Showing 380 results

Records of Leslie R Wolfson's dental practice, 1934-1987, consisting largely of accounts such as balance sheets, cash books, bills, receipts and tax papers relating to Mr Wolfson's dental practices in Enfield; sample of patients' record cards (patients unidentifiable); booklets, pamphlets, and so on regarding aspects of dentistry, National Health Service leaflets and other leaflets on dental charges; and correspondence concerning property transactions in Enfield including agreement for sale of general practice at Grange Park, Enfield.

Administrative records; records of the Cardiac Department; records of Chaplain's Department; records of the Neurophysiology Department [a.k.a. E.E.G. Department]; title deeds, leases, trusts etc; records of the Dermatology Department; financial records; records of the Department of General Medicine; records of the London Linden Hall Association; patient records; records of the Department of Medical Photography; Medical Unit records; nursing records; records of the Nutrition and Dietetics department; nursing education records; records of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; records of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department; records of Orthopaedics Department; Occupational Therapy Department; photographs; records of the Pharmacy Department; records of the Public Relations Department; records of the London Hospital Photographic Society; records of the Radiotherapy Department; records of the Radiology Department; surveyors and estate records; records of the Social Society; records of the Works Department; records from unofficial sources, and persons and subject files.

Minutes, committee minutes, agenda books, rules and regulations, files and miscellaneous.

Administrative records, records of the Anatomy Department, Students' Club records, title Deeds, financial records, records of the Department of Forensic Medicine, the London Hospital Students Hostel records, records of the Library, Neonatal Research Unit records, photographs, records of the Photographic Department, records of the Physiological Laboratory, records of the Pathological Museum, plans of College buildings, student records, records of the London Hospital Clubs Union and miscellaneous records.

The Institute's records are arranged as follows: Director's books and associated records of post mortem examinations, 1907-200, including Bethnal Green and Mile End Hospitals autopsies, 1969 - 1978 and indexes 1907 - 1967; Surgical Department Director's books 1909 - 1995, including indexes 1909 - 1982; Cytology Department registers, 1966-1982; Bethnal Green Hospital Surgical Department records, 1972-1976; Mile End Hospital Surgical Department records, 1972-1982; Mile End Hospital Cytology Department records, 1969-1981; Specimen books, 1923-1934; Photographs and slides, 1959 - 1980; Classification schemes and indexes, 1907-1981; Publications, 1906 - 1979.

Papers of or relating to Sir Benjamin Brodie comprising case notes taken by Brodie as House Surgeon at St George's Hospital, 1805-1851, and include details of experiments on guinea pigs, 1817-1826 and notes of lectures on madness delivered by Dr Sutherland at St Luke's Hospital, 1851; surgical cases and commentaries by Brodie, 1805-1807 (2 volumes); hospital notes, 1813-1816; case books, 1821-1834, including letter from Mrs Marion Warren Harries, St Thomas' Rectory, Haverfordwest, requesting new prescription for her throat, 29 Dec 1840; case notes, 1824-1827; note book containing extracts from Wallace Dublin on venereal disease, 1833, and case notes 1827-1828; case notes, 1849; case notes, 1839-1854 (3 volumes); case notes, 1829-1830, 1838-1839, 1854 (4 volumes); case notes of Hugh Rowen, 73 Henry Street, 1815; case book, 1820-1860. Lectures and related notes, comprising 'An essay on the principles of science', read to the Academical Society, 1802; 'Analysis of the principal memoirs of the French Academy of Surgery', 1808; 'An introduction to comparative anatomy and physiology', introductory lectures delivered at the Royal College of Surgeon, 1816; introductory lecture of anatomy and physiology, 1820; notes of lectures on anatomy, 1820; notes of lectures delivered by Brodie, taken by Gregory Smith, 1827 (4 volumes); notes of lectures delivered by Brodie, taken by Henry Johnson, 1830; notebook containing: 42 lectures, undated, lecturers name not given, including clinical lectures by Brodie, 1839-1840; introductory discourse to the students of St George's, 1843, including testimonial given by Brodie to Dr Morson, 12 Dec 1834; 'Psychologia', 1851; physiological experiments and observations, 1810-1817; selections from notes of Brodie's physiological experiments and observations, 1812-1826; notes of lectures on the practice of medicine, 1816; notes of symptoms, 18th-19th centuries; commonplace book, undated. Other material, comprising notes of anatomical lectures delivered by Thomas Tatum and Henry James Johnson, taken by John Morgan, School of Anatomy, Kinnerton Street, 1837-1839; notes of lectures on structural anatomy and physiology delivered at the Hunterian School of Medicine by William Vesalius Pettigrew, 1840-1846; copy of an address presented by the students of St George's to G G Babington on his retirement as Surgeon to St George's, with his reply, 1843; testimonial presented to George D Pollock, on his retirement as Consulting Surgeon to St George's, 1882; notes taken by Dr Charles Slater while attending a course in bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute, 1893; case notes of Dr Marriott Fawckner Nicholls, 1933-1934.

