The archive consists of a typescript copy of 'The Women's Pilgrimage' - which was a script for a talk given by Annie Ramsay on her part in the 1913 National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) Pilgrimage from Land's End to London.

The archive consists of a bibliography and list of sources (held in international repositories) about Carrie Chapman Catt, founder and President of the International Alliance of Women, and founder of the League of Women Voters. It also includes a short typescript biography of Catt and a photocopy of a press cutting photograph of Catt (from Time magazine, 14 Jun 1926).

The archive consists of CCNSWS Minutes: Executive and Finance Committee; annual reports,1871-1878, 1883-1888; correspondence; scrapbooks. CNSWS Minutes of the Executive Committee 11890-1892, 1894-1895; finance ledger 1896-1900. LSWS Minutes: executive committee 1903-1932, finance committee 1918-1939, employment committee 1919-1934, public works 1934-1944, appeals committee 1912-1918; annual reports 1911, 1914, 1935, 1936; reports of annual meeting and papers 1905-1915; committee papers 1906-1918; circular letters; resignation letters; legal documents; organisation committee files 1905-1913; correspondence; pamphlets; papers; constituency books; programmes; leaflets; handbills; posters; account book; collecting bag; badges. Junior Council of the LNSWS: executive committee minutes 1929-31, 1932-1937, 1939; various committee minutes 1928-1939; scrapbooks; annual reports; brochure; photographs. Fawcett Library committee minutes 1926-1940, 1951-1967; library reports 1940-1950; annual reports 1945-1967.

The catalogue descriptions sometimes use the term 'holograph', usually in relation to correspondence. This means 'in the author's own hand'.

The uncatalogued material includes minutes and campaigning material of constituent committees, reports, policy papers, correspondence and accounts papers 1930-c.1980, administration and other papers, including material related to the Women's Service Trust and about the establishment of The Fawcett Library.

Records of the National Women Citizens Association including agendas, papers and minutes of the Executive Committee (1949-1974), the Council (1968-1970), organisational working party (1962-1965) and Parliamentary (1949-1955, 1959, 1964-1973), development (1968-1971) and local government (1943-1959) subcommittees; Administrative papers including constitutions (1950-70), executive committee, branch secretary and speaker lists, agendas (1947-1974), minutes, files, correspondence and papers (1937-1974) of AGMs; annual reports (1934, 1938, 1946-1973); financial papers (1951-1974); conference papers, correspondence and files (1947-1974); general correspondence with other groups and branches (1948-1973); publications and leaflets (c.1920-1973); papers of Southern and North Western federations (1949-1974) including minutes of executive committees and AGMs, reports and general files and similar papers of their local branches (1913-1974), with scrapbooks, financial papers and administrative correspondence. The majority of the papers date from 1945-1974.

The archive consists of minutes of the Executive Committee (1935-1937, 1939-1980), Annual General Meeting papers and reports (1931-1979), papers and correspondence files of the treasurer, honorary secretaries, chairs and vice-chairs (1932-1977), papers of the Hampshire (1964-7) and Northwest (1973-7) Branches, administration papers including publicity material, financial items and correspondence regarding the dissolution of the group, correspondence, printed materials and papers related to various campaigns (1937-1976), weekend conference materials (1948-65) and meetings papers (1943-1979), leaflets of and correspondence with other organisations (1938-1979), newsletters and circulars (1941-1979), issues of Time and Tide (1921-1929) and press cuttings (1920s-1970s), correspondence of the Honorary Secretary (1950-1981)

The archive consists of papers relating to the activities and members of See Red Women's Workshop, 1974-1984. It includes correspondence; notebooks containing minutes; press cuttings; poster catalogues and photographs showing members at work in the screen-print workshop.

