Showing 78 results

Zimbabwe: Political Parties Material, 1928 onwards, including manifestos, addresses, speeches, letters, conference reports, constitutions, pamphlets, leaflets, posters, newsletters, journals, press cuttings, histories, membership cards and miscellaneous electoral and promotional materials issued by the African National Council, the African National Council (Sithole), the African Progressive Party, the Centre Party (Southern Rhodesia), the Dominion Party (Rhodesia), the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe, the Independent Zimbabwe Group, the National Democratic Party of Southern Rhodesia, the National Front of Zimbabwe, the National Unifying Force (Southern Rhodesia), the Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe), the Rhodesian Action Party, the Rhodesia Labour Party, the Rhodesia Party, the Rhodesia Settlement Forum, the Rhodesian Front, the Southern Rhodesia Labour Party, the Southern Rhodesian African National Congress, the United African National Council, the United Conservative Party, the United National Federal Party, the Zimbabwe African National Union, ZANU-PF, the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union, the Zimbabwe Democratic Party, the Zimbabwe National Party, the Zimbabwe National People's Union, the Zimbabwe People's Army, the Zimbabwe Reformed African National Congress and the Zimbabwe United People's Organization. Any material produced by a political party originating from the geographical area that later became Zimbabwe has been placed in this collection, including parties from Southern Rhodesia prior to and during Federation and from 'Rhodesia' during UDI. Federal parties can be found under Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Political Parties (PP.RH)

Histories, decrees, pamphlets, conference reports, constitutions and speeches issued by the Afro-Shirazi Party, the Zanzibar Liberation Front, the Zanzibar Nationalist Party and the Zanzibar Organisation, 1957-1974.

Zambia: Political Parties, Trades Unions and Pressure Groups Material, from 1951 onwards, including manifestos, pamphlets, leaflets, constitutions, summaries, registration forms, conference reports, addresses, memoranda, policy papers, resolutions and other miscellaneous election materials issued by the African National Congress (Zambia), the Christian Council of Zambia, the Committee on Northern Rhodesia, the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, the National Women's Lobby Group, the Northern Rhodesia Liberal Party, the United National Independence Party and the United Progressive Party (Zambia).

Material produced by the Human Rights Protection Party (Western Samoa), 1985-1986.

Material produced by the West Indian Federal Labour Party and the West Indies Group of University Teachers, 1958-1962, 1967. Most of these items date from the West Indies Federation period.

Ugandan political parties material, from 1960 onwards, including statements, speeches, letters, conference reports, addresses, press releases, pamphlets, constitutions and other miscellaneous election materials issued by the Democratic Party (Uganda), the Democratic Party Youth Wing, Kabaka Yekka, the Progressive Party (Uganda), the Uganda National Congress, the Uganda National Liberation Front (Anti-Dictatorship), the Uganda National Party, the Uganda National Union, the Uganda People's Congress, and the Uganda Reconstruction Committee.

Manifesto, letter and songsheets issued by the People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands), 1970s.

Trinidad and Tobago political party material, from 1955 onwards, comprising pamphlets, leaflets, newsletters, journals, manifestos, constitutions, histories, conference reports, statements and speeches issued by the Circle, the Democratic Action Congress (Trinidad and Tobago), the Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago), the Indian Association of Trinidad and Tobago, the Liberal Party (Trinidad and Tobago), the National Alliance for Reconstruction (Trinidad and Tobago), the National Liberation Movement of Trinago, the People's National Movement, the People's Popular Movement (Trinidad and Tobago), Tapia (also known as the Tapia House Movement), the Trinidad Nationalist Movement, the Tripartite Committee of the Trinidad and Tobago Opposition Parties, United Labour Front, the United National Congress (Trinidad and Tobago), the United National Independence Party (Trinidad and Tobago), the Union of Revolutionary Organisations, the West Indian Independence Party of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indian National Party (Trinidad and Tobago), the Workers' and Farmers' Party (Trinidad and Tobago) and the Working People's Party of Trinidad and Tobago.

