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Copies of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Press Publications, 1993-2002, comprising publications and serials produced since 1993, namely RCOG Press miscellaneous publications, 1994-2002, including information pamphlets; The Yearbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1993-2001; The Diplomate, 1994-1999; RCOG Guidelines ("Green Top" Guidelines), 1994-1999; Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines, 1998-2001; Personal Assessment in Continuing Education (PACE) Reviews, 1997-1999; The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist,1999-2002.

Printed copies of the press releases posted on the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' website, Aug 2006-Dec 2007.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Professional Standards Committee (later Professional and Clinical Standards Committee), Contains minutes (2001-2007), 2001-2007, comprising files on the administration of the committee (2000-2002) and a guidance publication produced by the committee in 2002.

Material produced by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists promoting recruitment into obstetrics and gynaecology to medical students and young doctors, 1980-2008. Material includes prospectuses, booklets and promotional videos.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Publications Management Committee, 1993-2004, comprising the first minute book of the Committee (1993-1997); loose copies of Publications Management Committee minutes, memoranda and correspondence (1993-1998); Committee correspondence regarding the Diplomate Journal; correspondence, contributors' agreements, authors' details and declarations of interest relating to the production of RCOG information pamphlets and publications (1993-2004).

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Publications Panel, 1979-1990, comprising agenda, minutes, papers and correspondence of various members of the panel, 1979-1990.

Three plans of three floors of the Queen Mary Maternity Hospital, Castle Street, Dunedin, New Zealand, prepared by Mason and Wales, architects, Dunedin, 3 February 1936.

Records relating to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' (RCOG) involvement in two National Birthday Fund for Maternity Services (NBTF) surveys, and also cover a period, between 1969 and 1973, when the NBTF engaged in unsuccessful negotiations with the RCOG for the Trust's integration into the College. They include original data collection forms for the 1984 'Birthplace' study.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) Joint Group on Ultrasound/Standing Joint Committee of the RCOG/RCR, 1985-2007, including agenda, minutes, papers and correspondence from the Joint Working Party on Ultrasound (1986-2007). Also contains published material, papers and guidance on issues such as training and safety in the use ultrasound (1986-1998).

Printed copies of the email bulletin 'RCOG Update', Sep 2006-Dec 2007.

Records of the British Congresses of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1923-2005, comprising papers, programmes and material relating to annual British congresses (1924-2004); minute books of the Central Congress Committee (1923-1959); papers and minutes of the Central Congress Committee maintained by officers of the Committee (1949-1980); files from the College Secretary on the Central Congress Committee (1963-1974); papers and correspondence regarding the Scientific Programme and Central Congress Committee (1968-1974); agenda, minutes and papers from the Congress Committee (2002-2005). There is very little information extant concerning the congresses held from 1920-1922, and papers and proceedings of several congresses have not survived.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Continuing Medical Education / Continuing Professional Development programmes, 1991-2002, including papers of the Chairman of the CME Committee and Head of the Postgraduate Education Department, including correspondence relating to responses to the report of the Working Party on Continuing Medical Education; subject files; and CME/CPD newsletters, guides and documentation.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Staff Committee and predecessors, 1976-2003, comprising the constitution and terms of reference for the Staff Committee, as well as minutes, agenda and papers from 1976 onwards. Also included is a programme for the Staff Christmas Party in 1999.

Records relating to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' participation in meetings of the Union Professionnelle Internationale des Gynecologues et Obstetriciens (UPIGO), 1971-1991, including correspondence of the Honorary Officers, papers of Dame Josephine Barnes, agenda and minutes of meetings, accounts and publicity material relating to UPIGO work.

Records relating to the founding of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, comprising records relating to the early years of the College, particularly to Blair-Bell's presidency (1929-1932). Many of them are clearly Blair-Bell's own papers; A1/13, for instance, is a file of correspondence made after Blair-Bell had resigned from all College committees.

