Mostrando 258 resultados

Records of the Committee on Training in Public Administration for Overseas Countries, 1961-1962: comprising records of planning of work, and draft reports; draft minutes of Committee meetings; general memoranda and notes; memoranda and reports relating to training in Britain from organisations, institutions and individuals; memoranda and reports relating to overseas training from organisations, institutions and individuals; general papers, and miscellaneous correspondence, publications and reports.

Minutes and papers on Commonwealth Secretariat Senior Officials Meeting, Marlborough House, London, 20-23 May 1974; including background papers on comparative techniques for government for Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) meeting in Ottawa, Aug 1973; papers on current and projected work of the Commonwealth Secretariat; paper by Neil Bax and Margaret Priestley 'Forward Planning and Financial Control on the Commonwealth', with associated material; papers on appointment of a consultant to undertake study of financial control and development expenditure; draft minutes of first session of Senior Officials Meeting, 20 May 1974, with manuscript notes on the meeting by J M Lee.

Typescript of paper by Marjorie Caygill 'The British Medical Association and its Overseas Branches: A Short History' on the development of medical links within the Empire and Commonwealth, and variations between the UK pattern and its overseas offshoots. The paper covers the establishment of the BMA in the UK and in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, India and the Colonies; the development of the medical education and General Medical Council recognition; and the establishment of the Commonwealth Medical Conference and the Commonwealth Medical Association. It is a working paper prepared in the 1970s as part of Terry Johnson's project on the Nature and Significance of Professional Links within the Commonwealth.

Pamphlets issued by the International Committee for Solidarity with the Workers and People of Aden - South Yemen.

Leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters and pamphlets at federal and state level issued by the British Columbia Federation of Women, the Canada West Foundation, the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, the Canadian Alliance in Solidarity with the Native Peoples, the Canadian Association in Support of the Native Peoples, the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, the Canadian League of Rights, Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, the Committee of Anglophones for Sovereignty-Association, the Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform, the Comité pour le réveil indépendantiste, the Conseil du patronat du Québec, the Elector's Action Movement (Vancouver), the Fondation des Québécois pour le Oui, the Groupe socialiste des travailleurs du Québec, Human Action to Limit Taxes, In Struggle!, the Ligue des droits de l'homme, L'organisation des jeunes indépendantistes pour un Québec communautaire, the Mouvement etudiant pour le oui, the Mouvement québécois pour combattre le racisme, the National Council of Women of Canada, the National Women's Liberal Commission, the Progressive Youth Movement, the Public Service Alliance of Canada, the Vancouver Status of Women, the Workers' Defence Alliance.

Resolutions, manifestos and pamphlets issued by the Association of Recognised Professional Bodies (Ghana), the Ghana Young Pioneers and the People's Movement for Freedom and Justice.

Pamphlets from the All India Sampradayikta Virodhi Committee, the All India Youth Federation and the Akhil Bharat Sarva Seva Sangh.

Constitutions, membership lists, newsletters, pamphlets and posters, 1952-1989, issued by the Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya), the Committee for the Release of Political Prisoners in Kenya, the Institute for Education in Democracy (Kenya), the Kenya Citizens' Association, the Kenya Pressure Group, the Nairobi African Advisory Council and the Voice of Kenya.

Manifestos, speeches, constitutions, leaflets, newspapers, convention reports and communiques issued by the Angolan Revolutionary government in exile (GRAE), the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola and the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola.

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters, stickers, badges and miscellaneous election material at federal, state and youth levels issued by the Australian Council of Social Service, the Australian Christian Party, the Australian Democrats, the Australian Family Movement, the Aboriginal Independent Party, the Australian Labor Party, the Adelaide Revolutionary Marxists, the Australia Party, the Call for Australia Citizen's Movement, the Country Liberal Party, the Australian Conservative Party, the Country Party, the Communist Party of Australia, the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist), the Democratic Labor Party, the Environmental Independents, the Henry George League, the Immigration Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, the Libertarian Movement of Australia, the Libertarian Party of Australia, the National Socialist Party of Australia, the National Centre Party, the Nuclear Disarmament Party, the National Party, the Progress Party, the People's World Commonwealth Party, the Republican Party of Australia, the Spartacist League of Australia and New Zealand, the Socialist Labor Party, the World Socialist Party, the Socialist Party of Australia (Anti-Communist), the Socialist Party of Australia, the Trades and Labor Council, the United Australia Party, the United Christian Party, the United Tasmania Group, and the Workers Party.