Letters, calendars, pamphlets, constitutions, manifestos, programmes, addresses, conference reports, directories and interviews from 1956 onwards issued by Chama cha Mapinduzi, the Movement for Free Popular and Democratic Tanzania, the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the Tangayika Federation of Labour. All the political parties materials currently held here originate from TANU or Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), reflecting their political dominance, and cover such issues as the Arusha declaration of 1967 (which laid out Nyerere's vision for Tanzania's development - an African mixture of socialism and village communal life), agricultural policy and foreign affairs (Nyerere was a committed Pan-Africanist who provided support for exiled groups such as the ANC, PAC and FRELIMO). In addition there is pressure group material protesting against the imposition of a one-party state and calling for free elections.

Constitutions, manifestos, reports, pamphlets, leaflets and membership cards, 1961-1973, issued by the Democratic Party of Swaziland, the Imbokodvo National Movement, the Ngwane National Liberatory Congress and the Swaziland Progressive Party. The materials here deal with the constitutional processes leading to independence as well as the brief period of electoral politics before the constitution was abolished in 1973.

Reports, rules and regulations, manifestos, resolutions, statements, constitutions and addresses issued by the All Ceylon United Workers Congress, the Ceylon Bank Employees' Union, the Ceylon Federation of Labour, the Ceylon Workers' Congress and the Government Clerical Service Union.

Pamphlets, press releases, conference reports and declarations, 1979 onwards, issued by the Association of Tamils for a United Sri Lanka, the Movement for Inter Racial Justice and Equality (Sri Lanka), the National Peace Council of Sri Lanka and the Sri Lanka Foundation.

Constitutions, speeches, manifestos, pamphlets, conference reports and instructions, histories, programmes, newspaper cuttings and letters, 1944 onwards, issued by the All Ceylon Tamil Congress, the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, Eksat Jatika Paksaya (Sri Lanka) or United National Party, Janata Vimukti Peramuna, Lanka Sama Samaja Party, Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary), Nava Samasamaja Paksaya, Nava Samasamaja Paksaya (UK Branch), Sri Lanka Nidahas Paksaya or Sri Lankan Freedom Party, the United Front (Sri Lanka), the United Left Front (Sri Lanka) and other miscellaneous groups.

Singapore political material, from 1961 onwards, including posters, pamphlets, leaflets, newsletters, speeches, commemorative programmes, letters, reports, conference reports, manifestos, constitutions and aother miscellaneous election materials issued by the Barisan Sosialis, independent candidates, the National Solidarity Party (Singapore), the People's Action Party (Singapore), the People's Association Youth Movement (Singapore), the Singapore Chinese Party, the Singapore Malay National Organisation, the United Front (Singapore), the United National Front (Singapore) and the Workers' Party (Singapore).

Sierra Leone political material, 1951 onwards, including constitutions, announcements of meetings, manifestos, resolutions, speeches, conference reports, declarations, electoral guides, court statements and pamphlets issued by the All People's Congress Party (Sierra Leone), the Electoral Commission (Sierra Leone), independent candidates, the National Unity Party, the Sierra Leone and Israel Friendship Association, the Sierra Leone Alliance Movement, the Sierra Leone Democratic Party and the Sierra Leone People's Party.

Seychelles political and trade union material, from 1964 onwards, including constitutions, manifestos, speeches, letters, newsletters, lists of candidates, congress reports and policy statements issued by the National Workers Union (Seychelles), the Seychelles Democratic Party, the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, the Seychelles People's United Party and the United Opposition (Seychelles).

Sarawak political material, 1962-[1970] produced by the following groups: Barisan Pemuda Sarawak, Sarawak Government, Parti Bumiputera Sarawak, Party Pesaka Sarawak, Sarawak Alliance Party, Sarawak Chinese Association, Sarawak National Party, and Sarawak United People's Party.

