspondence, but again this is relatively thin for the period when he was active in research. Barlow's non-family correspondence has clearly been heavily weeded: there are few letters from patients, with the exception of some prominent individuals, such as Mary Curzon, wife of Lord Curzon, Randall Davidson, archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Salisbury and Lord Selborne, and in general it seems that while letters from important or well-known figures have survived those from individuals deemed less important have been discarded. Significant numbers of letters remain however from several of Barlow's regular correspondents, such as the poet, Robert Bridges, Lord Bryce, and William Page Roberts, dean of Salisbury, as well as medical figures like Sir William Jenner and Sir James Reid.

Barlow's personal papers and family correspondence have survived in bulk and form a rich source of material for both his private and family life, and his public career. There are travel journals and sketchbooks from his earlier years, mainly documenting visits to the Continent, 1869-83; correspondence with his parents, brother, wife and children, 1852-1940, including letters written by Barlow from Balmoral, where he served as royal physician intermittently between 1897 and 1899, an eye-witness account of the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 (BAR/B.2/4), and letters and telegrams from court in 1902 during the crisis of Edward VII's appendectomy; and commonplace and scrapbooks compiled in retirement, 1920-37. Also from this period are various temperance notes and addresses.

The archive also comprises letters and papers of Barlow's parents, 1842-87; of Barlow's wife, Ada, including letters from her brother and sisters in India, 1858-80, and to her daughter Helen studying in Darmstadt, Germany, 1905-6; of Barlow's sons, Alan, Thomas and Basil, including letters from the last-named while serving on the Western Front, 1916-17; and notably of his daughter Helen, including correspondence with Archbishop and Mrs (later Lady) Davidson, 1910-35, and letters from Sir John Rose Bradford and his wife while serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps in France, 1914-19. Helen Barlow's papers also include records of three charities with which she was associated: the University College Hospital Ladies Association, 1900-50, the Southwark Boys Aid Association, 1914-36, and the Quinn Square [Southwark] Social Centre Society, c. 1935-1951. Finally there is a handful of letters to Andrew Barlow, Sir Thomas's grandson, mainly relating to articles he wrote about his grandfather, 1955-81.

Barlow , Sir , Thomas , 1845-1945 , Baronet , physician Barlow , Lady , Ada Helen , 1843-1928 Barlow , Helen Alice Dorothy , 1887-1975 Barlow , Andrew Dalmahoy , b.1916 , physician
Baron, J Hugh (b 1931)
GB 0120 GC/199 · 1933-1994

Papers of J Hugh Baron including miscellaneous personal files, covering 1933-1994, including material relating to the Cogwheel report of 1967 on hospital medical administration; the 'Brown Dog' of University College London, a memorial erected by the Anti-vivisection League; and the journal Theoretical Surgery.

Baron , Jeremy Hugh , b 1931 , physician and biomedical scientist x Baron , Hugh
Barrett, Francis
GB 0120 MSS.1072-1073 · 1801-1802

Two works on magic: 'The Magus or Celestial Intelligencer', 1801 and 'Directions for the invocation of spirits', and an essay on spiritual vision, 1802.

Barrett , Francis
GB 0120 GC/144 · Collection · 1925-1978

Materials relating to Barclay Barrowman's work on malaria control, also more generally on his activities in the Federated Malay States and other parts of South East Asia, 1925-1978.

Barrowman , Barclay , 1896-1978 , malariologist
Bartlett and Goodall
GB 0120 MSS.1080-1084 · 1937-1961

Five Prescription books, 7 Apr 1937-18 Apr 1961, written by various dispensing chemists of 37 Crawford St., Bryanston Square, London, W.1. Prices are entered for most of the prescriptions. Produced in London.