The records comprise: minutes of Executive Committee meetings, 1926-1929;

Blair-Bell's correspondence, concerning the establishment of a college, including proposed alterations to the articles of association, suggested members and initial plans for finance, 1927-1928; development of the College in the Dominions, including election of fellows and members, annual subscription charges and plans for a round table conference, 1929-1932; establishment of the first full Council, including nominations for selection, alterations to the articles of association and function of the honorary officers, 1929; correspondence and papers relating to Council, including his remarks to the general meeting, the agenda for the first full Council meeting, report of the Council, details of membership of standing committees and aims and objectives of the college, 1929-1931;

Registers of Fellows and Members and related records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1929-2001, comprising register of Fellows, 1931-1939; register of Members, 1929-1939; printed registers of Fellows and Members, 1946-1947, 1966-2002; Oath Book signed by Foundation Fellows and by Members on admission to the College, c1932-1967; forms giving particulars of directors and managers of the British College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1932-1946; printed Annual Report, 1932-2001 (some gaps); printed notes describing the functions and organisation of the College, 1967-1998; Honorary Fellows' Admission Book (gift of William Blair-Bell), 1931-1979; Members' admission ceremonies programmes, 1995-2000; Fellows' admission ceremonies programmes and papers, 1987-1998; combined Fellows' and Members' admission ceremony programmes, 1996.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Removal and Re-instatement Committee, 1999-2001, comprising file of the College Secretary on the establishment of the Committee.

Publications of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Representative Committee on Fetal Viability, 1985-1987.

Agenda, minutes and papers, correspondence, background material and the draft report of the Reproductive Health/Community Gynaecology working group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1991-1993.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Response to the Interim Report of the Joint Council of Midwifery on Non-therapeutic Abortion and Inter-departmental Committee of the Ministry of Health on the Problem of Abortion, 1936-1938.

Papers of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists working party on the role of women doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology, 1984-1987, including Minute book, 1983-1984; Committee meetings' papers, 1983-1985; Working party's secretary's papers, 1983-1984; Committee chairman's correspondence, 1984-1985; Correspondence relating to oral evidence to the working party, 1984-1985; Memorandum of Council on the Role of Women Doctors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (published report, 2 copies), 1987; Draft report of the working party on the role of women doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology, 1975-1984; Antenatal and gynaecological clinics, questionnaire: Responses; Questionnaires completed by medical students and doctors.

Professional and clinical papers of William Rotheram, 1939-1953, including his Curriculum vitae, forming part of his application for the chair of dental surgery at London University, c.1945; series of undated obstetric and gynaecological case notes; undated notes made in preparation for MRCOG examination; case records submitted for the MRCOG examination, c1949; papers relating to Rotheram's examination and election as MRCOG, 1953; bound illustrated typescript of "Pulpar Diagnosis by a Thermionic Oscillatory Circuit" by Rotheram, undated; offprint of "Pulpar Diagnosis by a Thermionic Oscillatory Circuit" by Rotheram. British Dental Journal, 1940, with associated correspondence, 1940; bound typescript of "Electronics in Maxillo-facial Surgery" by Rotheram, 1948; bound typescript of "Diagnosis of Swelling about the Jaws" by Rotheram, undated; bound typescript of "An Electronic Method for Immediate Visual Recording of Heart Rate" by Rotheram, paper given to Royal Society of Medicine 26 Jan 1948; series of case notes relating to members of HM forces treated by Rotheram as specialist maxillo-facial dental surgeon. Some of these notes were intended for publication in the British Dental Journal, c1945-1946.

Papers of Donald Whatley Roy, 1897-1948, and including correspondence, 1898-1948; medical certificates, including one a as a Foundation Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1897-1930; articles and speech, 1930-1938; card announcing results of the III MB Pt 1, 1903; testimonials, 1908-1929; passenger lists of ships on which he was surgeon, 1910; applications, 1916-1934.

