Records of the Hampstead General Hospital, formerly the Hampstead Home Hospital Hospital and Nursing Institute, 1882-1975, comprising:

Administrative records, notably Annual Reports, 1906-1945; Council minutes, 1886-1889, 1895-1948; House Committee minutes, 1886-1948; Visitors Books, 1898-1946; Building Committee minutes, 1899-1912; Medical Committee minutes, 1905-1974; correspondence and papers on dispute with the British Medical Association over the appointment of local medical practitioners to the Hospital, 1908-1910; Chaplain's Attendance and Report Book, 1911-1919; West End War Memorial Bed Committee minutes, 1921-1936; House Inspection reports, 1927-1947; Seal Books, 1931-1939; First Aid Post correspondence and accounts, 1940-1945; Nursing/Education Committee minutes, 1943-1967; Nurse Preliminary Training School Committee minutes, 1943-1953; Hospital Committee minutes, 1948-1951

Financial records, including Finance Committee minutes, 1901-1948; Audited Accounts, 1911-1948; Wages Book, 1912-1917; Medical Costs, 1915-1917; Clinical Analysis and Costs, 1931-1950; Patient's accounts, 1949-1968

Patient records, including Consultant books of Sidney Boyd, 1910-1939; Operating Department Registers 1970-1974; X-Ray Department Registers, 1968-1975

Ladies Association Annual Reports, 1914-1972; minutes, 1899-1912; Treasurer's records, 1952-1975

Nurses League publications, correspondence, photographs and ephemera, 1955-2000

The archives of the Royal Free Hospital, London, 1828-2000, comprising:
Administrative Records, 1828-1974; including Court of Governors Annual Reports and minutes, 1828-1946; Royal Free Hospital Group Board of Governors minutes, 1948-1974 (this series also contains material relating to other Hospitals in the Group, particularly the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, 1948-1962, Hamstead General Hospital, 1948-1970 and the Liverpool Road and Lawn Road branches of the RFH); Committee of Management minutes 1828-1948; Weekly Board minutes 1846-1948, sub-committee minutes and reports 1899-1936; RFH Committee minutes, 1952-1971; House Committee minutes, 1928-1948; Building Sub-Committee minutes 1933-1940; Secretary and House Governor's out-letter books, 1920-1923, 1936-1948; Development Committee minutes 1945-1946; Patients' Services Committee minutes, 1971-1974; University College Hospital and RFH Joint Working Party minutes 1970-1972; Anniversary Committee minutes and papers, 1977-1979;

Financial records including Finance Committee (later titled Finance and General Purposes Committee and Finance and Policy Committee) minutes, 1948-1974;

Almoner's records including Report Book 1895-1913 and correspondence, 1901-1961; reports of Royal Free Hostels for Women and Girls, 1919-1960;

Records of Charitable Funds, 1902-1977; comprising Students' Bed Endowment Fund minutes 1904-1939; Dresden Assistance Fund minutes 1904-1953, accounts 1912-1948, records of payments to patients 1938-1961; Scottish Womens Hospitals Memorial Association Executive Committee minutes, 1921-1958, financial records 1940-1951; Ladies Association Executive Committee minutes 1902-1916, 1927-1929; Princess Marie Louise Guild of Work minutes, 1907-1911; Patients and Friends League Executive Committee minutes, 1933-1977; Auntie Ruby's Jig Stamp Club minutes and cash books, 1954-1962;

Medical Advisory Committee (formerly Medical Staff Advisory Committee) records, 1905-1984,including: Medical Committee minutes 1906-1977 and reports 1905-1950; Medical Executive Committee minutes and agendas, 1975-1990; Venereal Disease Sub-Committee reports, 1919-1940; Sub-Committee of Anaesthetists minutes 1952-1969; Sub-Committee of Surgeons (renamed Division of Surgery, 1970) minutes 1959-1982; Sub-Committee of Physicians minutes 1957-1971; Renal Unit Sub-Committee minutes 1965-1967; Division of Radiology minutes 1977-1984; Division of Medicine minutes 1971-1984; Control of Infection Sub-Committee minutes 1976-1985; Division of Psychiatry minutes 1980-1986; Division of Oncology minutes 1985-1988; Surgical Specialty Group minutes relating to the disciplines of Opthalmology, Ear Nose and Throat, Plastic, Oral and Dental, Accident and Emergency and Othopaedic surgery, 1988-1990;