Note: this collection is currently on loan to the Royal College of Surgeons.

Papers of Major Greenwood, 1924-1950, comprise correspondence and papers relating to his work as Professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics and as Acting Dean of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; speech on the work of the School and some miscellaneous letters.

Records of the Miller General Hospital, including Governors and Board of Management minutes, 1828-1948; Medical Council minutes, 1913-1928; Nursing Committee minutes, 1928-1948; annual reports, 1870-1948; file of correspondence and administrative papers relating to the purchase of 4 St. Johns Park, Blackheath, and its conversion to a Preliminary Training School for Nurses, 1945-1948; registers of patients, 1904-1945; Matron's report book, 1927-1948; staff registers, 1933-1951; salaries and wages books, 1921-1944 and history of the hospital, 1893.

Also financial accounts of the Kent Dispensary, 1783-1856.

Records of the Woolwich Group Hospital Management Committee, comprising correspondence files, 1935-1974, on subjects including the Endowment and Amenities Fund; land and buildings of the British Hospital for Mothers and Babies; the constitution and reorganisation of the National Health Service; maternity services at the British Hospital for Mothers and Babies; the Medical Planning and Joint Health Services Committee; the standardisation of medical records; training schools for nurses; staff appointments and resignations and the Group Officers and Hospital Secretaries' Meeting.

Records of Grove Park Hospital, including information and instructions for medical staff, 1964; architects plans mostly for upgrading and conversion of hospital, 1975 and subject files, 1954-1975, regarding various topics including Lewisham Group Hospital Management Committee reports, patient complaints, geriatric services, intensive care, nursing education, King's Fund patient survey, National Health Service (NHS) reorganisation and management schemes and structures.

Anonymous student's lecture notes, the manuscripts, written largely in the same hand, have been assigned to Estienne Louis Geoffroy. Produced in Paris, [1760].

Notes from lectures in physiology given by John Haighton including notes on physiology produced in London by a student at St Thomas's Hospital and lectures on physiology or the laws of the animal oeconomy, taken down by Thomas Howell, Guy's Hospital 1810.

Papers of Jean Nicholas Marjolin and his son René Marjolin, 1849-1894, including notes of Jean Nicolas Marjolin's lectures, by a medical student; letters from René Marjolin to his friend Edmond Dascols relating mainly to personal affairs, and the health of the Dascols family (with advice on cholera and other maladies) and letters from Paris at the time of the siege and the Commune, 1870-1871, when René Marjolin was active in treating the wounded prior to his arrest as a Bonapartist agent.

Lezioni Anatomiche. Lezioni Chirurgiche. Written by Luigi Calori [1807-1896]. The Anatomical volume is apparently complete with 81 lectures: the first 7 of the Surgical lectures are in the second volume. The first volume has a title pasted down on the spine, inscribed: 'Lezioni Anatomiche Mondiniane', a reference perhaps to Carlo Mondini [1729-1803], or to his son Francesco who both lectured at Bologna. 'Prof. Calori' is inscribed in pencil on the fly-leaf of Vol. 1. Produced in Bologna.