The archive consists of minutes of the Executive Committee (1931-1959) including officers meetings (1938-1940, 1953-1959), subcommittees (1931-59), of the Finance Committee (1952-1959) with monthly financial statements (1938-1941, 1955-1959), subcommittees (1935-1936) and annual delegates conference (1932-42, 1948-59); papers of Whitley Councils (1952-1955) and arbitration awards (1925-1940); correspondence files (1932-1945); miscellaneous papers (1948-1959); pamphlets, publicity materials and publications (1914-1950s) including newsletters (1936 [incomplete], 1939-43, 1944-1952), monthly letters to branch secretaries (1933-40) and Opportunity (1935-40); papers of constituent bodies including Association of Post Office Women Clerks (1901-1932), the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries (1919-1935); correspondence regarding typing grades (1914-1949), branches (1936-7, 1950-2), general secretary (1933-1935), organising secretary (1943-1944) and with other bodies (1938, 1945-50); membership records (1955-1958) and personal case files 1949-1958); papers related to equal pay campaigns (1918-1948) and the establishment of temporary staff (1919-50), evacuation (1940-1946) and reconstruction (1942-1946); papers related to the dissolution of the group (1958-1961).

ABBREVIATIONS

NAWCS National Association of Women Civil Servants.

The archive consists of minutes and papers of the Executive Committee, the Advisory Committee, the Employment Committee and the Annual General Meeting; annual reports and reports of the Women's service Bureau; Financial Committee minutes, papers and accounts; Advisory Department agendas and reports; correspondence; circular letters.

The archive consists of correspondence (1872-c.1893) comprising 16 letters.

Most of the letters have no year given in the date.

The letter from Mrs Fawcett dated 1 Feb is written from Cambridge, but obviously after she and her husband moved to London, since she says she wishes to speak at meetings only in suburban places from where she can easily return home in the evening.

Other correspondents include Maria G Grey; Frances Buss; and Mentia Taylor (Mrs Peter Taylor).

The archive consists of the papers of Mary Berenson, her daughter Ray Strachey and her granddaughter Barbara Strachey Halpern. It comprises letters and correspondence mainly concerned with personal and family news, typescripts and manuscript notes, press cuttings mainly relating to suffrage and equal pay activities, photographs of Ray Strachey and other members of the Strachey family, and some material relating to Ray's grandmother, Hannah Whitall Smith. Also a manuscript recipe book owned by members of the Strachey family and a file of material relating to Kathleen Halpin.

The archive consists of two scrapbooks of manuscript poems, reviews and press cuttings. The volumes contain items relating to the suffrage movement and general news items about politics, art, literature and theatre. There are many press cuttings from 'The Freethinker' and manuscript poems by Simmons. The archive also includes a photocopied surrogate version of parts of the scrapbooks and an index.

The archive consists of correspondence and papers relating to Rathbone's work raising the status of women in India. Her activities covered the effort to obtain the franchise for Indian women, their legal and social status, their education and especially their efforts to make illegal the practice of child marriage. Her correspondents include some of the key women activists in India in the 1920s and 1930s such as Begum Jehan Ara Shah Nawaz (1896-1976) the first woman member of the All-India Muslim League Council, and B Muthulakshmi Reddi (1886-1968) the first Indian woman doctor.

The archive consists of cyclostyled lecture notes produced for the Women's Correspondence Bible Class, a flyer and some letters from Katherine Bushnell to Mrs F White. The material reflects the study of women's representation in the Bible.

The archive consists of press cuttings concerning marriage in the UK (1961-1968); correspondence, press cuttings, articles and official publications on marriage law and the status of women in various countries (1938-1967); correspondence, parliamentary papers and press cuttings on divorce law reform (1960-1969); copy of report on Homosexual Offences and prostitution (1957).

The archive consists of literary and general correspondence including press cuttings (1888-1938); correspondence on Ecce Mater (1914-1918); letters and press cuttings on article 'Women Preachers'; papers related to Cambridge; letters and papers found in copy of Past and Future of Ethics (1923-1951); manuscript article 'Clothes and the Women' (undated.); genealogy of family of Tuker (undated.); printed pamphlets and articles by Tucker (1887-1921). Her correspondence includes letters from prominent women including suffragette leaders and includes a letter from Dr Joan Malleson.

Family correspondence including letters of Charles Corbett, H E Corbett, Marie Corbett, Margery and Cicley (1869-1960); diaries of Margery Corbett (1912, 1930-79); passport (1919); address book; typescript sections of autobiography; papers related to the pre-1914 suffrage movement (1905-1912), First World War (1914-1918), various women s organisations (1915-1978), general elections (1913-1955), papers related to the activities of the International Alliance of Women and international activities (1921-1980).