Bartlett and Goodall
GB 0120 MSS. 5958-5963, 7589-7594 · 1853-1858, 1861-1862, 1967 and undated

MSS. 5958-5963 comprise journals of A B Barton, mainly written while he was a medical officer in the service of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P & O), 1853-1858. They cover his journeys between Bombay, Singapore and Hong Kong; to the Crimea; and to the Far East. They include descriptions of the progress of the Chinese rebellion (MS. 5959), tending to and transporting the sick and wounded from Balaclava to Scutari (MS. 5960), and his shipwreck off the coast of Ceylon, together with General Henry Havelock, on the steamer Erin (MS. 5962). Some are manuscript or typescript copies. MSS. 7589-7594 comprise journals and sketches mainly relating to the Yangtse expedition, led by Captain Thomas W Blakiston, on which Barton served as a medical officer, 1861. One journal, MS. 7591, also records the end of the expedition and Barton's journey to Ceylon via Singapore, with entries on hunting expeditions in Ceylon. The journals are all fair copies. MS. 7592 comprises a narrative of the Yangste expedition read by Barton to the Royal Geographical Society, based on his journals. MS. 7593 is a series of mainly topographical illustrations relating to the expedition, comprising sketches by Barton, plus photographs and engravings based on other sketches by Barton, some of which were used to illustrate Five Months on the Yang-Tse by Thomas W Blakiston (London: John Murray, 1862). MS. 7594 comprises later papers of Brian M Gould relating to Barton and his journals, 1967 and n.d.

Barton , Alfred Bowyer , 1825-1905 , physician Gould , Brian M , fl 1967
GB 0120 MSS.5733-5740 · 1907-1918

Notebooks and diary including notebooks containing notes taken from lectures on physics and electricity given at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, illustrated with sketches and diagrams, 1902; pilotage notes, 1907; Diary while serving with HMS VIRAGO, a destroyer on the China station, including visits to Hong Kong, Japan and elsewhere in the Far East, 1908 and notebooks containing lecture notes on electricity and mechanics, illustrated with small sketches and diagrams. Inscriptions 'J E L Bashford, HMS Vernon, Aug. 1911.' MS. 5740 also includes notes on mine-sweeping and on torpedoes fired, 1916-1918.

Bashford , J E L , fl 1907-1918 , naval officer
Bateman, Thomas (1778-1821)
GB 0120 MSS.1092-1093 · 1829-c 1835

Delineations of cutaneous diseases: copies of Bateman's work, including copies of the illustrations, by two different compilers; each compiler probably a medical student.

Bateman , Thomas , 1778-1821
GB 0120 GC/179 · 1942-1985

The collection is small but includes significant records of Bates's scientific research, and of the Ratio Club. Section A, Research, comprises notebooks, and research notes and correspondence. The notebooks cover the period 1943-1971. There are four series, identified by the letters 'L', 'M', 'F' and 'B'. The 'L' series of notebooks dates from 1943 to 1949, 'F' 1944-1945 and 'M' c.1947. The series 'B' is the largest, running from 1950 to 1971. The notebooks include documentation of wartime research, and later research topics including work on EEG, hemispherectomy and Parkinson's Disease, and may also have notes and drafts for lectures, notes on patients, and personal and domestic information. The research notes and correspondence include material relating to Bates's work during the Second World War on gunnery, and post-war correspondence, most notably for the period 1945-1952.

Section B, Ratio Club, is principally the contents of Bates's box-file of Ratio Club material assembled for a possible history of the Club. It includes a chronological sequence of material relating to meetings of the Club (dates, topics, possible speakers), membership and the future direction of the Club. There is also a photograph of members of the Club and correspondence 1978 and 1984-1985 relating to its history and records. With this material is other correspondence with members of the Ratio Club - mostly dating from before its establishment or after it was discontinued. Very little of the correspondence directly concerns meetings of the Ratio Club but it does indicate the professional and personal relationships amongst members of the Club and many letters touch on areas of common scientific interest that may have been discussed at meetings of the Club.

Bates , John A V , 1918-1993 , neurophysiologist
Bath: Casualty Hospital
GB 0120 MSS.1094-1097 · 1788-1840

Four volumes of administrative documentation relating to the Bath Casualty Hospital: two volumes relating to the Hospital's rules and orders, an account book and a register of wills in the Hospital's favour, 1788-1840.

Casualty Hospital
GB 0120 MSS.5201-5202 · 1744-1799

Ledgers recording accounts for medical treatment and drugs dispensed, 1744-1799. Patients included, as well as private individuals, the Oxfordshire and Herefordshire militias, the poor of various parishes, and the local bridewell. On the front covers are annotations by Dr B E A Batt and his father Dr C D Batt, including the names of Edward Batt (1741-1797), surgeon and apothecary, and Augustine William Batt (1774-1847), MRCS Eng. Both practised in Witney.