Speeches, constitutions, reports, manifestos, speeches, statements, letters and newsletters issued by the Commercial, Technical and Allied Workers' Union (Saint Vincent), the Labour Party (Saint Vincent), the Movement for National Unity, the National Progressive Workers' Union (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), the New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), the People's Political Party of Saint Vincent, the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Human Rights Association, the St. Vincent Junior Chamber and the Youlou United Liberation Movement. They are concerned amongst other things with the problems of economic development in the islands, with the position of the country in the Caribbean as a whole and of course with the transition to independence. There are also materials issued by trades unions as well as by human rights and business groups.

Constitution and manifestos issued by the United Workers' Party (Saint Lucia), 1964-1997.

Manifestos, platforms, press releases, papers and miscellaneous election material from 1975 onwards issued by the Nevis Reformation Party, the People's Action Movement (Saint Kitts and Nevis), the People's Progressive Party (Anguilla), the St. Kitts-Nevis Labour Party and the St. Kitts-Nevis Trades and Labour Union. The materials here date from the period around the split with Anguilla and the subsequent move to independence and are concerned both with these issues and with the desire of Nevis for more local autonomy.

Manifestos and pamphlets issued by the St. Helena Labour Party in seeking election to the Island's council, 1975-1976.

Constitutions, memoranda, newsletters and pamphlets, 1961-1970, issued by the National Unity Party (Sabah), the Sabah Alliance Party, the Society of Kadazans, the United National Kadazan Organisation and the United Sabah National Organisation. The majority of the materials held here date from the period just prior to independence and federation and originate from newly formed parties debating the benefits of both for Sabah in the context of a fear of excessive Chinese or Malay influence.

Platforms, statements, letters, newsletters, constitutions, speeches, addresses and broadcasts, 1957-1962 issued by the Central Africa Party, the Constitution Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland) and the United Federal Party. Only material produced by a federal party during the existence of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland has been included in this collection.

Pamphlets, leaflets, manifestos, constitutions, posters and miscellaneous election materials from 1961 onwards issued by the All Peoples Party of Papua and New Guinea, the Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu), the People's Progress Party (Papua New Guinea), the United Party (Papua New Guinea), the United Progress Party (Papua New Guinea), the Voters Manifesto Committee (Papua New Guinea) and the Voters Rights Action Group (Papua New Guinea). The majority of the materials held here date either from the early 1960s or from the first election in 1977, although there are also items produced by later pressure groups complaining about the lack of control of voters over the formation of governments given the country's weak party system and the predilection of members to change parties following elections. The independence struggles of Bougainville Island in the 1970s and 1990s are also mentioned.

Pakistan pamphlets, leaflets, speeches, reports, conference reports, letters, newsletters, and miscellaneous materials, from 1940 onwards issued by the All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions, the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (Jammu and Kashmir, India), Jamiatiattehad-Ul-Ulma, the Muslim India Information Centre, the National Awami Party of Pakistan (London), the National Democratic Movement (Pakistan), the National Progressive League (Pakistan), the Pakistan Democratic Party, the Pakistan Muslim League, the Pakistan National Movement, and the Pakistan People's Party.

Material produced by political groups in Niue, 1984, comprising letter, 3 May 1984 from T.L. Sioneholo, Legal/Political Division of the Government, explaining campaign proceedings and poster for 1984 general election.

Nigerian-related pamphlets, leaflets, badges, posters, speeches, reports, conference reports, letters, newsletters, cassette boxes and miscellaneous election materials, from 1957 onwards, issued at national and state levels by the Action Group (Nigeria), the All Peoples Party, the Alliance for Democracy, the Committee Against Nigeria's Exploitation, the Dynamic Party, the Greater Nigeria People's Party, the Kano People's Party, the Mid-West State Movement (Nigeria), the National Association of Nigerian Students, the National Committee on Civil Liberties (Nigeria), National Electoral Commission (Nigeria), the National Party of Nigeria, the Nigeria Advance Party, the Nigeria Labour Congress, the Nigerian National Alliance, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, the Nigerian People's Party, the Nigerian People's Union, the Nigerian Young Revolutionary Organisation, the Nigerian Youth Congress, the Nigerian Youth Movement, the Northern People's Congress (Nigeria), the One Kamerun Party, the People's Democratic Party (Nigeria), Progressive Peoples Party (Nigeria), the People's Redemption Party (Nigeria), the Social Democratic Party (Nigeria), the Socialist Workers and Farmers Party of Nigeria, the Talakawa Party (Nigeria), the United Progressive Grand Alliance (Nigeria), the Unity Party of Nigeria, and the Workers Party of Nigeria.