Manifestos, speeches, posters, constitutions, leaflets, newspapers, convention reports and miscellaneous election materials issued by the Action Congress Party (Ghana), the Convention People's Party (Ghana), the Ghana Congress Party, the National Alliance of Liberals (Ghana), the National Conciliation Party (Ghana), the National Liberation Movement (Ghana), the New Patriotic Party (Ghana), the Northern People's Party (Ghana), the People's Democratic Party of Ghana, the People's National Party (Ghana), the People's Vanguard (Ghana), the Popular Front Party (Ghana), the Progress Party (Ghana), the Third Force Party (Ghana), the United Gold Coast Convention, the United National Convention (Ghana), the United Party (Ghana) and the United Revolutionary Front (Ghana).

Constitutions, manifestos, pamphlets, sample voting papers, newspapers, articles and miscellaneous election materials from 1972 onwards issued by the Democratic Party of British Gibraltar, the Gibraltar Labour Party and Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights, the Integration with Britain Party and the Party for the Autonomy of Gibraltar.

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters and miscellaneous election material, 1938 onwards, issued by the Jamaica Labour Party, the People's National Party (Jamaica), the People's Political Party (Jamaica), the Revolutionary Marxist League of Jamaica, the Socialist Party of Jamaica, the Women's Freedom Movement (Jamaica), the Workers' Liberation League (Jamaica), the Workers Party of Jamaica, and Young Jamaica.

Constitutions, addresses, manifestos, conference reports, newsletters, letters and miscellaneous election materials from 1961 onwards, issued by the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), the National Council for Labour (Malawi) and the Panafrican Democratic Party of Malawi. The majority of the materials held here originate from the MCP and comprise constitutions, party resolutions and speeches outlining and defending Banda's policies of encouraging foreign investment, engagement with the apartheid regime in South Africa and limiting internal dissent. Materials from one of the new parties that emerged during the 1990s, the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), are also held in this collection.

Constitutions, manifestos, conference reports, histories, speeches, pamphlets, posters, letters and leaflets, from 1958 onwards, issued by the Alliance Party (Malaysia), the Barisan Nasional (Organization), the Democratic Action Party, the Malayan Chinese Association, the Malayan Communist Party, the Malayan Employers' Consultative Association, the Malayan People's Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, the Malaysian Chinese Association, the Malaysian Trades Union Congress, the Parti Islam Semalaysia, the Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia, the Pemuda Sosialis Malaya, the Socialist Party (Malaysia), and the United Malays National Organisation. The materials originate from parties both inside and outside the Alliance/Barisan Nasional, and deal with the achievements of the governing parties and their failings and the failings of the democratic system from the perspective of opposition groups. There are also a small number of trades union and pressure group materials, the latter exclusively concerned with opposition to the war in Vietnam.

Constitutions, conference reports, pamphlets, leaflets, posters, speeches, letters, newsletters, journals and miscellaneous election materials from 1925, issued at national, local and youth level by the Alliance (New Zealand), the Citizens' Association (Wellington), the Communist Party of Aotearoa, the Communist Party of New Zealand, the Communist Party of New Zealand (Marxist-Leninist), the Communist Party of New Zealand Wellington District Committee, the Imperial British Conservative Party, the New Zealand Labour Party, the New Zealand Labour Party Youth Advisory Council, the National Front (New Zealand), the National Gay Rights Coalition of New Zealand, the Nationalist Workers' Party (New Zealand), the New Labour Party (New Zealand), the New Zealand Christian Democratic Union Party, the New Zealand National Party, the New Zealand Party, the New Zealand Social Credit Political League (Inc.), the New Zealand Socialist Unity Party, the New Zealand Spartacist League, the New Zealand Values Party, the Social Credit Party (New Zealand), the Socialist Action League (New Zealand), A Women's Liberation Group, the Workers' Communist League of New Zealand, and the Young Socialists (N.Z.).