Batt Family
GB 0120 GC/80 · 1912-1927

Photographs, certificates and other memorabilia from Elizabeth Batten's nursing career mainly at the Royal Free Hospital, c 1907-1927.

Batten , Elizabeth , 1884-1984 , nurse
Baud, Jean Marie (1776-1852)
GB 0120 MSS.1100-1101 · 1834, 1835

'Cours de nosographie chirurgicale par Mr. Baud, Professeur ordinaire à l'Université de Louvain. [Ecrit par] Elisée Hanon de Nivelles'. The first volume is illustrated with some carefully executed pen-drawings of the eye. The first volume is signed by Hanon on p. 352, and the second on the first fly-leaf, and at the end of the text. Produced in Louvain.

Baud , Jean Marie , 1776-1852 , physician
GB 0120 GC/223 · 1877-1936

Personal papers, letters, diary notes of First World War service, photographs, etc of Sir William Maddock Bayliss, 1877-1923. Also papers on EH Starling (1866-1927), physiologist, 1892-1927, which include letters of EA Sharpey-Shafer (1850-1935), physiologist, and AV Hill (1886-1977), physiologist; and letters of F Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947), biochemist, 1924-1936.

Bayliss , Sir , William Maddock , 1860-1924 , Knight , physiologist
GB 0120 SA/BMF · 1910-1994

Papers of the Beit Memorial Fellowships for Medical Research Trust, 1910-1994. The bulk of the archive is made up of the files of Beit fellows. The first Fellowships were awarded in 1910 and the lists in Section B.1 cover all the Fellows, 1910-1994. The Fellows' files in A.2 date from 1912-1990. Other records include minutes of the Board of Trustees and the Advisory Board (Fuller sets of minutes remain in the hands of the Trustees), correspondence, handbooks, some financial records and Directors' Reports and a newscuttings album. There is also a printed history of the Fellowships in section G.2.. A great deal of the correspondence on individual subjects survives from TR Elliott's time as Honorary Secretary.

Beit Memorial Fellowships for Medical Research Trust
GB 0120 MSS.6833-6856 · 1824-1910

Correspondence, papers and journals of Charles Tilstone Beke, 1824-1910, principally relating to Abyssinia and the Middle East, with papers of his wife Emily Beke (née Alston). The collection holds information on all aspects of Beke's career, from his early legal training to the search for employment and financial security of his final years. His intervening travels, geographical and biblical studies and resulting publications are documented by journals, notebooks and printed material. Correspondence includes that generated during Beke's secretaryship of the National Association for the Protection of Industry and Capital throughout the British Empire; and generally reflects a wide range of scholarly acquaintance and interests. Supplementary papers of Emily Beke record her championing of C.T. Beke's posthumous reputation, and her attempts to gain recompense for his occasional government service.

Beke , Charles Tilstone , 1800-1874 , explorer
Berhard, H (fl 1928-1930)
GB 0120 MSS.1131-1136 · 1928-1930

Catalogues of collections (of medical and other books) purchased for the Wellcome Library in 1928-1930 from H. Berhard, a bookseller of Rouen. Produced in Rouen.

Berhard , H , fl 1928-1930 , bookseller
GB 0120 MSS.1140-1142 · 1748-1757

Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres de Berlin, avec des Mémoires: Classe de Philosophie Expérimentale. Illustrated with folding and other pen and wash drawings. Produced in Berlin, 1748-1757.

Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften
GB 0120 GC/4 · Collection · 1920s-1930s

Charles Berry collection of 3 notebooks: pathology, bacteriology, tropical medicine, c 1920.

Berry , Charles Ernest , b 1893 , Chief Technician of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research
GB 0120 MS.8410 · 1955-1959

Lecture notes, examination scripts and essays by Sir Colin Leonard Berry as a medical student, 1955-1959.