Correspondence between the RCOG President, Sir John Peel, and the Simon Population Trust concerning the enquiry into the sterilisation of women; statistical results of the survey; draft and final copies of the subsequent report, 1967-1969.

Correspondence, draft reports and final report of the RCOG response to the House of Commons Health Committee Enquiry into Maternity Services, 1991-1992.

Papers, correspondence and minutes relating to the response of the RCOG to the Tomlinson Report on the future of London's health services, 1992-1993.

Correspondence concerning the composition of the Royal Commission on the National Health Service; correspondence concerning the evidence of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) to the Commission, 1976-1977; RCOG working party on evidence to the Royal Commission: correspondence, minutes and other records, including a copy of the RCOG's evidence, 1976; working party on evidence to the Royal Commission: minute book, with a copy of the published report, 1976-1977.

Papers of the Royal Maternity Charity, 1761-1949, including minute books, 1761-1949; 'Rough minute books', 1772-1826 and case-book of Robert Barnes at the Royal Maternity Charity, Oct 1857-Oct 1858.

The item consists of a typed memoir describing Major McLaren's arrival at Sandbostel concentration camp with other medical staff, his impressions of the medical work carried out and of the further work needed, and physical descriptions of the camp and the condition of the inmates. It is dated May 1945.

Photocopies of papers relating to the dispute between Professor Wendy Diane Savage with the London Hospital and the Tower Hamlets Health Authority, 1985-1986, in regard to the enquiry into Professor Savage's competence.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Scottish Standing Committee / Scottish Executive Committee, 1950-2006, comprising copy minutes and papers held by the College in London, 1950-1990 and a publication on the future of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Scotland, 2006.

Presidents' correspondence and copy papers, and final report of the RCOG working party on screening for neural tube defects, 1977-1981.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Services Board, 2000-2003, comprising correspondence relating to the remit and membership of the Services Board (2000-2002) and agenda and minutes running from 2000 to 2003.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Services Committee, 2003, comprising committee papers defining the remit and membership; agenda and minutes for 2003.

Off-print of 'The birth of a College' by Sir William Fletcher Shaw, in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire, Vol 57 No 6 (1950) pp 876-890.

Papers of Sir William Fletcher Shaw, 1906-1962, mainly relating to the history of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, including draft history of the foundation of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, drafted 1943-1946 and subsequently amended, 1943-1960; various drafts of chapters for the history; correspondence with Sir Boyd Merriman, Solicitor General, mainly concerned with the College's registration by the Board of Trade, 1929-1934; correspondence with William Blair-Bell, 1924-, with H Russell Andrews, 1926-1929, with Hempsons, Solicitors, 1926-1929, with Comyns Berkeley, 1925-1931, with Eardley Holland, 1928-1949, with J S Fairbairn, 1928-1929, with Victor Bonney, 1928-1929, with Ewen MacLean, 1926-1929, with Sir Francis Champneys, 1926-1929, with J M Munro Kerr, 1926-1945, with T W Eden, 1926-1929, with Lord Riddell, 1931-1933, with Carlton Oldfield, 1926-1929, with C G Lowry, 1927-1929, with F J McCann, 1927-1929, with AA Gemmell, 1927-1929;

papers preserved by Fletcher Shaw for their importance in the foundation of the College, including his earliest note on the subject, copies of GVS (Gynaecological Visiting Society) minutes, 1925-1927, counsel's opinion on the draft memorandum and articles of association with a copy of the draft, copies of the minutes of the Executive Committee, 1927, copies of correspondence and circular letters, 1927-1929, minutes of signatories and first full Council meeting, and other papers relating to the earliest activities of the College, 1924-1929;