Praxeos medicinae libri II-IV. Authore D. D. Paschale Pisciottano, ad usum Joachimi de Angelis. Lecture-notes of a student at Naples University, of which Vol. I is wanting. The lectures are all by Pisciottanus except the second in Book IV 'De morbis venereis', which is by Francesco Dolce: and the last of the same Book 'De herniis', given by Agnello Firelli. Contents: Praxeos liber II. De morbis pectoris (1 l. + 37 ff. + 3 ll. (last 2 bl.)). III. De morbis abdominis (1 l. + 144 ff. + 4 bl. ll.). IV. De febribus. De morbis venereis. De morbis mulierum. De morbis infantum. De herniis (3 ll. + 269 ff. + 1 bl. l.). Produced in Naples.

Two volumes: 'Institutiones medicae' and 'Institutiones medicae practicae'. The spines are inscribed 'Lib. I' and 'Lib II' in wrong order, as the 'Institutiones medicae practicae' labelled 'Lib I' should follow the 'Institutiones'. Notes of a course of lectures by an anonymous student: the date 1705 is found on p. 37 of the second volume. The text has been identified by comparison with MS. 4614, which contains a somewhat abbreviated version of the present first volume. Produced in Rome.

'Trattato di chirurgia'. Lettered on spine 'Instituzioni Chirurgiche': an unnamed student's notes of lectures taken from the lectures Gaetano Termanini. Produced in Bologna, c 1815.

Letters and papers of Thomas Graham (1818-1850), naval surgeon, mainly relating to his education at Edinburgh University and subsequent service aboard various warships in home waters, Ireland, the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Far East.

Notes on surgical lectures [given in London] by Henry Cline, and taken by an unnamed student. The text, neatly written in a uniform hand, is possibly a fair copy of notes taken at an earlier date. Dated watermarks are partially visible on the outer margin of leaves (e.g. MS. 6009, f. 98, where the date 1821 seems discernible).

Three notebooks connected to the same Ross-on-Wye medical practice including notebook from William Edward Green’s student days, 1861, containing notes on anatomy and biochemistry, pharmaceutical formulae, notes on childbirth and notes on physiology and chemistry; general notebook of William Edward Green, the cover bearing a faded label reading "Club Prescription: Bate's Charity" and notebook of Walter Holcroft Cam, Arthur Llewellyn Baldwin Green and George Marner Lloyd, recording particular cases and noteworthy items from the medical press, 1932.

Notes of lectures on anatomy and surgery by William Hunter and William Cruikshank, taken by a student. The notes cover a course of 79 lectures given at Hunter's Great Windmill Street School, London, at some time after he had been joined by Cruikshank as assistant in 1771 (cf. MS. 5595). The latter's contribution to the course seems from these notes to have been considerable, suggesting that he was already well-established as co-lecturer. The student was probably John Power (fl. 1791-98), later a surgeon at Market Bosworth, Leics.

Papers of Joshua Henry Porter including manuscript draft and published version of The Surgeon's Pocket-book, 2nd edition, 1880 and military scrapbook, 1850-1881.

8 volumes of student notes compiled by James Martin whilst a student at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgery, 1904-1908. Subjects include Materia Medica, Pathology, Bacteriology, Surgery, Medicine.

Notes by Robert Storrs, 1823-1896, recording interesting cases and medical events from his practice, together with transcripts of two papers read at the Sheffield Medical Society. With additional notes on drugs by an unidentified contributor, possibly one of Storrs's apprentices, and later notes by Storrs's grandson, Reginald Storrs, a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

Papers of Edgar Ashworth Underwood, 1911-1980. The surviving Underwood papers represent a far from complete record of his career. His correspondence is incomplete and his early career in public health glimpsed by a few notes and papers. The bulk of the collection is made up of the drafts, manuscripts and typescripts of his writings, some of which were never published. Underwood was a perfectionist and polished his work many times. However his immense work for a second volume of A History of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London (to follow Wall and Cameron's history and cover the period 1815 onwards) was never published and sadly the drafts appear to lack one chapter (chapter 15) which has evidently strayed. Similarly a great deal of labour was spent on a history of urology in the late 1950s and early 1960s and on a life of Edward Jenner but neither of these works was ever published, Underwood's failing eyesight inhibiting his researches. However, the collection is valuable in that Underwood meticulously researched and checked evidence and normally kept full records of his work: thus anyone interested in the history of medical education or the apothecaries for example should note the numerous transcripts and copies of administrative records and documents held by the Public Record Office, Guildhall, Royal College of Physicians and elsewhere.