The archive consists of leaflets and press cuttings concerning the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the Women's Freedom League and other suffrage organisations (c 1907-1918); postcard portrait of Mrs Despard (undated); WSPU postcard (undated); notebook of visit to Downing Street to present petition (1919); correspondence with the Suffragette Fellowship Reading Room (1937-1938).

The archive consists of a small notebook containing manuscript notes from books and lectures on subjects including women's suffrage, employment and legislation. The volume includes notes under the following headings:

'Women's Suffrage Debate 28 Feb 1908'; 'United Kingdom Hospitals - Conference University College London Apr 1908'; organisation of a Votes for Women event; 'Mrs Wolstenholme Elmy on Married Women's Property Act 1882'; 'Meetings at Queen's Hall, Ladbroke Hall'; 'Self Denial Week'; 'Miss M Brockenbury - The Educated Woman and the Vote' [report of speech]; 'Mrs Brownlow's Pamphlet - Women and Factory Legislation'; Australia: Minimum Wage, Victor Clark Labour Movement; America - Licensing systems, Machinery, Factory, Jewish Competition, women voters in Colorado, New Zealand, Wyoming; 'Housing Bill 1908'; speech by John Burns; 'Pauperism 1st quarter 1908' [statistics]; dates of legislation affecting women 1844-1897; Reform Bill; women's work - florists, acrobats, pattern makers, married women in factories, cotton trade, carding hooks and eyes, cigar trade; posts closed to women - Law, medicine, church, politics; women in Inspectorate - prisons, factory , schools; women's wages; 'Government as Employers'; sweated labour; Anti-sweating Demonstration Queen's Hall Jan 28 1908; women prisoners; employment of children; Married women's savings; women married to aliens; Married Women's Property Act 1882; Guardianship of children.

The volume also included the following loose inserts which have been removed and are held within the folder:

Press cuttings:

'Unemployment - Salford and the scheme for women', Manchester Guardian, 22 Jan 1909

'Child labour in Egypt', Manchester Guardian,15 Jul 1908

'Australia and women's suffrage', Manchester Guardian, 1 Feb 1910

'Women as Councillors - the narrow range of choice', Manchester Guardian, 22 Jan 1909

'Votes for Women - women voters', Manchester Guardian, 19 Jun c. 1910

'University Women Teachers - the vote a necessary leverage in their work' Manchester Guardian, c. 1910

'London's unknown Museums - special LCC survey', The Times, 11 Mar 1936

'The Sacredness of motherhood', Common Cause, 24 Mar 1910

'Infant mortality and working mothers', Common Cause, c. 1910

'Why women need the vote', Common Cause, 21 Mar 1910

'The equal standard', Common Cause, c. 1910

Loose page from a leaflet on equal pay in Australia.

Manuscript notes on working women

Manuscript notes on The Present Conciliation Bill

Manuscript notes on women prisoners and comparisons with conditions abroad

Manuscript notes on women as a moral force

Manuscript notes on two speakers: Miss Phillips and Miss Fothergill

Manuscript notes on the function of the state and women's work

Manuscript notes on infant deaths

The archive consists of papers regarding the Australian position in respect of equal pay, legal status of women, women's organisations, local government papers; press cuttings. Papers contain minutes, correspondence, questionnaires, official documents, information sheets and leaflets.

The archive consists of correspondence, press cuttings, copies of speeches and articles by Shena Simon relating to education and her work as a local councillor in Manchester. It includes a biography of Lady Simon by her daughter-in-law Joan Simon, with background biographical notes.

The archive consists of correspondence and draft for books, resource material, including Women's Liberation Movement papers, socialist periodicals and campaigning papers.

The collection contains c 76 individual letters between various different correspondents detailing the situation of women's enfranchisement in Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America.

The collection contains letters to and from Harriet McIlquham concerning her political and suffrage campaigning work.

Papers of Julius Lewin and his wife Eleanor Hawarden on native law in South Africa, 1941-1966. Comprising copies of 18 articles by Lewin on native law, the legal status of African women, Africans and the police, political representation of Africans in South Africa, Britain's colour bar in Africa, inheritance in native law, marriage by natives in South Africa, and racial equality and Commonwealth universities. Two articles by Eleanor Hawarden on prejudice in the classroom and South African history and western civilisation, 1965-1966.