typescript extracts from Fletcher Shaw's diaries including a letter to his son David (1940) explaining nature of their compilation and his wish to rival Blair-Bell's history, 1930-1943; typescript extracts from Fletcher Shaw's diary, 1930-1943,1947-1949,1953; correspondence with Sir Ewen Maclean on the presidency of Sir Eardley Holland and the early history of College, 1943-1946; minutes of Council with a few agenda and other papers, 1929-1935; draft memoirs of L C Rivett, J S Fairbairn, Russell Andrews, Sir Ewen Maclean, Sir Comyns Berkeley, Sir Eardley Holland, and Sir Francis Champneys, undated; file relating to the Standing Joint Committee of the three Royal Colleges, with later papers relating to Fletcher Shaw's account of the role of the RCS in the foundation of the College, 1942-1944; description and notes with related correspondence on the formation of a committee representing the medical profession in relation to the Beveridge Report, 1943; College's report on 'The health of women war workers from the gynaecological aspect' with associated papers and correspondence, 1942; papers relating to D W Roy and the Inter-Departmental Committee on abortion and Fletcher Shaw's later dispute with him, 1937-1938, 1940; correspondence relating to proposal to build RCOG, Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons on one common site, 1942-1943; correspondence with Sir Alfred Webb-Johnson, President, RCS, 1943-1946; personal correspondence of Shaw, 1951-1955; diary, 1938-1943;

papers relating to the College in wartime, and medical and maternity services in wartime, including the evacuation of pregnant women, 1938-1943, the College's relations with the BMA, 1938-1943, the College's relations with the RCP and RCS, 1939-1943, the appointment of gynaecologists to the armed services, Fulmer Chase Officers' Wives Maternity Hospitality, and women war workers, 1939-1943; correspondence with the Central Medical War Committee of the BMA, 1939-1941; papers and correspondence on infertility, 1944-1945;

various papers including an appeal for funds, 1932, standing orders for Council meetings, a paper on the drafting of the contentious clauses in the College's memorandum of association, Council papers relating to inter alia the Australian Regional Council, the Central Consultants and Specialists' Committee, Standing Joint Committee of the Three Royal Colleges memorandum on gynaecological cancer, and the National Birthday Trust Fund, programmes for Manchester Royal Infirmary Old Residents Club Dinners, 1910-1958; newspaper cuttings - one dated Feb 1907 re Manchester University students rowdy 'gown' debate mentioning Fletcher Shaw, the other confirming appointments at Manchester Royal Infirmary - Fletcher Shaw one of two house surgeons, c1907; copies of speeches, lectures and addresses made by Fletcher Shaw, 1938-1959; Fletcher Shaw's Memorial Service programme and transcription of address given at the service by Professor W I C Morris, 1961; obituary of Fletcher Shaw by E A Gerrard: 'The One Hundred and Second Record', 1962; copies of published gynaecological articles by Fletcher Shaw, 1906-1954.

Papers of Dr Wallace Beresford Shute, 1959-1997, comprising correspondence relating to presentation of the video cassette copies of his 1991 film "The Shute Parallel Forceps: its techniques and clinical use", 1997; biography and curriculum vitae of Dr Shute and instructions for use of the Shute Parallel Obstetrical Forceps, 1997; copies of papers published by Dr Shute and others, mainly on the use of the forceps, with some related correspondence , 1959-1994.