Papers of Donald Hunter, 1910-1977. There are two large, parallel series of case files and reference files (section C) relating to a wide range of conditions, most but not all connected with occupational hazards and many being dermatological or osteopathic, as well as factory visit notes, correspondence, both personal and professional, publications, writings, and audio-visual material.

Papers of Rudolph Karl Freudenberg and Gerda Freudenberg relating to psychiatric practice at Netherne Hospital, Freudenberg's involvement with various professional bodies, and his writings on psychiatry, 1930s-1970s.

A. Rudolph Karl Freudenberg's Personalia

1 Personal papers and correspondence; 2 Offprints and publications; 3 Unpublished general papers; 4 Conferences; 5 Files of rough notes; 6 Films

B Netherne Hospital

1 Published articles and reports; 2 External reports on Netherne; 3 Unpublished articles on Netherne (excluding training); 4 Material for training; 5 Netherne Magazines; 6 Committees and meetings; 7 Printed guides; 8 League of Friends and other voluntary help; 9 General planning and memoranda; 10 Day hospitals and hostels; 11 Occupational and industrial therapy; 12 Rehabilitation (wider than purely industrial); 13 Questionnaires and forms; 14 Censuses; 15 Art; 16 Other directly Netherne material; 17 Photographs and slides; 18 Audio tapes; 19 Films; 20 Related material - not specifically Netherne

C Department of Health and Social Security

D Local related bodies

1 Cheshire Home, Wimbledon; 2 Schizophrenia Research Fund; 3 Surrey Council for Mental health; 4 Surrey Group of National Schizophrenia Fellowship; 5 Reigate and District Association for Mental Health; 6 National Association of League of Hospital Friends; 7 Disablement Income Group, Godalming; 8 Share Community Ltd; 9 Surrey Resettlement Ltd; 10 West Lambeth Community Health Council; 11 Industrial Therapy Organisation (Epsom) Ltd; 12 London Borough of Sutton: review of Health and Welfare Services; 13 Orpington Mental Health Association

E Other bodies

1 King Edward's Hospital Fund; 2 Mental Health Research Fund; 3 National Association for Mental Health; 4 Royal Medico-Psychological Association later Royal College of Psychiatrists; 5 Medical Research Council; 6 General Nursing Council 7 The Council for Music in Schools; 8 Council of Europe; 9 World Health Organisation

F General offprints

Papers of the Beit Memorial Fellowships for Medical Research Trust, 1910-1994. The bulk of the archive is made up of the files of Beit fellows. The first Fellowships were awarded in 1910 and the lists in Section B.1 cover all the Fellows, 1910-1994. The Fellows' files in A.2 date from 1912-1990. Other records include minutes of the Board of Trustees and the Advisory Board (Fuller sets of minutes remain in the hands of the Trustees), correspondence, handbooks, some financial records and Directors' Reports and a newscuttings album. There is also a printed history of the Fellowships in section G.2.. A great deal of the correspondence on individual subjects survives from TR Elliott's time as Honorary Secretary.

Papers of Shui-wai Lee relating to her nursing training and permission to work in Britain.

Notes of lectures on dental surgery, dental radiology, and oral surgery, Aberystwyth, c 1940. It contains notes on 'Inflammation', 'Dental Surgery', 'Radiology' (mostly oral and dental), 'Oral Surgery', and 'Dental Surgery Coaching Class'. There are a number of illustrative sketches among the notes.

Papers of Dame Janet Vaughan, mainly 1939-1949, including material on her work with the Emergency Blood Transfusion Service, social and industrial medicine and post-War medical services, child guidance, Health Survey and Development Committee in India, and treating sufferers from starvation liberated from Belsen.

Notes of lectures, etc, taken by John Charles Leedham-Green, while studying medicine at the Middlesex Hospital c 1920s and London Hospital, 1933.

Notebooks of W H McMenemey while a medical student, and when studying for the Diploma in Psychological Medicine, c 1924-1937.