Constitutions, conference reports, pamphlets, leaflets, posters, speeches, letters, newsletters, journals and miscellaneous election materials from 1925, issued at national, local and youth level by the Alliance (New Zealand), the Citizens' Association (Wellington), the Communist Party of Aotearoa, the Communist Party of New Zealand, the Communist Party of New Zealand (Marxist-Leninist), the Communist Party of New Zealand Wellington District Committee, the Imperial British Conservative Party, the New Zealand Labour Party, the New Zealand Labour Party Youth Advisory Council, the National Front (New Zealand), the National Gay Rights Coalition of New Zealand, the Nationalist Workers' Party (New Zealand), the New Labour Party (New Zealand), the New Zealand Christian Democratic Union Party, the New Zealand National Party, the New Zealand Party, the New Zealand Social Credit Political League (Inc.), the New Zealand Socialist Unity Party, the New Zealand Spartacist League, the New Zealand Values Party, the Social Credit Party (New Zealand), the Socialist Action League (New Zealand), A Women's Liberation Group, the Workers' Communist League of New Zealand, and the Young Socialists (N.Z.).

Photocopy of a pamphlet produced by the Windward Islands People's Movement, 'Program W.I.P.M.: session 1977/1981'.

Constitutions, manifestos, leaflets, pamphlets, press statements, letters, programmes, conference reports, posters, badges, rosettes and miscellaneous election materials from 1965 onwards, issued by the Congress of Democrats, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (Namibia), the Directorate of Elections (Namibia), the Independence Celebration Committee (Namibia), the Namibian National Democratic Party, the National Patriotic Front of Namibia, the South West Africa National Union, SWAPO, the SWAPO-Democrats and the United Democratic Front of Namibia.

Poetry, letters, bulletins, congress proceedings, constitutions, statements, pamphlets, interviews, speeches and newsletters, from 1962, issued by FRELIMO, Frente da Libertação de Moçambique, the Mozambique People's Conventional Movement and Uniao Nacional Africana de Rumbezia.

Constitutions, histories, songsheets, manifestos and posters from 1966 onwards issued by the Montserrat Allied Workers Union, the Montserrat Civil Service Association, the Montserrat Labour Party, the Montserrat Workers' Progressive Party, the National Development Party (Montserrat), the People's Liberation Movement (Montserrat), the Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat), and the United National Front (Montserrat). The materials here represent the country's main parliamentary parties and are primarily manifestos from elections between 1966 and 1987. The collection also contains a small number of trade union publications.

Programs, platforms, manifestos and histories from 1963 issued by Groupe "Progrès et liberté", Independent Forward Bloc (Mauritius), Mouvement militant mauricien, Mouvement socialiste mauricien, MSM/travailliste, Parti de l'independance (Mauritius), Parti LALIT, Parti mauricien social democrat, Parti socialiste mauricien, Parti travailliste (Mauritius). The materials reflect the activities of the three main political parties. Other parties represented include the Parti mauricien social democrat (PMSD), generally seen as the party of the Franco-Mauritians and Creoles, as well as the Parti LALIT, of which the collection holds a number of pamphlets concerned with health issues.

Conference addresses, programs and journals issued by the Parti communiste martiniquais, 1963 onwards.