Nursing records including Register of Nurses, 1868-1937; Matron's Reports to Weekly Board, 1899-1905, 1930-1948; Matron's Register of Probationers, 1901-1933; Nurses log book, containing record of work, training and examinations, 1902-1920; records of Probationer and Student Nurse Examination results 1925-1988; Sisters' record books, 1955-1952; register of Pupil Midwives, 1929-1933; Staff Nurses and Staff Midwives record books, 1928-1954; Nurses' Ward Reports, 1950-1956; Register of Affiliated Nurses, 1938-1953; General Nursing Council Index of Student Nurses, 1947-1953; photographs of Student Nurses, 1947-1970; Nurses Education Committee minutes and papers, 1949-1959; School of Nursing Academic Board minutes, 1972-1983; records of the RFH Nurses League, 1910-2000;

Patient records including Case Notes 1890-1944; microfilms of patient records, 1974-1980, subdivided into Transplants, Miscellaneous, Deaths, DIC (Differential Interference Contrast) films; Post Mortem Examination Reports, 1907-1914, 1928-1973; Cause of Death Registers, 1950-1966; index of patients of the Marlborough Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine (formerly the Marlborough Clinic), 1917-1974; Electro-cardiograph (ECG) Registers, 1968-1975; Dischage and Death registers, 1981-1989; Ward Admission Registers, 1974-1975, 1983-1985; RFH Lawn Road (or North Western) Branch: In-patient Registers, 1965-1972;

Press cuttings relating to the Royal Free Hospital, 1934-1946, 1974-1998, including collection of cuttings and articles relating to the outbreak of 'Royal Free Hospital Disease', 1955, one of the earliest documented outbreaks of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome;

Photographs of the RFH, c. 1880-2002, particularly construction of the 'new' Royal Free in Hampstead, 1970-1974;

Ephemera relating to the history of the RFH, c1828-2002, including papers and artifacts relating to benefactors, hospital events and anniversaries, particularly 100th and 150th anniversaries of the foundation.

Records of the North Thames Regional Health Authority and predecessors, 1944-1995. This collection includes minutes, agendas and papers of the Health Authority/Health Board and various committees including the Nurse Training Committee; Hospital Management Committee; University Liaison Committee; Dental Committee; Nursing and Midwifery Committee; Optical Committee; Manpower Committee; Appointments Advisory Committee; District Pharmaceutical Managers; Senior Registrar's Joint Advisory Committee; Chief Nursing Officers Group.

Also press cuttings, regional circulars, financial accounts; photographs and reports.

Papers of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital Staff Action Committee, 1969-1988, including Committee minutes; general correspondence; proposals for the future of the Hospital; correspondence with peers and Members of Parliament; papers concerning dealings with health and local authorities; letters of support; papers regarding publicity; pamphlets and publications.

Records of Robert Howden Limited, pharmacist, comprising prescription books and a ledger.

Administrative records.

Administrative records, financial records, patient records, nursing records, photographs, pharmacy records and miscellaneous records.

Registers of nurse training and registers of trained nurses.

Administrative records; records of the Cardiac Department; records of Chaplain's Department; records of the Neurophysiology Department [a.k.a. E.E.G. Department]; title deeds, leases, trusts etc; records of the Dermatology Department; financial records; records of the Department of General Medicine; records of the London Linden Hall Association; patient records; records of the Department of Medical Photography; Medical Unit records; nursing records; records of the Nutrition and Dietetics department; nursing education records; records of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; records of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department; records of Orthopaedics Department; Occupational Therapy Department; photographs; records of the Pharmacy Department; records of the Public Relations Department; records of the London Hospital Photographic Society; records of the Radiotherapy Department; records of the Radiology Department; surveyors and estate records; records of the Social Society; records of the Works Department; records from unofficial sources, and persons and subject files.

Minutes, committee minutes, agenda books, rules and regulations, files and miscellaneous.

Administrative records, records of the Anatomy Department, Students' Club records, title Deeds, financial records, records of the Department of Forensic Medicine, the London Hospital Students Hostel records, records of the Library, Neonatal Research Unit records, photographs, records of the Photographic Department, records of the Physiological Laboratory, records of the Pathological Museum, plans of College buildings, student records, records of the London Hospital Clubs Union and miscellaneous records.