Pamphlets, leaflets, manifestos, constitutions, posters and miscellaneous election materials from 1961 onwards issued by the All Peoples Party of Papua and New Guinea, the Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu), the People's Progress Party (Papua New Guinea), the United Party (Papua New Guinea), the United Progress Party (Papua New Guinea), the Voters Manifesto Committee (Papua New Guinea) and the Voters Rights Action Group (Papua New Guinea). The majority of the materials held here date either from the early 1960s or from the first election in 1977, although there are also items produced by later pressure groups complaining about the lack of control of voters over the formation of governments given the country's weak party system and the predilection of members to change parties following elections. The independence struggles of Bougainville Island in the 1970s and 1990s are also mentioned.

Platforms, statements, letters, newsletters, constitutions, speeches, addresses and broadcasts, 1957-1962 issued by the Central Africa Party, the Constitution Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland) and the United Federal Party. Only material produced by a federal party during the existence of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland has been included in this collection.

Singapore political material, from 1961 onwards, including posters, pamphlets, leaflets, newsletters, speeches, commemorative programmes, letters, reports, conference reports, manifestos, constitutions and aother miscellaneous election materials issued by the Barisan Sosialis, independent candidates, the National Solidarity Party (Singapore), the People's Action Party (Singapore), the People's Association Youth Movement (Singapore), the Singapore Chinese Party, the Singapore Malay National Organisation, the United Front (Singapore), the United National Front (Singapore) and the Workers' Party (Singapore).

Constitutions, manifestos, reports, pamphlets, leaflets and membership cards, 1961-1973, issued by the Democratic Party of Swaziland, the Imbokodvo National Movement, the Ngwane National Liberatory Congress and the Swaziland Progressive Party. The materials here deal with the constitutional processes leading to independence as well as the brief period of electoral politics before the constitution was abolished in 1973.

Letters, calendars, pamphlets, constitutions, manifestos, programmes, addresses, conference reports, directories and interviews from 1956 onwards issued by Chama cha Mapinduzi, the Movement for Free Popular and Democratic Tanzania, the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the Tangayika Federation of Labour. All the political parties materials currently held here originate from TANU or Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), reflecting their political dominance, and cover such issues as the Arusha declaration of 1967 (which laid out Nyerere's vision for Tanzania's development - an African mixture of socialism and village communal life), agricultural policy and foreign affairs (Nyerere was a committed Pan-Africanist who provided support for exiled groups such as the ANC, PAC and FRELIMO). In addition there is pressure group material protesting against the imposition of a one-party state and calling for free elections.

Material relating to the politics of the British Virgin Islands including platforms, posters, election leaflets, constitutions and manifestos issued by the People's Party (British Virgin Islands), the Third Electoral District Committee (British Virgin Islands), the United Party (British Virgin Islands), the Virgin Islands Party and various independent candidates.

Zambia: Political Parties, Trades Unions and Pressure Groups Material, from 1951 onwards, including manifestos, pamphlets, leaflets, constitutions, summaries, registration forms, conference reports, addresses, memoranda, policy papers, resolutions and other miscellaneous election materials issued by the African National Congress (Zambia), the Christian Council of Zambia, the Committee on Northern Rhodesia, the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, the National Women's Lobby Group, the Northern Rhodesia Liberal Party, the United National Independence Party and the United Progressive Party (Zambia).

Histories, decrees, pamphlets, conference reports, constitutions and speeches issued by the Afro-Shirazi Party, the Zanzibar Liberation Front, the Zanzibar Nationalist Party and the Zanzibar Organisation, 1957-1974.

Pamphlet issued by the Aden Trades Union Congress.

Constitution and conference report issued by the Caribbean Congress of Labour and the Caribbean Union of Teachers.