Newspapers, journals, pamphlets, speeches, press releases, policy declarations, reports, press excerpts and other miscellaneous materials, from 1955 onwards, issued by the Christian Workers Party (Malta), the Democratic Christian Party (Malta), the Democratic Nationalist Party (Malta), the General Workers' Union of Malta, the Malta Labour Party, the Maltese Labour Movement (U.K.), the Nationalist Party (Malta), and the Progressive Constitutional Party (Malta).

Constitutions, manifestos, conference reports, histories, speeches, pamphlets, posters, letters and leaflets, from 1958 onwards, issued by the Alliance Party (Malaysia), the Barisan Nasional (Organization), the Democratic Action Party, the Malayan Chinese Association, the Malayan Communist Party, the Malayan Employers' Consultative Association, the Malayan People's Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, the Malaysian Chinese Association, the Malaysian Trades Union Congress, the Parti Islam Semalaysia, the Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia, the Pemuda Sosialis Malaya, the Socialist Party (Malaysia), and the United Malays National Organisation. The materials originate from parties both inside and outside the Alliance/Barisan Nasional, and deal with the achievements of the governing parties and their failings and the failings of the democratic system from the perspective of opposition groups. There are also a small number of trades union and pressure group materials, the latter exclusively concerned with opposition to the war in Vietnam.

Constitutions, addresses, manifestos, conference reports, newsletters, letters and miscellaneous election materials from 1961 onwards, issued by the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), the National Council for Labour (Malawi) and the Panafrican Democratic Party of Malawi. The majority of the materials held here originate from the MCP and comprise constitutions, party resolutions and speeches outlining and defending Banda's policies of encouraging foreign investment, engagement with the apartheid regime in South Africa and limiting internal dissent. Materials from one of the new parties that emerged during the 1990s, the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), are also held in this collection.

Manifestos, journals, constitutions, programmes, letters, petitions, resolutions, interviews, press releases, pamphlets, statements, reports, election results, conference papers and histories, 1958 onwards, issued by the Basotho National Party, the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), the Basutoland Progressive Association Party, the Communist Party of Lesotho, the Lesotho Unity Party and the United Democratic Party (Lesotho). The substantial holdings of BCP material from this period include a number of conference papers originating from the Round Table Conference of Political Leaders which sought to resolve the political crisis which followed the 1970 poll.

Correspondence and papers of Bernard Leeman on planned coup against the Prime Minister of Lesotho, Chief Leabua Jonathan, July-Oct 1970. Including correspondence with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the Basotho Congress Party (BCP), notes on arms supplies and the activities of the South African Political Police.

Letters from Mrs Maselebalo L G Qhobela, Butha-Buthe, Lesotho, to Baroness Chalker of Wallasey, Minister of State UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, urging the immediate restoration of King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho, before the country's forthcoming elections.

Research notes and papers of John Michael Lee on Africa, 1956-1967: subjects include statistics on African Officer Cadets training in Britain, 1953-1967; rates of pay for army and police in Kenya, Malawi, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Zambia and Nigeria, 1960-1968; notes on the Nigerian officer cadre, 1960-1966; papers on the introduction of the Ministerial system in Uganda, 1955-1962; papers on Colonial Social Science Research Council Working Party on Colonial Elections, 1956; copies of official correspondence on Banyaruanda refugees, 1961-1962; copies of official correspondence on strike of students at the Nakawa Engineering School, Uganda, 1957-1958; documents on scheme for 300 scholarships, offered by the Government of Uganda, 1961-1962 and documents on the integration of the Department and Ministry of Education, Uganda, c1957-1962.

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters and miscellaneous election material issued by the Capricorn Africa Society, the Democratic Party of Kenya, the European Elected Members' Organization, the Electors' Union (Kenya), the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya, the Independent Group of Members of Legislative Council (Kenya), the Kenya African Democratic Union, the Kenya African National Union, the Kenya Coalition, the Kenya Empire Party, the Kenya Indian Congress, the Kenya Party, the Kenya People's Union, Muungano wa Wazalendo Wa Kukomboa Kenya, the New Kenya Party, the Northern Province People's Progressive Party (Kenya), the Progressive Local Government Party (Kenya), the Reform Party (Kenya), UKENYA, the Voice of Kenya and a variety of independent candidates.