Minutes, constitutional and membership papers, meeting and agenda papers, secretary's papers, medical agency papers and miscellaneous papers.

Administration records, financial records; records of Tower Hamlets Health Promotion Department; nursing records, photographs; plans and miscellaneous records.

Comprises: Dispensary; Alexandra Hospital School; Administrative records; Financial records; Estate and property records; Drawings and illustrations; Postcards; Nursing records; Medical records; Photographs; Staff records; Operating theatre records; Supplies Department; External publications.

Papers of Sir Shirley Foster Murphy, 1890s-1900s, comprise correspondence and both unpublished and published work in the fields of health and medicine and relate to his work as a medical officer. The collection notably comprises correspondence from Dr Ernest Pfeiffer, 1899-1901 (Murphy/01); handwritten extracts and notes from works concerning slaughterhouses and meat inspection, [1890s-1900s] (Murphy/02); manuscript titled 'Alcohol in relation to the Child and to National Health', [1890s-1900s] (Murphy/03); manuscript notes on topics including 'liberty and authority' and 'alcohol and poverty', [1890s-1900s] (Murphy/04); published paper concerning the sale to the public of tuberculous meat (British Congress on Tuberculosis for the Prevention of Consumption, by Shirley Murphy, Medical Officer of Health of the Administrative County of London), [1890s-1900s] (Murphy/05) and an address, perhaps given to his colleagues at County Council of London on the subject of food supplies, with reference to tuberculosis, [1890s-1900s] (Murphy/06).

This series relates to the provision of medical care for staff through the appointment of medical officers, the monitoring of sick leave and the establishment of the Post Office Ambulance Corps.

Records of West Middlesex University Hospital, including annual reports, 1961-1976; administrative files on subjects including the redevelopment of the hospital, staffing, information for patients, medical committees, research ethics, procedures and correspondence, 1939-1992; registers of admission, 1946-1948; registers of creed, 1942-1944; registers of birth, 1896-1976; registers of deaths, 1946-1956, registers of operations, 1920-1971; matron's report books, 1896-1931; registers of sisters, staff nurses, probationers and assistant nurses, 1896-1968; School of Nursing prospectuses, 1960-1970; Isleworth League of Nurses journals, 1923-1957 and photographs of the hospital, staff and patients, 1940-1985.

These records consist of photographs of the staff of the Southern Hospital, Dartford; and plans of Gore Farm Convalescent Hospital, Gore Farm Lower Hospital, Southern Lower Hospital, Southern Hospital and Mabledon Park, Darenth.

Records of the London County Council Public Control Department relating to Coroners, 1889-1965, including general files relating to the Departmental Committee on Coroners Law and Practice; the Departmental Committee on Coroners; the Coroners' (Amendment) Act, 1926; the Human Tissue Bill; the Suicide Bill; the Committee on Consumer Protection and Consumer Protection Bill; proposals for amendment of law relating to coroners; coroners' qualifications; articles and booklets on the office of coroner; coroners' statistics; cremation regulations; custody of coroners' records; pathologists and toxicologists; fees and payments, both to the coroner and by the coroner; removal of bodies; undertaking of funerals; employment of council's officers as expert witnesses; reorganizations of districts; reorganisation under London Government Act, 1963; proposals to set up one or more post mortem centres in London; unusual cases and inquests; deaths due to poisoning; inquests following motor bus and tram accidents, coal gas poisonings and demolition of buildings; deaths from drowning and removal of drowned bodies; deaths occasioned by starvation; deaths due to tetanus; incidents relating to unprotected fire-grates; accidents through window cleaning; inquests held as a result of air raids (First World War); fire inquests and treasure trove.

Papers relating to staffing, including general papers on the positions of coroner, deputy coroner, assistant deputy coroner and mortuary keeper; papers relating to appointments, including procedures and files on individual appointments; papers regarding salaries, pensions and expense allowances; and the personal files of various coroners.

Papers relating to coroner's premises, including individual coroner's courts and mortuaries; general papers relating to mortuaries; maps showing areas covered by individual mortuaries and statistics relating to the use of mortuaries.