Material issued by the following organisations: All-African Trade Union Federation; African Trade Union Confederation; Commonwealth Trade Union Council; International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; International Centre for Trade Union Rights; International Federation of Building and Wood Workers; International Labour Organization; International Garment, Textile and Leather Workers' Federation; International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association; Public Services International; Trade Union Solidarity Centre of Finland; Southern Africa Trade Union Co-ordination Council; South Pacific and Oceanic Council of Trade Unions; Transnational Information Exchange (TIE) Asia; and World Federation of Trade Unions.

Papers of the Menzies Centre for Australian Studies including correspondence files arranged alphabetically on topics including subjects taught by the Centre; individuals including Centre staff; related organisations; courses run by the Centre and related external courses; cities and countries with which the Centre had links; and Centre scholarships. Additional correspondence can be found throuhout the collection, notably of the Australian Studies Centre Committee, 1983-1989 and on topics including setting up an Australian Studies Course in Hungary, 1992-1993; Australian studies in schools, Dec 1982-Feb 1986; a lectureship at the Centre sponsored by Monash University, 1994-1996 and the Edith Cowan Visual Arts Fellowship, 1994-1999.

Papers relating to visiting fellowships, 1983-1996, including the Northcote Visiting Scholarship, 1991-1996. Papers relating to events to celebrate the bicentennial of European settlement in Australia, 1988 including papers of the Britain-Australia Bicentennial Committee; Papers relating to the Australian Bicentennial Scholarship and Fellowship scheme to enable British graduates to study in Australia and Australian graduates to study in Britain, 1988-1999, including correspondence, terms of reference for the scheme and copy of the trust deed, 1988. Papers relating to conferences organised by the centre, 1985-1999, on topics ranging from Australian economy or Aboriginal land rights to cricket. Papers on the function and purpose of the Centre, 1982-1986; academic planning, 1982; personnel and students, 1982-1999; grants awarded by the Centre, 1984; other Australian Centres in and outside of the UK, 1982-1999; the writer in residence at the Centre, 1995; report of the Centre, 1982-1984; fundraising proposal for the Centre, 1992 and agendas for staff meetings, 1993-1995.

Papers of the African National Congress, 1920-1976; comprising;

1. Papers of South African Indian organisations - resolutions, reports, petitions, memoranda, conference proceedings and agenda, etc., of the South African Indian Congress (1946, 1956), South African Indian Organisation (1951, 1959), Transvaal Indian Congress (1939-1963), Natal Indian Congress (1940-1961), Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (1933-1934), South African Passive Resistance Council (1946), South African Indian Conference (1948), etc.
   2. Treason Trials (1954-1961) - including Treason Trial Defence Fund papers, papers relating to evidence, addresses at Natal Indian Congress and ANC conferences (1954), letters to Thomas Hodgkin in Oxford, England, mainly from Michael Parkington regarding the trial (1959)
   3. Miscellaneous Documents (1953, 1972-1976) - mainly ANC public statements and publicity material
2. Government of India, Department of Education, Health and Lands, Overseas Section/Branch - microfilm copy of files from National Archives of India relating to Indians in South Africa.

Photocopied minutes of meetings of the Committee of the Southern Rhodesia Legal Aid and Welfare Fund in Salisbury, 1959 and 1963-1965; accounts, 1963-1966; typescript notes on clients defended 1966-1967.

Copy of autobiographical account by Kenneth Vundukayi Manyonda, of his trade union and political activities in Rhodesia between c1957-1970, particularly his association with United Textile Workers' Union of Rhodesia, the African Trades Union Congress, the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZAPU).

Rough draft of a history by J G Wallace of British Law in Northern Nigeria, 1948-1959; research papers and partial drafts of a history of Benue Province, Nigeria, c1959. The latter include copies of works by others, and of official administrative correspondence and reports, c1928-1959.

Leaflets and other publicity literature for events in celebration of the Australian Bicentennial, 1988: comprising literature produced by the Australian Bicentennial Authority, the New South Wales Bicentennial Council, and the Bicentennial Festival of Sydney, micsellaneous leaflets and leaflets regarding events in the UK.