Press cuttings and lists of candidates and parties for Kenya Legislative Council Election 1957; comprising general cuttings, cuttings on individual candidates W B Akatsa (Nyanza North), C M G Argwings-Kodhek (Nairobi), Tom Mboya (Nairobi), C T Munei (Rift Valley), O Odinga (Nyanza Central), B A Ohanga (Nyanza Central), G Orinda (Nyanza South), J K Tipis (Rift Valley); cuttings on constituencies; and cuttings on political parties and groups the Capricorn Africa Society, the Nairobi District African Congress, the Reform Party and the United Front.

Pamphlets and histories, 1965-1992, issued by the Committee of Women for Progress (Jamaica), the Jamaica Progressive League (Jamaica) and the Youth Forces for National Liberation (Jamaica).

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters and miscellaneous election material, 1938 onwards, issued by the Jamaica Labour Party, the People's National Party (Jamaica), the People's Political Party (Jamaica), the Revolutionary Marxist League of Jamaica, the Socialist Party of Jamaica, the Women's Freedom Movement (Jamaica), the Workers' Liberation League (Jamaica), the Workers Party of Jamaica, and Young Jamaica.

Photocopy of election leaflet for black township of Jabavu, Soweto, South Africa, [1950s].

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters, and miscellaneous election material at national, state and youth levels issued by the Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha, the Akhil Bhartiya Ramarajya Parisada, the Association of Indian Communists of Great Britain, the All India Forward Bloc, the All India Kisan Sabha, All-India Ramarajya-Parishad, the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee, the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, the Bombay Pradesh Congress Committee, the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Congress Seva Dal, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, the Four Party Alliance, the Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee, the Gujarat Sanyukta Sadachar Samiti, independent candidates, the Indian National Congress, the Indian National Congress (I), the Indian National Congress (O), the Indian National Congress (U), the Indian National Youth Movement, the Indian Youth Congress, the Janata Dal, the Janata Party, the Jammu and Pradesh Congress Committee, the Kashmir Democratic Union, the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee, the Lok Dal, the Mysore Pradesh Congress Committee, the Orissa Provincial Congress Committee, the Praja Socialist Party, the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India, the Radical Democratic Party, the Republican Party of India, the Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh, the Socialist Party, the Socialist Republican Party, the Shiv Sena, the Samyukta Socialist Party, the Swatantra Party, the Telangana Congress Party, and the United Left Front.

Manifestos, leaflets, programmes and miscellaneous election materials issued by the Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, the Liberal Party (Hong Kong) and the United Democrats of Hong Kong.

Pamphlets, memoranda, bulletins, leaflets, flyers, letters, guides, notices, reports, press releases, programmes, cards and addresses, 1950-1987, issued by the British Guiana Rice Producers' Association, the Civil Liberties Action Council (Guyana), the Committee Against Repression in Guyana, the Guyana Human Rights Association, Guyanese Against Dictatorship, the Pan-African Secretariat, the Women's Progressive Organisation (Guyana), and the Women's Revolutionary Socialist Movement (Guyana).

Manifestos, speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, letters, newsletters, journals, posters, press releases, and miscellaneous election material at national and youth levels from 1950, issued by the Alliance of Patriotic Guyanese, the British Guiana Freedom Association, the Democratic Labour Movement, the Guyana National Liberation Movement, the National Democratic Party (Guyana), the Patriotic Coalition for Democracy (Guyana), the People's National Congress, the People's Progressive Party (Guyana), the Progressive Youth Organisation (Guyana), and the Working People's Alliance Guyana. The items held here deal mainly with issues of race, socialism, imperialism and democracy at but there are also materials relating to the liberalisation of Guyanese politics under Burnham's successor Desmond Hoyte and the eventual electoral triumph of Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party (PPP) in 1992.