Berry , Sir , Colin Leonard , b 1937 , Knight , physician and professor
Bertheim, Alfred (1879-1914)
GB 0120 MSS.6077-6078 · 1879-1914

Correspondence and papers of Alfred Bertheim, 1879-1914 including certificates, notes and letters to Bertheim from various correspondents, including Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata, Japanese bacteriologist, who also worked with Ehrlich. With drafts of out-letters.

Bertheim , Alfred , 1879-1914 , chemist
GB 0120 MSS.1149-1150 · c 1860-1870

Notes on nitrogen and on explosives, c 1860-1870.

Berthelot , Pierre Eugène Marcelin , 1827-1907 , French chemist and politician
GB 0120 MSS.7059-7060 · 1801-1802

'Cours d'anatomie pathologique...', transcribed by Augustin Palle, a medical student, year 10. An apparently complete transcript of Bichat's final course of lectures on pathological anatomy, delivered at the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, between September 1801 and the spring of 1802. Palle must have written up his notes sometime between 1 August 1802 (the date of a letter from Bonaparte copied before the text) and 22 September 1802 (the last day of year 10). The arrangement of the text broadly conforms to that of the version published by F.-G. Boisseau, Anatomie pathologique, dernier cours de Xavier Bichat (Paris, 1825).

Bichat , Marie Francois Xavier , 1771-1802 , French anatomist
GB 0120 MSS.1162-1163, 5996-6005 · 1884-1927

Correspondence and papers of Thomas Bickerton, 1884-1927, mainly concerning professional matters. The papers reflect Bickerton's interest in colour blindness, and his studies of seamen and railwaymen in this respect. Also his work at Liverpool Medical Institution is well documented, with details of opthalmic surgery and case photographs surviving.

Bickerton , Thomas Herbert , 1858-1933 , ophthalmic surgeon
GB 0120 MSS.1164-1165 · c 1800-1823

Two volumes of notes, on medical and chemical books, and on diseases and their treatment, c 1800-1823.

de Villiers , F. T. , Bidault , 1775-1824 , physician
GB 0120 MSS.7038 & 8316 · c 1800-1937

Papers of Jean-Baptiste Biot, c 1800-1937, including correspondence and a translation of Biot's Memoir on the Circular Zodiac of Denderah.

Biot , Jean-Baptiste , 1774-1862 , scientist
Birth Control Campaign
GB 0120 SA/BCC · 1971-1977

Papers of the Birth Control Campaign (BCC), 1971-1977, including papers relating to Parliamentary action on wider provision of male sterilisation (vasectomy), free provision of contraception under the NHS, and general improved NHS facilities for contraception, abortion and sterilisation. There is also a large section of press cuttings, and files relating to the internal organisation of the campaign, various attempts to promote and publicise its aims, and relations with other bodies in connected fields.

Birth Control Campaign Birth Control Trust
Bisioli
GB 0120 MSS.1177-1178 · [1685]

'Raccolta di varii e veri autori in compendio, di quello ch'è piu nessario [sic] ad havere ampla intelligenza e in Teorica et in Pratica della vera Universal Medicina o d'Elixir Arabico, ma anco del Lapis Philosophorum et altre curiosita'.

Bisioli
Bisset, Charles (1717-1791)
GB 0120 MSS. 5964-5965, 6149-6152 · 1755-[1786]

Personal papers of Charles Bisset, including published medical essays by Bisset, including work on scurvy, as well as extensive manuscript case notes and observations, 1755-[1781] and Bisset's annotated copy of 'First lines of the practice of physic, new edn.' by William Cullen in 4 volumes (Edinburgh, 1786), annotated extensively by Bisset.

Bisset , Charles , 1717-1791 , physician and military engineer
Black, Joseph (1728-1799)
GB 0120 MSS.1219-1227 · 1766-1778

Lectures on chemistry: three sets of holograph notes of Joseph Black's lectures taken by students at Edinburgh University. Students taking the notes include the future Sir Charles Blagden (1748-1820) (MSS.1219-1227). Produced in Edinburgh.

Blagden , Sir , Charles , 1748-1820 , Knight , physician Perceval , Robert , 1756-1839 , Professor of Chemistry
GB 0120 GC/45 · c 1960-1991

Papers of Sir Douglas Black, c 1960-1991, including lecture notes; annotated edition of Essentials of Fluid Balance and papers on the Rothschild Report, 1973-1977.