Extensive collection of records of the National Union of Women Teachers, 1904-1961, including minutes of the Council and various committees, conference reports, branch records, correspondence, press cuttings, handbills, pamphlets, posters and photographs. There is also a large series of subject files on particular issues, individuals, organisations and campaigns documenting the wide range of the Union's interests. These include, for example, papers concerning women's organisations such as the Six Point Group, the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship, the Women's Freedom League, the Open Door Council, the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries and others and educational groups such as the English New Education Fellowship and the Workers Educational Association. There is also a series of collected biographical material on a wide range of individuals.

This small collection remains enigmatic. Somebody (c 1950) went to the trouble of typing out larger parts of Lenin's published work on Women and Communism (held in the main book sequence, though a slightly different edition). Typescript copied from 'Women and Communism' and newspaper delivery note.

The collection contains letters to Mrs Badley (often in response to a birthday gift received) which discuss family news, the Conciliation Bill, the women's movement, Second World War and Mrs Fawcett's trips to Palestine, 1894-1929.

Typescript of unpublished autobiography of Dorothy Elliott, Women in Search of Justice, written c1969; concerning her career in the trade union movement, 1916-1959; including account of munitions work during World War One and her work as organiser for the National Federation of Women Workers at Woolwich Arsenal, 1916-1918; her work for the General and Municipal Workers Union, 1921-1945, particularly as Chief Women's Officer and her work as Chairman of the National Institute of Home Workers, 1946-1959.

The archive consists of Minutes of the Executive Committee (1952-1959, 1969) and Annual General Meeting (1957-1964, 1967), Chairperson's reports (1953, 1956-9), papers related to the formation of the Council of Married Women, correspondence files including papers and press cuttings (1944-1970), Bills, Acts and Parliamentary file (1956-1971) and file of evidence to the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (1952-1956), financial papers (1961-1969) and publications including the Bulletin.

The archive consists of correspondence correspondence (1929-1934) with members, affiliated branches and other groups, annual reports (1929-1934), minutes and correspondence of the Equal Political Rights Campaign Committee (1927-1930), papers relating to the foundation of ERI (1926-1930) and to their work with the League of Nations (1930-1934), financial papers including the accounts of the ERI and the National Women's Party (1932-3).

This archive consists of minutes of board meetings (1947-1973), reports and conference resolutions (1929-1966), conference papers (1952-1957), constitutions and charters (1929-1970), correspondence files of president and honorary secretary (1947-1974); incomplete series of the publication Open Door (1929-1938), circular letters (1949-1959), leaflets and pamphlets (1929-1964), headed stationery, reports and publications of other organisations including United Nations commissions and International Labour Organisation. Most of the papers originate from the organisation's Honorary Secretaries.

Records of the Status of Women Committee including minutes, conference papers, correspondence and publications. Papers mainly date from 1969 to 1982.

The archive consists of minutes of the Council of Women Civil Servants (CWCS) Executive Committee (1920-1959), Standing Joint Committee of Women in the Civil service (1920-1924), Committee of Representatives (1932-1952) and Equal Opportunity Sub Committee (1951,1955-6); Annual General Meetings papers (1923-1958); annual reports (1940-54); subject and correspondence files (1925-1957), publications (1935-1958); membership documents; circular letters of the British Federation of Business & Professional Women (1948-1955); Administrative papers including Parliamentary reports, memoranda and Whitley Council papers.

The archive consists of minutes of the Executive Committee and Council of the Federation of Women Civil Servants (1915-1931) and of the subcommittee (1921-1929); Southborough Committee files (1919-1926); payments and receipt books (1929-1934); annual reports (1920-1931); correspondence and papers related to the Civil Service Alliance (1919-1920), the National Whitley Council (1917-1920), Joint Committee of the Organisation of the Civil Service (1920-1921) and on the Equal Pay Campaign (1910-1935); publications (1917-1919); minutes of the National Council for the Administrative and Legal Departments of the Civil Service (1919-1920); minutes and papers of the National Whitley Council (1919-1920).

ABBREVIATIONS

NWC National Whitley Council.

FWCS Federation of Women Civil Servants.