Much of the collection is made up of diaries and notebooks relating to expeditions sent to Africa by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to study diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. From Todd's subsequent career there is also material on journeys to Western Canada to study Swamp Fever in horses and to Poland to study Typhus, some general notes on tropical diseases, a laboratory notebook on experiments with fever ticks and a paper on the Congo Free State as a political unit. The dates covered are 1901-1920. A final block of material consists of letters and loose papers including sketches, covering 1890-1949.

The volumes comprise McGrigor's holograph autobiography.

The collection comprises case notes of patients in Amoy and Hong Kong, correspondence, including a typed copy of one to Sir David Bruce (1855-1931) and some miscellaneous papers; the correspondence includes some letters neither to nor from Manson but kept by him, including one from David Livingstone (1813-1873) to his family. Particularly noteworthy is MS.6133, typescript copies of letters from Ronald Ross to Manson written during the former's period of malaria research in India (1897-1899).

Papers of Jean Nicholas Marjolin and his son René Marjolin, 1849-1894, including notes of Jean Nicolas Marjolin's lectures, by a medical student; letters from René Marjolin to his friend Edmond Dascols relating mainly to personal affairs, and the health of the Dascols family (with advice on cholera and other maladies) and letters from Paris at the time of the siege and the Commune, 1870-1871, when René Marjolin was active in treating the wounded prior to his arrest as a Bonapartist agent.

The collection covers both Pettigrew's medical and antiquarian activities, which are intermingled in the material's arrangement. The medical items include correspondence with many medical figures, medical jurisprudence (an Anniversary Oration delivered to the Medical Society of London), corpulence, hydrophobia, medical observations by army officers in India, and an autobiographical memoir of the philanthropist and prison-reformer James Neild (1744-1814), transcribed by Pettigrew and incorporated into his life of John Coakley Lettsom M.D. The antiquarian items include material on Kett's Rebellion, Hindu deities, the library of the Duke of Sussex and correspondence with the Italian antiquary Giovanni Spano (1803-1878) and Gaetano Cara, as part of Pettigrew's role as Vice-President of the British Archaeological Society. Types of material held include notebooks, loose papers, correspondence and diplomas.

Journals of holiday tours in the years 1868-1892. In general the destination was Switzerland, the journey there and back from England taking in, at various times, parts of Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary (specifically Bohemia and the Tyrol), Italy and France. Exceptions are MS.4507, documenting a tour taking Sewell to South-West France; MS.4508, taking him to the United States and Canada; MS.4512, taking him to Norway; MS.4513, taking him to Northern England, Scotland and Ireland; and MS.4515, taking him to Southern England and the Isle of Wight. The journals are illustrated with inset material such as advertisments, photographs and folding maps.

Personal papers of the Silvester family, 1844-1905 including (auto)biographical details of the three, copy correspondence, and diary entries. Specifically: T H Silvester's notebook includes personal and professional details, there is also a draft medical paper on venous bruit; Paul de Hookham's papers are an autobiography; whilst Henry Robert Silvester's papers mainly relate to his work on the resuscitation of the apparently drowned or asphyxiated.

Book of prescriptions by various hands. The date 1914 is found on p. 10, and 1937 on p. 59. Prices are added to some of the entries. Produced in London.

Prescription books, account books, ledgers, and note book of chemists R Woollatt and J Boyd, 1880-1944.

Papers of H V Carter including correspondence of Carter and of members of his family; Carter's journals, 1848-1862; 'Reflections' by H V Carter on his personal and professional development, and on his religious life as a Dissenter and wills, estate and other financial papers.

Morrison and Hobson family papers, 1807-1963. The papers are the product of a period of considerable spiritual, cultural and political change in China. They are a significant source for study of the development of Protestant missions in China (in particular the role of the medical mission and the introduction of Western medicine), and also provide evidence of the involvement of the missionaries with issues of British trade and diplomacy.