Papers accumulated by Graham Mytton in the course of research into the press and broadcasting in Tanzania and Zambia. The material comprises files on the press in Tanzania, including notes of interviews with staff, readership statistics and other literature about newspapers; files concerning broadcasting in Tanzania, including copies of relevant speeches in Parliament, material on the Ministry of Information, Tanganyika Broadcasting Corporation and Radio Tanzania, and papers on educational and adult education broadcasting; files concerning broadcasting in Zambia, including documents on Zambia Broadcasting Services, educational and rural broadcasting; papers for the Ninth Commonwealth Broadcasting Conference in Kenya; and some miscellaneous items.

Research materials for the fourth programme of a Granada Television Ltd series on the history of Apartheid in South Africa, covering events during the period 1978-1986. Includes research documents and preparatory material, audio tapes and transcripts of research interviews and filmed interviews, and press cuttings. There is also a series of audio tapes and transcripts of research and filmed interviews for the first programme in the series, covering the origins of Apartheid; and a video tape of the completed version of the first three programmes.

Notes and transcript of [? Brian Willan's] interview of Ignatius Chigwendere, trade unionist and activist, dealing with Rhodesian trade union movement and nationalist politics (1959-1966); partucularly Chigwendere's work as National Organising Secretary for the Tailors and Garment Workers' Union, 1961 and as Disputes Secretary for the Southern Rhodesia Trades Union Congress, 1961-1963; also his involvement with the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 1962-1963, and his arrest and deportation from Rhodesia in 1963-1964.

The Michael Crowder Papers relate to his academic career. The collection falls into three general series. First, Botswana material, which consists mostly of photocopies and notes made towards his biography of Tshekedi Khama, regent of Bamangwato in Botswana 1929-1950, in whom Crowder became interested while Professor of History at the University of Botswana in 1982-1985. This constitutes the bulk of the material. Secondly, west African material which mostly predates the Botswana material. Thirdly, material from the last two years of his life when Crowder was in London most of the time. Apart from primary and secondary research material there are drafts of chapters, papers, books, and course outlines, as well as related academic and university administrative correspondence from the International Africa Institute and the Journal of African History. There is also a box of photo-slides taken by Crowder during trips to the Caribbean, Morocco and west Africa.

Correspondence and papers of Arthur Reginald Hewitt, Secretary/Librarian, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, on proposed Classified Catalogue of British Official Publications on Commonwealth Affairs, with comments on the proposal by Prof P N S Mansergh of St John's College, Cambridge, Prof W H Morris-Jones of Durham University, and Dr J D B Miller of Leicester University and 'specimen or trial' list covering 1921-1925.

International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF): Reports on Africa, 1952-1975; comprising reports on conditions for port, shipping, bus, railway and airline workers in Rhodesia, Nigeria, Tanganyika, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana. Includes articles by O Becu on apartheid and the international trade union movement, 1957; reports on the employment of non-white bus crews in South Africa; and general reports on ITF activities in Africa.

Letters and testimonials of Henry B Isbell regarding employment on Belvidere and the Diamond estates, Antigua, 1878-1891.

Postcards featuring scenes from Ceylon; Colombo street scene; Isurumunia Temple, Anuradhapura; Buddist Temple and Colombo Lake; Mount Lavinia Hotel; Tamil woman and child; Veddhas.

Bulletins issued by Joe Kennedy commenting on politics in Rhodesia, 1966-1969; including notes of interview with the Acting British High Commissioner John Hennings, Jan 1967; comments on meeting between Ian Smith and Harold Wilson at Gibraltar, Oct 1968; comments on visit of George Thomson, British Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, to Rhodesia, Nov 1968; comments on the detention and trial of Rev Ndabaningi Sithole, 1968-1969.

Memorandum by Prof Bryan W Langlands of his experiences while at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, 1974-1975 including account of the arrest and trial of Denis Cecil Hills for treason, also other incidents relating to President Idi Amin and the British community in Uganda, and on University politics at Makerere.