The archive consists of working papers, leaflets, articles (1973-1987) and a photocopy of a periodical 'Women and Librarianship', volume 5 number 4 1984.

The archive consists of correspondence files of Maude Royden (1936-56), papers and correspondence of Hudson Shaw (1883-1944), general correspondence (1900s-1950s), papers related to the death and memory of Royden (1956-61), materials for biographies of Chiang Kai-Shek and Ralph Rooper (c.1944), sermon diaries including press cuttings (1917-1920), engagement diaries (1948, 1952-55), family photographs, papers related to preaching at Guildhouse (1920s-1940s), draft of autobiography, notebooks and papers (1920s-1930s), scrapbooks (1915-1931), copies of articles, press cuttings (1911-13), pamphlets and publications.

Please note: when transferring the catalogue to the database in 2006, undated items were given the circa date of 1930.

The archive consists of articles and essays by Sylvia Pankhurst, her prison discharge notice of 1914, and her correspondence relating to the International Ethiopian Council. The archive also includes articles by her son, Richard Pankhurst, and the correspondence of her daughter-in-law, Rita Pankhurst, relating to Sylvia Pankhurst.

The archive consists of copies of speeches (1903-1914), correspondence on women's suffrage (1907-1917) and National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies work (1907-1919), papers related to the Women's Local Government Society including letters, leaflets, notes and reports (1901-1920), materials related to the Lyceum Club (1907-1913) and miscellaneous other papers (1860-1914).

The archive consists of Lydia Becker's notebooks, articles by and concerning her, book manuscripts, copies of her letters written out by her sister, lock of hair, notebook of obituaries, biography; two folders of genealogical materials on the Becker family, Becker family diary, notebooks on Leigh family pedigree and German relatives, invoices, receipts and bills, folder of family papers, copies of family tomb inscriptions, wallet containing property administration papers, photographs, probate documents; letters to and from Lydia Becker; LEB's draft will, death certificate, receipt for burial, family suffrage organisation papers concerning her death; Becker family letters.

The archive consists of Mary Beatrice Crowle's annotated scrapbook entitled 'women pioneers'. This contains correspondence, photographs, leaflets, press cuttings, etc. It relates mainly to her family; Lady Astor, and the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association; Women Police; Australians in First World War; vivisection; natural healing. Below are given selected detailed item descriptions for visual material, the references indicate the page numbers.

The archive consists of eight letters of condolence written to Myra Stedman on the death of her mother, Myra Sadd Brown (Apr 1938). Members of the Women's Freedom League, the St Joan's Alliance and the British Commonwealth League expressed admiration of Mrs Sadd Brown's personality and her work in the women's movements. The archive also contains two photographs: one of the medal awarded to Myra Sadd Brown on her release from Holloway in 1912, with the inscriptions 'For Valour' and 'Hunger Strike' (medal held in Melbourne Museum, Australia); one of a drawing of Sadd Brown by fellow suffragette Jessie Mothersole, at a suffrage meeting, c. 1912 (original drawing held by the donor).

The archive consists of two folders, one oversize album and 2 posters. It comprises maps and publicity materials (1908-1917); in memoriam items regarding Emily Davison (1913); press cuttings (1908, 1928); correspondence (1912-1913); notes for speech at trials (1912-1913) autobiographical manuscript account of prison hunger strike and force feeding (1913); autograph album (1909-1918); collection of papers, letters and newspapers (1890-1938).

The archive consists of memorabilia of suffrage activities including press cuttings, objects and hunger-strike medal; publications and manuscript material on the ordination of women and animal protection; correspondence; correspondence from Hove Borough Council relating to a commemorative plaque and photographs.

The archive consists of a bundle of [Reuters] telexes, visual news-service production sheets from the News Research Unit of Visnews News Services and other papers, including press releases. All relate in some way to women's status, rights, actions and issues in different countries of the world, including France, Zimbabwe, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), United States of America (USA), South Africa, Italy, Ethiopia and Libya.

The collection contains correspondence by, to and between members of the Becker family discussing family concerns and suffrage issues.

9/28/A- Letters written by Lydia Becker 1836-1890; Letters written to Lydia Becker 1853-1890; Posthumous letters etc. concerning Lydia Becker 1890; Lady Lytton's Family Letters 1858-1881; Lady Lytton's Family Letters 1858-1881 - Begin AL/5321.