MSS. 5827-5852: correspondence and papers, especially of the Revd Robert Morrison (1782-1834), missionary in China, 1807-1834; John Robert Morrison (1814-1843), Chinese interpreter, Colonial Secretary of the Hong Kong government; and Dr Benjamin Hobson (1816-1873), medical missionary in China, 1839-1859. The majority comprise personal and domestic correspondence of the Morrison and Hobson families and their friends, with less emphasis on official papers, although the collection includes letters on the Peacock expedition to Siam and Cochin China led by Edmund Roberts (1784-1836), United States merchant and diplomat, 1832 (MS.5830), and letters to Benjamin Hobson from leading missionaries. 1843-1862 (MS.5839). Insight into missionary work in China can be gained in particular from the letters of the Revd. Robert Morrison. MS. 7127: 'Domestic Memoir of Mrs Morrison', by the Revd. Robert Morrison, addressed to his children Mary Rebecca and John Robert Morrison (1814-1843), 5-7 January 1824. Mary Morrison, Robert's first wife, died of cholera at Macao on 10 June 1821. This memoir was compiled by Robert Morrison during the voyage home from China aboard H.E.I.C.S. Waterloo.

Notes on surgical lectures [given in London] by Henry Cline, and taken by an unnamed student. The text, neatly written in a uniform hand, is possibly a fair copy of notes taken at an earlier date. Dated watermarks are partially visible on the outer margin of leaves (e.g. MS. 6009, f. 98, where the date 1821 seems discernible).

Correspondence and papers of Sir George Newman including letters from Henry Drummond (1851-1897) and John Campbell Gordon (1847-1934) and correspondence concerning the Board of Education.

Papers of Joshua Henry Porter including manuscript draft and published version of The Surgeon's Pocket-book, 2nd edition, 1880 and military scrapbook, 1850-1881.

Notes by Robert Storrs, 1823-1896, recording interesting cases and medical events from his practice, together with transcripts of two papers read at the Sheffield Medical Society. With additional notes on drugs by an unidentified contributor, possibly one of Storrs's apprentices, and later notes by Storrs's grandson, Reginald Storrs, a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

The collection covers most aspects of Williams' life and career after 1939. Papers from her work with the British Colonial Service in Ghana, 1928-1936, were largely lost during transit to her next appointment in Singapore, but the typescript copy of her 1935 report The mortality and morbidity of the children of the Gold Coast is extant. Many papers relating to Williams' work with the British Colonial Service in Singapore, 1936-1941, were lost during the Japanese invasion, but she took a few files into Changi jail, where she wrote up the report An experiment in health work in Trengganu in 1940-1941. Notebooks, correspondence and writings made during her internment, when she was appointed as camp nutritionist by her fellow women prisoners, are also in the collection. Post-war papers cover most aspects of Williams' work, including positions with the World Health Organisation, the American University at Beirut and Tulane School of Public Health, as well as correspondence and collected reprints relating to work carried out in 'retirement' at Wyndham House, Oxford.

Papers of Marthe Vogt, relating almost entirely to Vogt's scientific career, 1895-1988. Personal material is found in section A and includes a rare set of publications by her distinguished scientist parents Oskar and Cécile Vogt (A/1/2-4), a bibliography of Oskar Vogt (A/1/1), plus biographical information on Marthe Vogt (A/2) and various certificates of awards presented to her (A/3). Section B chiefly comprises notebooks and other papers relating to her experimental research, from Vogt's Berlin days through to the early 1980s. This research, meticulously recorded by Vogt, formed the background to many of her important and seminal papers in the field of neurotransmitters. The bulk of the collection is formed by Section C; 20 boxes of Vogt's correspondence covering all aspects of her work and career, chiefly from her arrival in Britain in 1935 up until 1988. This has been listed in detail and is arranged alphabetically by name of correspondent. Section D is a rather miscellaneous grouping of material relating to various aspects of Vogt's work. It includes papers and lectures on her adrenal research (D/1), lists of those who were sent reprints of her published articles (D/2), some ephemera relating to the Institute of Animal Research at Babraham (D/3), Vogt's University of Berlin doctoral thesis 1929 (D/4/1) and some book reviews written by her between 1952 and 1983 (D/4/2). The photographs comprising Section E include portraits of Vogt's father, mother and sister taken in Germany (E/1), an excellent collection of portraits of Marthe Vogt (E/2) and series documenting her attendance at conferences all over the world (E/4) and her many colleagues-friends and contacts (E/3).