Papers of Thomas Jeeves Horder, 1904-1955, including Horder's appointment diaries, [one at St Bartholomew's Hospital and one at his private practice], memorabilia, Horder's talks and writings, obituaries and appreciations of his life and work, and a very small accumulation of case notes, apparently from his private practice.

Journal by Dr Forrest Leon Loveland, general practitioner, Topeka, Kansas, documenting a trip he made to Europe with his wife Helen, 29 Jul 1931-23 Dec 1931. The journal describes the pair's travels through England, Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and, in particular, Austria and Italy. The main focus of the trip was Vienna, Austria, where the Lovelands stayed from 29 Aug to 27 Nov 1931. Immediately on arrival Dr Loveland joined the American Medical Association of Vienna and began attending medical classes at Vienna University, including Dr Hermann Chiari's pathology class. Numerous photographs, postcards, tickets, newscuttings, maps, souvenirs etc. are pasted into the volume, and loose items were inserted between the pages up to 1949.

Reports of Thomas Lauder Brunton's lectures on therapeutics and notes from a lecture on chloroform with three fragments of lectures on eye affections, on the effects of alcohol, and the effect of drugs on the brain given at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1892-[1895].

Lectures on inflammation and pathology by Maurizio Bufalini, 1836-1853.

Notes of lectures by Giuseppe Canziani, on veterinary medicine, anatomy, physiology and phrenology, [1840-1845].

Papers compiled by Corneille Broeckx realting to the history of the Medical College, Antwerp, in various hands including letters, theses, transcripts and printed proclamations. Some of the transcripts have been made in the first part of the 19th century, but many are earlier. The printed proclamations, mostly on single sheets, date from 1628 to 1786.

Students' notes of Mario Cecchini's lectures on tumours, at the Archiospedale del Santo Spirito, Rome.

Notes from Pierre Chirac's lectures, 1696-1734.

Notes from lectures of Nicolaus Cirillus, 1699-1735.

Notes of lectures on chemistry taken by Aimé Marie Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre when a student, plus three short pieces on chemistry, 1800-1801.

Material relating to the use of nitrus oxide, chloroform and ether, mostly notes, including some on an operation carried out on Napolean III, and notes for lectures given by Clover. There is some personal material relating to Clover's education, including some family correspondence.

Papers of the London Committee of Licensed Teachers of Anatomy comprising minutes, 1880-1967; financial records, lists of subjects, and correspondence, 1961-1975; and meeting papers, 1965-1969. The archives of the Committee are not complete. Although the minutes date from its beginnings, and there are some other early papers, documentation relating to the distribution and eventual burial or cremation of cadavers only survives from 1942.

Official papers of Sir Frederick Hobday as Principal of the Royal Veterinary College (RVC), [1914-1937], including RVC committee papers including the Finance Committee, 1914-1921; General purposes committee, 1914-1921; and the London University Subcommittee; papers of the RVC General Purposes Committee on reorganising and rebuilding the College 1928-1933; report and memorandum of the advisory committee on the Royal Veterinary College on the siting of a research institute in veterinary pathology; report of development commission advisory committee into research on diseases of animals, 1922; memorandum of report of Ministry on the advisability of removing the Royal Veterinary College to Cambridge; Senate minutes including on a consideration of revision of BSC Veterinary Medicine at Senate, 20 Dec 1933; papers of the Academic Board, 1927-1932; minutes of Governor's meetings, 1914-1932; papers of the annual meeting of the RVC, 1914-1921 and papers relating to the building of the new College buildings at Camden Town, 1934.

Papers relating to events including the RVC 1937 opening ceremony; visit of Mayor of St Pancras to the RVC; Lord Mayor's Procession, 1931; Lord Mayor's Show, 1934; Sir Frederick Hobday Complimentary Dinner, 1933; the great thoroughbred contest, 1934; the Animals' Hospital Ball, 1933 and Flag day, 1933.

Papers relating to fundraising including RVC appeal letters, 1931-1933; Herbert Buckingham fund raising correspondence, 1927-1936; Our Dogs appeal, 1931; Dog World Appeal, 1931; Suffolk women's appeal; donations to rebuilding and endowment fund, General expenses fund (for special purposes and general expenses) and the South Eastern Jersey club appeal.