Correspondence, prints and papers of Alexander Russell Simpson, 1816-1893, comprising letter from Matthews Duncan, 22 Oct 1881; letters from Professor Eriole F Fabri of Modena, Italy, 1882-1883; letter from Professor G Brown, 5 Feb 1883; letter from Professor Dr Litzmann of Kiel, Germany, with translation by Dr George Selby, 8 Feb 1883; letter from Professor Michel Fari of Padua, Italy, 10 Feb 1883; letter from Professor T Habbertfma of Utrecht, Holland, 12 Mar 1883; letter from Professor D Eugene Hubert of Louvain, Belgium, 15 Mar 1883; letter from Professor Zweifel of Erlangen, Germany with translation by Dr George Selby, 15 Mar 1883; copy of part of a petition to the Members of the Senatus Academicus of the University of Edinburgh by James Hamilton, 15 Jan 1816; print of a drawing of Abbotsford, the seat of Sir Walter Scott, by Thomas H Shepherd, undated; paper given by Ian Cope to the Australian Society for the History of Medicine, entitled "The Other Professor Simpson of Edinburgh, Professor Sir Alexander Russell Simpson, 1835-1916", undated; "Address to the Medical Graduates In The University of Edinburgh" by Simpson, 1 Aug 1878; papers by Simpson (unless stated otherwise) comprising "Head-Flexion In Labour", 26 Feb 1879; "Axis-Traction Forceps", 21 Jul 1880; "The Uterine Sound", 9 Nov 1881; "Hydramnios: and the Source of The Liquor Amni", 31 May 1882; "Again on Axis-Traction Forceps: and On the Basilyst", 11 Jul 1883; "Extra-Uterine Gestation" by William Alexander Freund , 27 Jun 1883; "Case of Caesarean Hystero-Oophorectomy or Porro's Operation", 12 Mar 1884;"Keller and Crede, Presidential Address Delivered Before the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society", 9 Nov 1892;"Prolapse of the Female Urethra", 10 May 1893.

Manuscript lecture notes taken by an unknown student from lectures delivered by Alexander Russell Simpson on midwifery and the diseases of women during session 1879-1880.

Manuscript notes on the subject of midwifery taken by Alexander Gray McIntyre from the lectures of Sir Alexander Russell Simpson, 1891-1892.

The item comprises a wooden block on which is mounted Sir James Young Simpson's signature, apparently torn from a document. Only the first part of the date, "31st Dec", survives.

Manuscript notes on midwifery taken by James William Miller of Dundee from the lectures of Sir James Young Simpson, at the University of Edinburgh, c 1857.

Papers of Bethel Solomons, 1935-1942, including Bethel's survey of pathology treatments of the fallopian tube and comprising c.60 responses to a questionnaire compiled by him, and papers comprising an exchange of letters with Victor Bonney on ovarian cysts and myomectomy.