Black , Sir , Douglas , 1913-2002 , Knight , physician
GB 0120 PP/CPB · c 1920-1974

Papers of Carlos Paton Blacker, 1920-1974, reflecting his long and active career in psychiatry (including as including as psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital and as an Adviser to the Ministry of Health), and his activities as Secretary to the Eugenics Society and with a number of organisations interested in population and birth control, including the Birth Control Investigation Committee, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, and the Simon Population Trust. There is also some material relating to his return to military duty in the Second World War as a Regimental Medical Officer. The collection also includes correspondence (both personal and professional), which sheds light on his interests in ornithology and nature conservation, and other writings both published and unpublished.

Blacker , Carlos Paton , 1895-1975 , psychiatrist
Blacklay, Francis (b 1919)
GB 0120 GP/24 · 1917-1989

History of the joint practice of Drs Blacklay and Turner, and records including articles of partnership, 1922-1969, financial records, 1917-1977, visits registers, 1930-1971, and minutes of practice meetings, 1960-1976.

Blacklay , Francis , b 1919 , general practitioner
Turner , J R T , fl 1989 , general practitioner
Turner , R H T , general practitioner
Blacklay , O H , general practitioner
GB 0120 GC/215 · 1930s-1950s

Papers of Donald Breadalbane Blacklock including a report on malaria in ships in West Africa, compiled in 1947 for the 'Medical History of the War'; notes for a talk on 'Malaria in Freetown Sierra Leone'; correspondence; photographs.

Blacklock , Donald Breadalbane , 1879-1955 , Professor of Tropical Hygiene
GB 0120 MSS.1234-1252 · 1767-1780

The collection chiefly comprises material generated whilst Sir Charles Blagden was a student at Edinburgh University: notes of lectures, clinical notes of cases observed at Edinburgh Infirmary, commonplace books, dissertation drafts, lists of materia medica, etc. Also included are two papers addressed to the Royal Society, 1767-1780.

Blagden , Sir , Charles , 1748-1820 , Knight , physician
GB 0120 MSS.1253-1266 · c 1910

Papers of Raphaël Anatole Émile Blanchard, c 1910, comprising catalogue of the collection of coins, medals, plaques, jétons, and tokens relating to medicine. With holograph descriptions and notes, additions by other hands, extracts and cuttings from printed catalogues, etc. Produced in Paris.

Blanchard , Raphaël Anatole Émile , 1887-1919 , physician
GB 0120 GC/261 · 1926-1973

Blood transfusion certificates and reports issued by the British Red Cross Society Blood Transfusion Service, 1926-1939. Also some papers relating to South East London Mass X-Ray Service, 1960-1973.

British Red Cross Society Blood Transfusion Service
Blood Transfusion Service
GB 0120 GC/107 · Collection · 1943-1954

Three files concerning liaison between the Lister Institute, Medical Research Council, and the Ministry of Health over arrangement of and publicity for the Blood Transfusion Service, 1943-1949; photos of Minister of Health's party for Blood Transfusion Service, 1954.

Drury , A N , fl 1943 , Director of the Lister Institute
Boddy, Evan Marlett (d 1934)
GB 0120 MSS.1274-1275 · 1870-1873

Notes on anatomy and physiology illustrated with many carefully executed anatomical drawings in coloured inks. At the end of Vol. II, are a few notes on surgery, dated 1873.

Boddy , Evan Marlett , d 1934 , anatomist
Bodin, Jean (1530-1596)
GB 0120 MSS.1276-1277 · 1730-1733

Eighteenth-century copies of Jean Bodin's work: "De abditis rerum sublimium", book 6.

Unknown
GB 0120 MSS.1279-1285 · early 18th century - mid 18th century

Notes on Herman Boerhaave's lectures and material extracted from his publications, with some material by others, 18th century.

Boerhaave , Herman , 1668-1738 , chemist and physician
GB 0120 MSS.1289-1290 · 1811-1839

Papers of Marie Anne Victoire Gillain Boivin including album of plates illustrating the morbid pathology of the uterus, and volume of notes on obstetrics and gynaecology, 1811-1839.

Boivin , Marie Anne Victoire Gillain , 1776-1841 , French midwife