Papers relating to conferences, 1928-1932, including the National Veterinary Medical Association Congress, Sep 1929; RVC timetables; RVC monthly examination papers, 1927-1934; RCVS Examinations and mark books; papers relating to students including on scholarships and female students; financial papers including private account invoices; clocking on lists; papers relating to canine hysteria, 1934; applications and testimonials for posts in the RVC, 1933-1934; press cuttings including cuttings relating to the RVC; papers relating to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: Amendments to handbook of diseases of animal acts. Returns of outbreaks of scheduled diseases, 1927-1929; papers relating to anti-vivisection including Anti-vivisection Research Defence Society papers; inventory of books and instruments bequeathed to the College by Hobday; anti-vivisection correspondence and propaganda and anti-vivisection journals, 1932-1935 and issues of journals including the University of London Gazette and the Veterinary Journal, 1933.

Correspondence including a run of general correspondence arranged alphabetically, 1933-1936 and correspondence on topics including lectures, 1932-1934; the humane treatment and killing of animals, 1933; export of horses, 1929-1932; the Mansion House meetings, 1936; notices, 1917-1927; and the Royal visit to open the new buildings at the RVC, 1937. Correspondents include Margaret Rees, 1933; London livery companies; the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons; Toye Vise; overseas colleagues; the University of London, 1934-1935; the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries; James Basil Buxton, 1936 and Miss Hodge (Principal's secretary), 1936.

Papers relating to societies and organisations including: the Student Union Society; Students Veterinary Medical Association; Ministry of Agriculture and fisheries; Royal Society of Medicine, 1928-1934; University of London Animal Welfare Society, 1929-1934; Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 1932-1935; Model abattoir society; Silver Fox Breeders and Furriers Association; Society for the Protection of Animals in North Africa; National Greyhound Racing Society, 1933; Council of Justice to Animals, 1933; People's League of Health 1932-1933; Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association; College of Pestology; Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; agricultural societies and poultry and bird societies.

Miscellaneous records, 1979-2002, of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and its predecessors, among them publications, including newsletters, 1989-1994, 1998-2000, bulletins, 1991, 2000-2002, and annual report, 1998/9; correspondence relating to funds for the acquisition of nos 48-49 Russell Square, 1979-1993; regulations concerning examination for the diploma, 1986; catalogue of possessions; programme for official opening of the College and artwork for the RCOA coat of arms; records relating to events, including dinner menus.

Society of Apothecaries of London: Prizemen in Botany and in Materia Medica and Pharmaceutical Chemistry collection, 1830-1894, comprises records relating to the two prizes offered to male medical students by the Society of Apothecaries and include various registers detailing entrants and prizewinners, press notices, the Clerk Robert Brotherson Upton's letter to the Royal College of Physicians regarding Willam Wyon's design for the Galen Medal and his letter to Joseph Hooker at the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew requesting his assistance in editing a press notice and Hooker's reply, 1862, prizewinners' bookplates (blank) and copies of examination papers, 1893 and 1894.

Correspondence, reports and minutes generated by Royal College of General Pracitioners Research Units: A RE A Birmingham Research Unit; A RE B Scottish General Practitioner Research Support Unit; A RE C Manchester Research Unit.

Professional papers relating to Hunt's involvement in the Royal College of General Practitioners, 1948-79, which he was fundamental in founding, including articles and correspondence published in the lay and medical press, correspondence, committee minutes and notes, covering his role proposing the College in 1951, his work as Honorary Secretary of the Steering Committee in 1952, and of the Foundation Council and then Council of the College, 1953-66, then as President, 1967-70, and during his remaining years, 1971-78, when he continued to be involved with the College's development; papers relating to his life peerage, as a member of the House of Lords, including correspondence, speeches and articles, 1973-83; papers relating to Hunt's other commitments to various institutions and societies, including St Bartholomew's Hospital, the British Medical Association, Royal Society of Medicine, Medical Society of London, the Armed Forces, Department of Health, and the Hunterian Society, as President, member or adviser, mostly articles produced as a result of his involvement with these bodies, 1932-74; and biographic material relating to his personal life, including his curriculum vitae, bibliography, personal notes, and publications resulting from his DM Thesis, undertaken at the Univeristy of Oxford in 1935, 1935-1988.