Records listed include minutes, correspondence, papers and published reports, 1942-1996. Not all working parties and special committees will be found in this series; where special working parties etc were set up under the auspices of particular committees of the College or as joint ventures with other bodies they were as a rule allocated separate series numbers (see below under related material). For details refer to individual series descriptions, which are arranged as follows:
M1: Macafee ad hoc committee on training for the specialty and matters related thereto, 1962-1967.
M2: Working party on intimate examinations, 1996-1997.
M3: 'Early discharge' survey, 1962-1963.
M4: Working party to consider the Platt Report, 'A Reform of Nursing Education', 1965.
M5: Caesarean section survey, 1967-1968.
M6: Working group in reproductive health/community gynaecology, 1991-1993.
M7: Working party on unplanned pregnancy, 1969-1971.
M8: Sub-committee considering the College's future attitude to contraception, 1977-1978.
M9: Working party to consider effective representation within the College, 1995-1996.
M10: Working party on screening for neural tube defects, 1977-1979.
M11: Working party on overseas affairs, 1994-1995.
M12: Working party on further specialisation within obstetrics and gynaecology, 1980-1982.
M13: Working party on termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality, 1995-1996.
M15: Working party on evidence to the Royal Commission on the National Health Service, 1976-1977.
M16: Working party on stillbirth and neonatal death, 1978-1986.
M17: Sub-specialisation advisory group, 1980-1984.
M19: Working party on minimum standards of care in labour, 1993-1994.
M21: Working party on gynaecological laparoscopy and confidential enquiry into laparoscopy, 1977-1982.
M24: Maternity services and obstetric services committee, 1951-1957.
M25: Maternity unit planning committee, 1959-1960. M26: Sub-committee to consider 'A Hospital Plan for England and Wales', 1962.
M27: General practitioner maternity unit committee, 1961-1962.
M28: Maternity hospital planning sub-committee, 1969-1971.
M29: Ad hoc committee on staffing structure of departments of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1971-1973.
M30: Working party on medical gynaecology, 1982-1984.
M31: Working party on manpower redistribution in training grades, 1978-1980.
M32: Manpower advisory sub-committee, 1980-1983.
M33: Working party on antenatal and intrapartum care, 1979-1983.
M34: Working party on the role of women doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology, 1984-1987.
M35: Committee on human fertility and questionnaire sub-committee, 1944-1949.
M36: Sub-committee on the gynaecological aspects of the health of women war workers, 1942.
M37: Nutrition committee 1944-1947.
M38: Response to the report of the Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department working party on ambulance training and equipment, 1966-1967.
M39: RCOG and Simon Trust report on the sterilisation of women, 1967-1969.
M40: Working party on unplanned pregnancy, 1989-1991.
M41: Hospital visiting working party, 1993.
M42: Working party on continuing medical education (formerly working party on continuing specialist education), 1988-1992.
M43: LOGIC working party (formerly PROLOGIC working party), 1984-1988.
M44: Obstetric flying squads survey, 1980-1987.
M45: Working party on guidelines for private practice in obstetrics and Gynaecology in the UK, 1986-1990.
M46: Response to the House of Commons Health Committee enquiry into maternity services, 1991-1992.
M47: Submission to the London Implementation Group, following the Tomlinson Report, 1992-1993.
M48: Independent committee of inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the publication of two articles in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in August, 1994-1995.
M49: Medical curriculum sub-committee, 1954-1955.
M50: Futures working party, 1898-1992; M51: MRCOG working party, 1991.
M52: Working party on structured training, 1993.
M53: Working party to audit structured training, 1999-2000.
M54: DRCOG working party, 1993.
M55: Working party on ultrasound screening for fetal abnormalities, 1995-2000.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Specialty Education Advisory Committee and its predecessors, c 1970-2008, comprising: Committee agenda, minutes and papers (1972-2008); minute books (1981-1998); accreditation regulations and documentation (1980-2002); accreditation files (1970-1995); Special Skills training modules and documentation (2002-2005); agenda, minutes and papers of the Minimal Access Surgery sub-committee (1995-2003).

Personnel file for one College Secretary only.

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Standards Board, 1999-2005, comprising agenda, minutes and circulated papers.

Records of the Standing Advisory Committee on Obstetric Anaesthesia and Analgesia / Standing Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Royal College of Anaesthetists, 1981-2000, comprising: correspondence of the College Secretary regarding the Committee (1981-1991); two instruction manuals produced by the Resuscitation of the Newborn Working Party entitled Basic Resuscitation (Part 1) and Advanced Resuscitation (Part 2), undated [1989]; Committee agenda, correspondence and meetings papers (1989-2000).

Records of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' Standing Committees, 1926-2008. In addition to the official agenda, minutes and papers of the committees, their sub-committees and working parties, this sub-fonds contains correspondence, papers and subject files relating to particular committee work.

Papers of the Standing Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and British Paediatric Association, later Royal College of Paediatric and Child Health, 1949-1993, mainly from the time of the reconstitution of the committee in 1965 and dealing particularly with staffing structure of maternity units for the care of the newborn. They include Committee agenda, minutes and papers, 1980-1988; Papers and correspondence of the Joint BPA/RCOG Standing Committee on Prematurity, 1949-1954; Correspondence and some minutes largely concerned with the establishment of the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford, 1974-1979; Results of questionnaires circulated when compiling data for the BPA/RCOG discussion document: Midwife and nurse staffing and training for special care and intensive care of the new born, 1978-1980; RCOG/BPA reviews of Maternity Services Advisory Committee reports, 1985-1986; Correspondence and papers relating to Royal College of Physicians working party on neonatal services, 1986; records of multidisciplinary working party on resuscitation of the newborn, 1995-1997; report on fetal abnormalities - guidelines for screening, diagnosis and management, 1997.