Printed memorial to 2nd Lt Horace Martin Capon Ledger, Indian Army Reserve of Officers and Observer, Royal Flying Corps, attached to French Seaplane Flight, killed in Palestine, 22 Dec 1915; containing photograph of Ledger, citation for award of the Croix de Guerre. Nov 1915, and copies of letters to his widow.

Papers of Julius Lewin and his wife Eleanor Hawarden on native law in South Africa, 1941-1966. Comprising copies of 18 articles by Lewin on native law, the legal status of African women, Africans and the police, political representation of Africans in South Africa, Britain's colour bar in Africa, inheritance in native law, marriage by natives in South Africa, and racial equality and Commonwealth universities. Two articles by Eleanor Hawarden on prejudice in the classroom and South African history and western civilisation, 1965-1966.

Papers relating to Rhodesian politics collected by Anthony L McAdam, 1964-1972, including correspondence and papers relating to the multiracial University College Rhodesia, 1964-1971; correspondence and papers relating to African National Congress (ANC) meetings, particularly relating to the ANC Committee in London, 1971-1972; miscellaneous material on Rhodesia, 1970-1972, including correspondence on the right of entry to the United Kingdom for Rhodesian africans.

Memorandum by M D Matimba, M T Musarurwa, P P A Foya, E F C Sithole, K S Mhizha, J T Maululeke, and T A Chihota, (former political detainees), to Minister of Justice, Southern Rhodesia, 16 July 1961, concerning payment of allowances, the need for improvement of the 'shockingly insulting' conditions in which they were living, and the expulsion of the Native Commissioner, R S Powell.

Papers collected by Tim Matthews concerning activities at University College of Rhodesia (UCR) and conditions in Rhodesia, 1968-1975; comprising correspondence and papers on University College of Rhodesia, 1968-1971, including material on links between UCR and British universities, papers on Matthews' expulson in 1970, and press cuttings; correspondence and papers on Matthews' activities in London, 1970-1972, including correspondence with George Thomson MP and Jack Straw, President, National Union of Students, on events at UCR and the problem of educaton for Rhodesians, correspondence with Harold Wilson on Labour Party policy on Rhodesia; correspondence and papers on the campaign to exclude UCR from the 1973 Association of Commonwealth Universities Conference; and correspondence and papers on the African National Congress, 1973.

Papers of Zachariah Keodirelang Matthews, 1933-1967; comprising typescript drafts for autobiography, including chapters on the Native Representative Council of South Africa, his role in the African National Congress (ANC) and his detention and trial for High Treason in 1956; microfilm of Z K Matthews personal papers comprising papers on his academic research on anthropology and native law, 1933-1935; correspondence and papers on his political activities, including material on the Native Representative Council of South Africa, 1942-1946, the ANC, 1942-1955; papers on Treason Trials, 1956-1961; general political correspondence, 1936-1967, includes letters from Govan Mbeki, Helen Suzman, Canon L John Collins and others, political articles and statements by Matthews, 1930-1967; correspondence and papers on education, including correspondene on his resignation from Fort Hare University, 1959, lecture notes, articles and statements on education; personal correspondence, 1937-1968; correpondence and papers on his work for the World Council of Churches, 1960-1966; papers on political and educational affairs in Botswana, 1933-1966; miscellanea, including articles by Matthews and others.

Transcript of interview by Ian Hancock of Miles Anthony Pedder relating to the United Rhodesia Party (URP) and the Central Africa Party (CAP), 1953-1964; including details of his work as Honorary Secretary of the URP, the organisation of the party, establishment of Branches in Coloured, Asian and African areas from 1955; the reformation of the African National Congress (ANC), 1957; his impressions of Garfield Todd as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, 1953-1958; the election of Edgar Whitehead as Prime Minister, 1958; the role of the Central African Party in the Southen Rhodesia Constitutional Conference, and the subsequent referendum on the Constitution, 1960-1961; the victory of the Rhodesia Front Party, 1962, the break-up of the Federation and the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, 1963-1964.