9/28/B- Becker Family Letters 5 Feb 1816-16 Feb 1857; Letters from Stratton Lodge, home of Eleanor Becker 1881-1895 - Begin AL/5357; Letters to Arthur Becker 1881-1921 - Begin AL/5372; Family letters 1909-1922 - Wilfred Becker, Fanny Price, Esther Becker - Begin AL/5383.

Minutes of the Ladies Committee, 1849-1893, including the provisional Ladies Committee set up in 1849 and containing a list of the original Lady Visitors and a draft of the rules concerning the conduct of the young ladies; locked book containing notes by the Lady Visitors, 1850-1851, and lists of members of the House Committee, Library Committee, Education Committee and the Council, 1882-1893.

Sound recordings and papers relating to the radio series 'India: A People Partitioned', 1997. Cassette tapes of interviews (83 tapes) and partial transcripts concern the social history of partition between India and Pakistan (1947) and its effect on people in south Asia. Interviewees included some prominent political and cultural figures, but also 'ordinary' people whose lives were affected by the events surrounding independence, including the large number of refugees created. The subjects discussed include Communism, politicians including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League, Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus. Cassette tapes of the five broadcast programmes (3 tapes) are also included: 'The Gathering of the Storm', on the context of partition, disturbances in 1946, and Gandhi's attempts to broker peace; 'The Killing Fields of Punjab', examining partition violence; ' Tearing the Veil', on women's experiences, including abduction; 'Comers and Goers', concerning the experiences of Muslims in India and their dilemma as to whether to migrate to Pakistan or remain in India; 'Unfinished Business', on the Kashmir dispute and the continuing legacy of partition in regional politics, culture and diplomacy. The partial transcripts were made for working purposes and are an indication rather than a definitive record of the contents of the tapes. Appended to the transcripts are copies of an occasional series of articles written by Andrew Whitehead for the Indian Express based on the material he gathered. An additional deposit comprises a cassette tape of the revised programme, 'Unfinished Business', 2000, and six further interview tapes, the interviewees including key participants in India-Pakistan relations, with notes on the contents of the interviews compiled for working purposes.

Papers, c1900-1992, collected by Jean Boyd, relating to northern Nigeria from the late 18th century to the 1990s.

Papers on Nana Asma'u include copies of her manuscript poems (1820-1865) and later papers relating to her work, including translations, 1976-1984. Papers on works by Shehu dan Fodio include copies of his poems on male-female relationships (1789 and undated) and later papers relating to his work, 1975-1981. Papers on works by Asma'u's female relatives and descendants include copies of poems and writings by various authors (c1860-1934 and undated) and later papers relating to the subject, c1950-1990. Other material comprises field notes on the remnants of Asma'u's disciples, the Yan Taru, 1973-1990; papers on the milieu in which Asma'u lived in Gobir, c1900-1984, including Gobir chiefs; papers, including press cuttings, on the situation of women in northern Nigeria in the 1980s, the subjects including Muslims, prostitution, women's organizations, medical matters, and women's education.

Papers, 1903-1992, including articles, reports and press cuttings, on Sokoto relate to geological history, prehistory, palaeontology, archaeology, pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial history, the subjects including the social and economic history of the city of Sokoto, colonial administration, British fears over Mahdism, and local government and economic issues in Sokoto state in modern Nigeria.

Three volumes contain over 500 postcards, many in colour, relating to Nigeria, including images of people, cultural events, various places, and other aspects of Nigerian life [late 20th century].

Papers of Margaret Stevenson Miller, comprising:
Articles by Miller in 'Incorporated Secretaries' Journal' (June-July 1927); copy of Stansfeld trust Lecture (1924); papers of the Six Point group including newsletter and leaflets on meetings (n.d.); press-cuttings on careers for women; manuscript and typed materials including summaries of books on women in industry and employment of women graduates and lectures given to women's organisations in Liverpool (1920s).

Papers of the International Alliance of Women including minutes, annual and conference reports, policy and subject files, biographies, publications, photographs, memorabilia. The collection also includes a series of resource files, which detail other women's organisations.