Sargant was an outspoken supporter and practitioner of what he termed the 'practical rather than philosophical approaches' to the treatment of mental illness, pioneering and publicising various physical treatments and vociferously opposing the use of psychoanalytic techniques. The majority of the collection consists of his writings, both published and unpublished, supplemented by a small quantity of correspondence and other material. In addition, the collection contains clinical records for about 500 cases from Sutton Emergency Hospital in the 1940s. As well as covering clinical subjects (in Sections D, E, and F) and Sargant's views on the practice of psychiatry in general (Section B), the collection also contains material relating to his interest in the related issues of religious conversion and brainwashing (Section G).

Papers of the Beit Memorial Fellowships for Medical Research Trust, 1910-1994. The bulk of the archive is made up of the files of Beit fellows. The first Fellowships were awarded in 1910 and the lists in Section B.1 cover all the Fellows, 1910-1994. The Fellows' files in A.2 date from 1912-1990. Other records include minutes of the Board of Trustees and the Advisory Board (Fuller sets of minutes remain in the hands of the Trustees), correspondence, handbooks, some financial records and Directors' Reports and a newscuttings album. There is also a printed history of the Fellowships in section G.2.. A great deal of the correspondence on individual subjects survives from TR Elliott's time as Honorary Secretary.

The collection covers material relating to activities of the Association of District Community Physicians from its inception to 1980. They include minutes, lists of members, newsletters and subject files. Many files relate to the role of the District Community Physician in the reorganised NHS. The final year of its existence is not covered; however, some information may be found in the papers of the Society of Medical Officers of Health (SA/SMO) and Association of Area Medical Officers of Health (SA/AMO).

Records of the Middlesex County Council Health Department relating to staff, 1947-1965, including general files relating to: medical staff, dental staff, uniforms and protective clothing, midwives, home nurses, training, health visitors, day nursery staff, medical auxiliaries, residential special schools, airports, chest clinics and health education.

Papers of Shui-wai Lee relating to her nursing training and permission to work in Britain.

Armitage Dispensing Chemist prescription registers 1899-1943, a total of 30 items, 1-27: registers, 1899-1940; 28-30: Records of Prescriptions Dispensed for Particular Doctors, 1919-1925, 1928-1943.

Drug registers, 1945-1955, and cash books, 1951-1957.

Papers of Dame Janet Vaughan, mainly 1939-1949, including material on her work with the Emergency Blood Transfusion Service, social and industrial medicine and post-War medical services, child guidance, Health Survey and Development Committee in India, and treating sufferers from starvation liberated from Belsen.

Unpublished lectures, articles and reports from Godber's time as Chief Medical Officer onwards form the bulk of this collection, but his wider career is represented by such papers as a draft of his 1944 'Hospital Survey of Sheffield and East Midlands Area' and published articles spanning over 50 years from 1942 to 1995. Although the collection does not include Godber's official papers from his various appointments or his personal papers, it nevertheless conveys a strong impression of his personality, energy and breadth of interests throughout his career. Godber's papers at the Ministry of Health and the Department of Health and Social Security were left almost entirely for his successors, to be transferred as appropriate to the Public Record Office.

Transcripts of seminars for general practitioners, led by Michael Balint, 1966-1970.

Louisa Martindale collection, 1872-1964. The collection consists of Section A: a little personal correspondence, papers, articles, speeches and lectures by Louisa Martindale, and some personal material including notes on the glaucoma which eventually blinded her, 1872-1960; and Section B: papers concerning the Medical Women's International Association (founded 1919) of which Miss Martindale was President from 1937 to 1947. As well as her own correspondence in this capacity, 1937-1946, there is one file of the correspondence of Mme Montreuil-Strauss, Secretary of the Medical Women's International Association at his period. (Louisa Martindale destroyed the vast bulk of her case records at the time of her retirement from practice around 1950, those remaining were destroyed by her executors after her death).

Prescription books, ledgers, cash books, etc, of Nicholson and predecessor firms, 1893-1963.

Papers of Richard Henry Hardy, 1952-1992, including records of cases and correspondence, general practice, Exmouth, 1952-1970, and Hereford General Hospital Accident and Emergency Department, 1971-1984, with reprints and unpublished writings, 1948-1992.

Practice accounts of Dr Alfons Letchner, 1935-1974 and a brief history of the practice by Letchner's daughter.